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PubMed1995

The effects of fear and hunger on food neophobia in humans.

We examined the effects of hunger and fear on food neophobia in humans. Subjects came to the experiment five or more hours food-deprived (high hunger) or two or less hours food-deprived (low hunger) and were assigned either to give a speech (high fear) or to listen to a speech (low fear). All subjects were then given the task of selecting for tasting one member of each of ten pairs of foods, each pair consisting of one novel and one familiar food. The number of novel foods chosen was the measure of food neophobia (with fewer choices indicative of greater neophobia). The results indicated that subjects were least neophobic in the low fear-low hunger condition and were tentatively interpreted in terms of Hull's (1943) theory of behavior. That is, it was assumed that fear and hunger summated to produce different levels of drive in the various conditions, which combined with responses of different habit strength (the tendency to approach novel stimuli and the tendency to approach familiar stimuli) to produce the results obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of one week of fibre supplementation on hunger and satiety ratings and energy intake.

The effect of one week of supplementation with a water-soluble fibre (guar gum) was studied in obese women who had lost weight. In study 1 (N=17; mean+/-SEM: age 38.5+/-2.3 yrs; weight 86.8+/-2.3 kg; BMI 32.2+/-0.9 kg.m-2) energy intake and hunger and satiety scores were assessed under free-living conditions. In study 2 (N=14; age 44. 5+/-1.8 yrs; weight 78.8+/-3.1 kg; BMI 29.0+/-0.9 kg.m-2) energy intake was fixed at 6 MJ.day-1 (their normal energy intake at that time) or 4 MJ.day-1 (low energy intake). In both studies, the effect of one week of fibre supplementation (40 g in study 1 and 20 g in study 2) was compared with no supplementation. In study 1, mean energy intake decreased significantly from 6.7+/-0.4 MJ to 5.4+/-0.2 MJ daily after fibre supplementation, while hunger and satiety scores did not change. At a low energy intake level of 4 MJ given in study 2, hunger scores were significantly decreased after fibre supplementation. No changes were seen in hunger and satiety scores during fibre supplementation at 6 MJ. The reduction in energy intake by soluble fibre under free living conditions and the hunger-reducing effect of fibre at the low energy intake level (4 MJ) suggests that fibre may be useful in the treatment of obesity, by facilitating compliance to low energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of attentional focus on subjective hunger ratings.

Food-deprived and non-deprived non-dieters rated their hunger and fullness during a <<< >>> period and then during three counterbalanced video presentations-a control video, a video featuring palatable food cues and an absorbing non-food video. The food-cue video increased hunger ratings for both deprived and non-deprived participants. The absorbing non-food video decreased hunger for deprived (but not for non-deprived) participants. Changes in fullness ratings were not simply the complement of changes in hunger ratings. The discussion focuses on the cognitive mediators of hunger perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Food security and child hunger among recently resettled Liberian refugees and asylum seekers: a pilot study.

Little is known about the food insecurity situation among families resettled into the United States as part of the refugee resettlement program. This paper reports on a pilot study examining food insecurity among recently arrived refugee families (n=33). Objectives were to evaluate the usefulness and feasibility of methods to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and child hunger, and to examine associations between child hunger and measures of socio-economic status and measures of acculturation. Results indicated that 85% of households were food insecure, and 42% experienced child hunger. Hunger was more likely to be indicated in households using foods stamps, with lower income, and lower education. Hunger was also more likely to be indicated in households where the primary shopper experienced difficulty shopping and with language. Results are in broad agreement with those reported in other studies and highlight economic and information barriers to achieving food security. These data suggest that further study of food insecurity is warranted among recently resettled refugee communities resettled in the United States.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

Hunger and satiety: a multidimensional assessment of responses to caloric loads.

The assessment of hunger in human subjects is complicated by the variety of response systems involved. In the present study, hunger was tracked by subjective, physiological and behavioural responses after identical-tasting high or low calorie preloads. The contribution of nutritional and psychological factors was evaluated by giving half the subjects false information about the caloric content of the preload. Ten women took part, with all subjects participating in each experimental condition and a control condition, in counter-balanced order. The results showed that ratings of hunger symptoms, preferred foods, global hunger and satiety in the inter-meal interval were sensitive both to deprivation effects and to differences in the energy content of the preload. No effects of the psychological manipulation (beliefs about caloric content) were observed. At the test meal two hours later, all the subjective responses converged on a single point and physiological and behavioural responses likewise failed to discriminate the different preload conditions. The results are discussed in terms of a loosely-coupled multidimensional model of hunger.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Oral stimulation with aspartame increases hunger.

We evaluated whether "sweetness" increases hunger. Groups of 10 male and 10 female subjects chewed a gum base containing one of four concentrations of aspartame (0.05%, 0.3%, 0.5%, or 1.0%) for 15 min. Relative to groups given nothing or unsweetened gum base to chew, groups given the sweetened gum bases increased hunger ratings, but not in a manner monotonically related to aspartame concentration. The most effective aspartame concentration to increase hunger was 0.3% for females and 0.5% for males. The highest aspartame concentrations had a time-dependent, biphasic effect on appetite, producing a transient decrease followed by a sustained increase in hunger ratings. Thus, the concentration of the sweetener, the sex of the subject and the time after chewing, were all important determinants of whether "sweetness" increased hunger.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Flavour-specific anticipatory hunger reinforced by either carbohydrate or protein.

Recent evidence indicates that rats can learn to avoid aversive consequences of several hours of food deprivation by eating more of food having orosensory characteristics that predict a protracted fast. Two new studies tested if macronutrient composition of a flavoured meal before the reinforcing fast influences this acquisition of anticipatory hunger/satiety in a smooth-brained mammal. In one study, female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained for 11 cycles of 4 days with experimental meals of either carbohydrate or protein flavoured with either grape or cherry, with one odour followed by a 3-h fast and the other by 10 h of food deprivation. Both nutrient groups acquired anticipatory hunger. Then that learnt increase in meal size started to extinguish the hunger-avoidance response to the longer fast. The other study tested if this finding extended to experimental meals that combined carbohydrate and protein, and had vanilla or chicken flavours, to fasts of 4 and 12 h and to male rats as well as females within a training period of 6 cycles of 4 days. Evidence of anticipatory hunger early in training was clear only in the males. The combined results from the two experiments indicate that either carbohydrate or protein is sufficient for negative reinforcement of flavour-specific anticipatory hunger when the shorter fast lasts for 3 h. This food-discriminative anticipatory adjustment of meal size could be an automatically learnt part of hunger management for socially scheduled eating in human beings.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Selective attention to food-related stimuli in hunger: are attentional biases specific to emotional and psychopathological states, or are they also found in normal drive states?

Previous work has indicated that anxiety disorders and eating disorders are associated with selective processing of stimuli relevant to patients' concerns (e.g. Mathews and MacLeod, 1994; Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 25-50; Channon et al., 1988; British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 259-260). A dot probe task was used to investigate whether attentional biases are also a feature of a normal drive state. Specifically, we examined whether hunger is associated with biases in selective attention and in pre-attentive processes for food-relevant stimuli. Subjects with high levels of hunger showed a greater attentional bias for food-related words presented in a suprathreshold exposure condition (words shown for 500 msec), in comparison with those with low hunger. There was no evidence in the present study of a hunger-related bias in pre-attentive processes (i.e. when words were shown for 14 msec and masked). Results suggest that a non-emotional motivational state, such as hunger, is associated with a bias in certain aspects of information processing, such as selective attention, for stimuli that are relevant to the motivational state. Findings are discussed in relation to recent research into emotion-related cognitive biases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Parameters for quantification of hunger in broiler breeders.

The commercial restricted feeding programme of broiler breeders has a major negative effect on welfare, as the birds are continuously hungry. Objective parameters of hunger are needed to evaluate new management or feeding systems that may alleviate hunger and thus improve broiler breeder welfare. The aim of this experiment was to develop such parameters. Female broiler breeders (Hybro G), n=10 per treatment, were subjected to different levels of feed restriction and we assumed that we thus induced different levels of hunger. Treatment groups were fed ad libitum and at 90%, 70%, 50%, 35% and 25% of ad libitum. In addition, female broiler breeders that were less intensively selected on growth and food conversion (JA57, n=10 per treatment) were fed ad libitum and at 70% of ad libitum. At 6-7 weeks of age, home pen behaviour, behaviour in the open field and baseline plasma corticosterone, glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were determined. Thereafter, birds were subjected to the feed intake motivation (FIM) test that measures compensatory feed intake. Linear relationships between the level of restriction and the compensatory feed intake on the first days of the FIM test and the glucose/NEFA ratio were found which indicate that these parameters can be used to quantify the level of hunger. Curvilinear relationships between sitting and standing in the home pen, walking in the open field and level of restriction were found. A third-grade hyperbolic relationship between the level of restriction and the baseline plasma corticosterone concentration was found. Thus, these parameters do not seem to represent a straightforward relation with the level of hunger. Intensive selection on growth and food conversion seems to have affected the behaviour but not the physiological responses to feed restriction, because the JA57 birds responded behaviourally, but not physiologically, different to feed restriction as compared with the Hybro birds.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1998

Untangling the effects of hunger, anxiety, and nausea on energy intake during intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) infusion.

Infusions of cholecystokinin (CCK) may exert their effects on appetite by inducing feelings of nausea or anxiety. In this double blind, placebo controlled crossover study, the impact of these effects on appetite were examined. Fifteen male subjects received a 20 min i.v. infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (4 ng/kg/min) or saline. The infusion commenced 20 min after a soup preload and 10 min before an ad libitum test meal. Visual analogue scales of appetite and mood were measured over 3 h, and subjects were instructed to report any other sensations they experienced over this time. CCK-8 significantly reduced premeal hunger, elevated premeal anxiety, and reduced energy intake at the ad libitum test meal. Meal duration and rate of eating (kcal/min) were also significantly reduced after CCK-8. After the smaller meal with CCK-8, hunger rose quickly to a higher level than with placebo. The return of hunger was commensurate with the smaller amount of energy consumed and indicated that CCK did not exert an enduring effect on hunger suppression. A significant correlation was found between the reduction in energy intake and hunger (r = 0.75 p < 0.01), but not with anxiety (r = 0.15 not significant). Analyses were performed separately on subjects who did (n = 8), or did not (n = 7) report gastrointestinal disturbance. Energy intake was reduced by 56.6% and 44.6%, respectively. These results indicate that, although feelings of anxiety and nausea may accompany CCK infusions, they are not necessary for the effects of CCK on appetite. These data provide support for a role of CCK in satiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, on d-methamphetamine-induced reduction in hunger.

1. The authors studied the effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, on d-methamphetamine-induced changes in somatic and psychological perceptions of hunger state using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, Latin Square, cross-over design in 18 healthy volunteers. 2. D-methamphetamine significantly decreased these subjective ratings of hunger, presumably by increasing monoaminergic turnover. 3. Effects on hunger are hypothesized to be mediated by norepinephrine primarily, while dopamine plays only a modest role. Isradipine alone, an inhibitor of dopamine release, had no significant effect on the hunger measures. Additionally, isradipine pretreatment did not significantly alter d-methamphetamine's anorexic effects. 4. Isradipine may, therefore, not significantly modify the control of hunger in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perspectives of volunteers in emergency feeding programs on hunger, its causes, and solutions.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the social beliefs of volunteers in emergency feeding programs (EFPs) regarding hunger and whether volunteer experiences broadened understanding of hunger. DESIGN: An interpretivist paradigm and qualitative methods were used. SUBJECTS: Seventeen volunteers were recruited and interviewed from three EFPs. ANALYSIS: Interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Volunteering in EFPs increased volunteers' awareness of the prevalence of hunger in their communities. More involved volunteers had a greater understanding of the life situations of the hungry. The volunteers felt that increasing self-sufficiency and private responses were appropriate solutions to hunger. The volunteers' attitudes and social beliefs were similar to those of the general public. IMPLICATIONS: Interventions that facilitate interaction between volunteers and clients, promote reflection on volunteer experiences, and provide alternative viewpoints on poverty are needed to broaden volunteers' understanding of hunger and food insecurity.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of weight loss diets on mood, food cravings, and other self-reported symptoms. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Mood and other symptoms were evaluated by participant self-report using the Atkins Health Indicator Test (AHIT) in individuals undergoing weight loss following either a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) or a low-fat diet (LFD). Participants were 119 overweight community volunteers randomized to an LCKD or an LFD. An additional 51 participants who had completed an earlier trial contributed data for the psychometric analyses but were not included in the prospective analyses. Self-reported symptom levels on seven scales factor-analytically derived from the AHIT (negative affect, fatigue, somatic symptoms, physical effects of hunger, insomnia, hunger, and stomach problems) were acquired during 12 visits. RESULTS: After adjusting for the change in BMI over the course of the trial, participants experienced significant improvements in most symptoms regardless of diet. Diet group x visit interactions were observed for negative affect [F(9,803) = 2.30, p = 0.015] and hunger [F(9,803) = 3.62, p < 0.0002]. Examination of means indicated that the LCKD group reported less negative affect and hunger, compared with the LFD group. DISCUSSION: Regardless of diet, participants experienced significant improvement in a broad range of symptoms. Symptoms of negative affect and hunger improved to a greater degree in patients following an LCKD compared with those following an LFD. Whether these symptom changes explain the greater short-term weight loss generally experienced by LCKD followers deserves further research.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a high dose (two high-intensity exercise sessions) of exercise on energy intake (EI) and subjective states (hunger and mood). DESIGN: Using a within subjects design, there were two treatment conditions, each of two consecutive days. SETTING: The Human Appetite Research Unit at Leeds University Psychology Department. SUBJECTS: Eight lean males who were regular exercisers were recruited from the student/staff population of Leeds University. INTERVENTIONS: The effects of the high dose of exercise Ex1 were compared with the effects on the day immediately after exercise (Ex2) and two consecutive days of no exercise (R1 and R2). EI was monitored using self-record food diaries and subjective states were tracked using a new Electronic Appetite Rating System (EARS). Heart rate and physical activity were also measured. RESULTS: Feelings of hunger were not elevated by the high dose of exercise on Ex1 or on the day after exercise (Ex2). In fact, average daily feeling of hunger on Ex1 was significantly lower compared with the average daily feeling of hunger on Ex2 (t = 3.15, d.f. = 7, P < 0.05), but not when compared with R1 or R2. EI and macronutrient intakes were not different on Ex1, Ex2, R1 or R2. Therefore, there were no increase in EI on Ex1 or Ex2 to account for the measured increase in exercise-induced energy expenditure (1200 kcal). Continuously monitored heart rate and activity profiles indicated that there was no difference in activity during the non-exercise periods between the four days. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that a high dose of exercise in one day failed to have any effect on EI within the same day or on the day immediately after exercise, compared with days of no exercise. These results demonstrate that an acute but substantial increase in energy expenditure (EE) due to intense exercise does not automatically increase hunger or EI within 48 h. This indicates the absence of any strong coupling between EE and EI in the short-term, probably as a result of food intake being held in place by environmental contingencies and short-term pre-absorptive physiological responses arising from eating itself.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Obesity and hunger among Mexican-Indian migrant children on the US-Mexico border.

BACKGROUND: Although Mexican-Indian migrant workers live under precarious conditions in both Mexico and the USA, they have more access to food than they did in their original communities. The nutritional status and food security among the children of these workers have not been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, undernutrition and hunger among migrant children in a city on the US-Mexico border. DESIGN: During 2001-2002, a total of 1767 children from six schools from the Tijuana Indian school system was measured to assess anthropometric status. Third and fifth grade children were also interviewed for their perception of hunger experience and dietary intake by 24-h recall method. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 38%. Abdominal obesity was found in 26% of subjects, while 43% had both obesity and abdominal obesity. The prevalence of undernutrition according to weight-for-age was 1.2%, and by height-for-age it was 4.8%. The prevalence of hunger was 2.5%, and at risk of hunger was 44%. Daily intake of food groups in servings was: 8.7 grains, 1.2 fruit, 1.0 vegetable, 2.1 milk and 2.6 meat. Only one child (0.07%) consumed The Apple of Health recommended portions. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the coexistence of obesity, hunger, undernutrition and limited food group consumption among Indian children living in a prosperous and the largest US-Mexico border city.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger in the Whitehall II study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between three psychological eating behaviour variables--restraint, hunger and disinhibition--and body weight and size, and to assess their explanatory power for the employment grade gradients in body measurement. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of self-report and clinical data. SUBJECTS: : In all, 1470 women (aged 45-68 y, mean 56.3, s.d. 6.0 y), body mass index (BMI) 26.3 (4.8) kg/m(2) at phase 5 (1997-98) of the Whitehall II study. MEASUREMENTS: Employment grade was measured in six bands ranging from clerical (lowest) to administrative (highest). Five measures of body size were examined: BMI, weight in kilograms, waist and hip measurement in centimetres and waist-hip ratio. The eating behaviour variables were measured using Stunkard and Messick's (1985) Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). RESULTS: Disinhibition and hunger scores were strongly and directly associated with all measures of body weight and size. Restraint score was not directly associated with body size and weight. An interaction between restraint and disinhibition scores was found. The low-restraint-high-disinhibition group (based on median score splits) were the heaviest (BMI 28.5 kg/m(2)) and largest (waist 85.8 cm), while the low-restraint-low-disinhibition group were the lightest (BMI 24.2 kg/m(2)) and smallest (waist 76.3 cm). Employment grade gradients in body weight and size remained largely unchanged after adjustment for dietary restraint. Moderate attenuations were found for disinhibition scores (3.6-15.0%) and hunger (4.8-19.9%) on the five body-size measures. CONCLUSION: Among middle-aged women high scores on hunger and disinhibition, as measured by the TFEQ, are associated with greater body size. Restraint relates to body size through its interaction with disinhibition. Individuals with high disinhibition and any level of restraint are heavier and larger than those with low levels of disinhibition. High disinhibition coupled with low levels of restraint is associated with the greatest weight and size. Hunger and disinhibition explain a moderate amount of the gradient in body size across employment grade and may be useful concepts for future work on the socio-economic gradient in obesity and overweight.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Regulation of hunger-driven behaviors by neural ribosomal S6 kinase in Drosophila.

Hunger elicits diverse, yet coordinated, adaptive responses across species, but the underlying signaling mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report on the function and mechanism of the Drosophila insulin-like system in the central regulation of different hunger-driven behaviors. We found that overexpression of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) in the nervous system of fasted larvae suppressed the hunger-driven increase of ingestion rate and intake of nonpreferred foods (e.g., a less accessible solid food). Moreover, up-regulation of Drosophila p70/S6 kinase activity in DILP neurons led to attenuated hunger response by fasted larvae, whereas its down-regulation triggered fed larvae to display motivated foraging and feeding. Finally, we provide evidence that neural regulation of food preference but not ingestion rate may involve direct signaling by DILPs to neurons expressing neuropeptide F receptor 1, a receptor for neuropeptide Y-like neuropeptide F. Our study reveals a prominent role of neural Drosophila p70/S6 kinase in the modulation of hunger response by insulin-like and neuropeptide Y-like signaling pathways.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2007

The antagonistic metabolite of GLP-1, GLP-1 (9-36)amide, does not influence gastric emptying and hunger sensations in man.

OBJECTIVE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 (7-36)amide) is an intestinal hormone that is released in response to meal ingestion. GLP-1 reduces postprandial gastric and exocrine pancreatic secretion and is believed to inhibit gastric emptying. Furthermore, GLP-1 may play a role in hunger and thirst regulation. In vivo, GLP-1 is rapidly (within minutes) converted into a metabolite, GLP-1 (9-36)amide, which has been shown to act as a GLP-1 receptor antagonist in vitro and in anaesthetized pigs. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of infusion of GLP-1 (9-36)amide on hunger ratings and antral emptying of a meal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six healthy volunteers were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion. Antral emptying of a liquid meal and hunger ratings were determined using ultrasound technology and visual analogue scale scoring during infusions of saline or GLP-1 (9-36)amide (5 pmol/kg body wt/min) resulting in supraphysiological concentrations. RESULTS: Infusion of GLP-1 (9-36)amide had no effect on gastric emptying or the sensation of hunger compared to saline. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggests that the rapid formation of the antagonistic metabolite does not influence gastric emptying and hunger ratings in humans even when it is present in supraphysiological concentrations.

Adult↗