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In a previous study the levels of nine serum and two salivary proteins were measured in a group of 80 children. Some significant differences of mean levels were found between the group of children, who remained well and who fell ill in the school year following the examination. In the present study the discrimination analysis was performed between both mentioned ill and healthy subgroups of children, referring to possible interaction of two protein tested. The comparison showed significant difference between double-protein combinations in 17 from 36 possibilities in girls subgroup. Relevant double combinations were assessed only in five of nine tested proteins: IgE, IgA, CPL, TRF and A 1-AT. Two combinations revealed the greatest significance: IgE with IgA, and IgE with CPL. No such significance was found in boys subgroup. The results suggest that prevalence of respiratory disease in influenced not only by previous levels of some single proteins, how it was found in the first paper, but also by the interactions of certain proteins.
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Supernatants harvested from cultures of peritoneal macrophages, derived from rats sensitized to bacillary antigens exhibited an intense stimulating effect on syngeneic normal lymph node lymphocytes. Lymphocytes stimulated in this manner showed non-specific cytotoxic activity.
Supernatants harvested from peritoneal macrophage cultures, derived from normal rats, exhibit in vitro two antagonistic activities: stimulating and suppressing spontaneous stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by macrophage supernatants occurs in lymph node lymphocytes, which show low values of spontaneous stimulation. Suppression of DNA synthesis by macrophage supernatants is revealed in thymocytes and cortisone-resistant thymocytes, which demonstrate high values of spontaneous stimulation.
Lymph node macrophages, derived from normal rats, generated in vitro factors enhancing or suppressing syngeneic lymph node lymphocyte stimulation in response to PHA and reconstituting the PHA-dependent response of lymphocytes deprived of native macrophages. The occurrence of one of the opposite activities depended on the degree of lymphocyte stimulation by PHA. Moreover, the expression of suppressing or stimulating effect no lymphocyte response to PHA of the same supernatants, changed twice with their dilution, (suppression leads to enhancement leads to suppression) suggesting the existence of two distinct factors: suppressing and enhancing.
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Interviews with five occupational therapists who use humor therapeutically in their practice were conducted and analyzed with a phenomenological method so that the lived experience of therapeutic humor use in occupational therapy could be examined. Sixteen themes were identified through data analysis: The Concept of Therapeutic Use of Humor; Spontaneous Versus Deliberate Humor; Humor, the Great Equalizer; Humor and Professionalism; Contraindications of Humor; Humor Among Co-Workers; Humor and Play; Humor and the Environment; Humor Providing Balance; The Intrinsic Quality of Humor; The Transformative Power of Humor; The Effects of Humor on the Subjects Themselves; Humor as an Evaluation and Treatment Tool; Humor as Therapeutic Use of Self; Humor as a Coping Mechanism; and Other Uses of Humor With Patients. This study revealed that the use of therapeutic humor in occupational therapy is a multifaceted phenomenon, much richer than had been previously presented in the literature.
PURPOSE: The authors addressed three questions concerning the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor protein concentration in rabbits. First, is there an endogenous oscillator for this circadian rhythm? Second, does a circadian rhythm occur for individual aqueous humor protein components? Third, what is the role of ocular sympathetic nerves, which are more active in the dark phase, in this circadian rhythm? METHODS: Adult New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. Under a constant dark environment for 24 hours, rabbits were killed at 4-hour intervals, beginning at 2 hours before the onset of the subjective light phase. Eight rabbits were used for each of the six time points. Aqueous humor and vitreous humor were collected, and their protein concentrations were determined. Major aqueous humor protein components were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), stained with silver reagent, and analyzed using densitometry. Another group of eight light-dark-entrained rabbits underwent unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk. Three weeks after the operation; the circadian elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) at 2 hours into the dark phase was determined for both eyes. Rabbits were later killed at this time point, and total protein concentrations in aqueous humor and vitreous humor were determined in both eyes. Major aqueous humor protein components in both eyes were resolved by PAGE and were compared. RESULTS: In light-dark-entrained rabbits, a circadian rhythm of protein concentration appeared in the aqueous humor under a constant dark environment. Total protein concentration in aqueous humor increased sharply in the early subjective light phase, remained relatively high during the remainder of the subjective light phase, and decreased in the subjective dark phase. Analyses of albumin and other abundant proteins in the aqueous humor showed that all of them varied similarly in a circadian pattern. In contrast, total protein concentration in the vitreous humor remained unchanged. In rabbits with unilaterally decentralized ocular sympathetic nerves, total protein concentrations in the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor in the early dark phase showed no difference between the two eyes. In addition, there was no difference in individual aqueous humor protein concentration between the two eyes. However, the nocturnal IOP elevation in the decentralized eye was less than that in the contralateral, intact eye. CONCLUSIONS: The circadian rhythm of aqueous humor protein concentration in rabbits can continue without an external signal of dark-light change, indicating the existence of an endogenous oscillator. A similar circadian rhythm occurs for various major aqueous humor protein components. The nocturnal increase in ocular sympathetic activities plays a limited role in the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor protein concentration.