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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Early acquisition of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus antibody in several isolated Melanesian populations.

Significant differences among diverse human populations have been found in the seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The present report documents a very high rate of early acquisition of antibody to CMV and EBV among three remote populations living in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the New Hebrides, respectively. These three genetically distinct populations, living in widely different ecologies and social settings, each had the same pattern of early acquisition of infection with both viruses. It is suggested that spread of CMV and EBV is determined by patterns of interpersonal contact as well as by the prevalence of virus-shedders. The large number of handlers of each infant in these studied groups appears directly related to the early acquisition of these viruses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer.

In sexually dimorphic mammals, high population density is commonly associated with increased mortality of males relative to females and with female-biased adult sex ratios. This paper investigates the consequences of these changes on the distribution of male breeding success, the intensity of competition for females and the opportunity for sexual selection. After the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) population of the North Block of Rum (Inner Hebrides) was released from culling, female numbers rose and male numbers declined, leading to an adult sex ratio of around one male to two females. This change was the result of increased mortality of males relative to females during the first two years of life; of increased emigration rates by young males; and of reduced immigration by males from outside the study area. The increasing bias in the adult sex ratio affected the timing of breeding as well as the distribution of mating success in males. As the adult sex ratio became increasingly biased towards females, the degree of skew in mating success (calculated across all harem-holders) increased, but mature males defended harems for shorter periods and a higher proportion of males held harems. In addition, a higher proportion of calves were fathered by immigrant males and the proportion fathered by males born in the study area declined. These results support the contention that, where high population density is associated with a female-biased adult sex ratio, competition for mates is likely to decline.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Small mammal differentiation on islands.

The reason for the distinctiveness of small mammals on islands has traditionally attracted some imaginative story-telling, usually invoking isolation (as a relict) followed by adaptation and/or random genetic changes. Studies of voles on Orkney, long-tailed field mice on the Hebrides and Shetland, and house mice on the Faroe archipelago show that the main factor in differentiating island races from their mainland ancestors is the chance genetic composition of the founding animals. Subsequent change has necessarily to be based on the genes and frequencies carried by this colonizing group. Probably most post-colonization change is adaptive, although possibly limited in extent both by the initial paucity of variation and by the conservative effect of intragenomic interactions. It is probably helpful to recognize that the 'founder effect' or principle commonly invoked in discussions about evolution on islands involves a founder 'event', followed by founder 'selection'. Island differentiation is not necessarily a precursor to speciation, although the wide occurrence of island endemics suggests that founder effects should not be rejected as a driving force initiating speciation. Notwithstanding, island forms provide a valuable 'laboratory' for testing new genetic combinations, a small proportion of which may prove evolutionarily exciting. Only more empirical studies will uncover their evolutionary importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

HLA antigen frequencies in an Irish population.

Two-hundred-and-fifty-three unrelated Irish adults were typed for 24 alleles at the HLA--A and B loci. A high frequency of HLA--B8 (34.8%) was observed compared with results published for other populations. Results of other gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium values were similar to those of Caucasian population studies. Close similarity of HLA polymorphism distribution was seen in relation to another relatively homogeneous Celtic population from the islands of the Outer Hebrides, off the coast of Scotland.

Alleles↗
PubMed1976

Ranks and relationships in Highland ponies and Highland Cows.

Recent studies of primates have questioned the importance of dominance hierarchies in groups living under natural conditions. In a herd of Highland ponies and one of Highland cattle grazing under free-range conditions on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) well defined hierarchies were present. The provision of food produced a marked increase in the frequency of agonistic interactions but had no effect on the rank systems of the two herds. While rank was clearly important in affecting the distribution of agonistic interactions, it was poorly related to behaviour in non-agonistic situations.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1985

Medical and nursing services to St Kilda.

The problem of serving the smaller Scottish islands with an adequate medical service has existed since the middle of the nineteenth century. The problem is still unresolved. This paper examines the difficulties faced, through a historical perspective on the island of St Kilda, which lies some forty miles west of the Outer Hebrides.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2001

A randomized comparison of low-dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration with ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia for post partum tubal ligation in Vanuatu.

Ketamine remains one of the most commonly used anaesthetic agents around the world. Despite it being the anaesthetic agent of choice in many developing nations, there is a paucity of literature describing ketamine in the developing world. In what we believe is the first randomized controlled trial to be performed in Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides) we compared the use of ketamine 0.9 mg/kg and diazepam 0.07 mg/kg with ketamine 0.3 mg/kg and 2% lignocaine infiltration in 50 Melanesian women undergoing post partum tubal ligation. All women received 0.5 mg/kg intramuscular pethidine. Visual analog pain scores and verbal numeric satisfaction scores were similar between the groups. However the time to obeyed command was significantly faster in the 0.3 mg/kg ketamine group (7.0+/-4.9 vs 13.0+/-9.2 min). The incidence of dreaming was similar and the content rated as pleasant by both groups. In institutions where post-anaesthesia care resources are limited, 0.3 mg/kg ketamine with local anaesthesia provides for earlier self-care of patients after tubal ligation, without compromise of analgesia, emergence or satisfaction. The implications of these findings extend to other procedures that require short general anaesthesia, which can be adequately performed with low-dose ketamine and local anaesthesia. The latter technique allows more rapid awakening.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cardiac responses of grey seals during diving at sea.

Heart rate, swimming speed and diving depth data were collected from free-ranging grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, as they foraged and travelled in the sea around the Hebrides Islands off western Scotland. Information was collected on a tracking yacht using a combination of sonic and radio telemetry. Diving heart rate declined as a function of dive duration. In long dives, grey seals employed extreme bradycardia, with heart rates falling to 4 beats min-1 for extended periods, despite the animal being free to breath at will. This extreme dive response is part of the normal foraging behaviour. Seals spent 89% of the time submerged during bouts of long dives; swimming was restricted to ascent and descent. Dive durations exceeded estimated aerobic dive limit, even assuming resting metabolic rates. These results indicate that behavioural, and possibly cellular, energy-sparing mechanisms play an important role in diving behaviour of grey seals. This has implications not only for studies of mammalian energetics but also for our understanding of the foraging tactics and prey selection of marine mammals. If some seals are using energy-sparing mechanisms to reduce metabolic costs while at depth, they may be forced to wait for and ambush prey rather than to search for and chase it.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Factors affecting reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds on Rhum.

In a population of free-ranging red deer hinds on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) we investigated relationships between four aspects of reproductive performance (fertility, calf birth weight, birth sex ratio and calving date) and four variables likely to affect the mother's condition: age, reproductive status, home range area and year of calving. Fertility was significantly related to mother's age, reproductive status and home range area as well as to year of calf's birth. Stag calves were heavier than hind calves and birth weight was significantly related to mother's age, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's reproductive status. Birth sex ratio did not differ from parity, and was not significantly associated with any of the four variables examined. Birth date was significantly related to the mother's reproductive status, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's age or the sex of the calf.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Human rotavirus infection in Efate, Vanuatu.

Serum and fecal samples collected from children with gastroenteritis and healthy children and adults living in Efate, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides), were tested for the presence of human rotavirus antigen or antibody by electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virtually every subject was found to have detectable levels of antibody and age-specific studies showed that primary infections occur early in life. Human rotavirus was demonstrated to be the cause of an outbreak of gastroenteritis among children which occurred between August and September 1980, although it had not been detected in the population in the preceding 13 months. Epidemics of human rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis appear to occur every 2nd year in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Public-health epidemiology in Vanuatu.

Vanuatu, which formerly was known as the New Hebrides, is an archipelago in the southwest Pacific Ocean with a tropical humid climate. The national health system and the state of health of the population generally are satisfactory. The main diseases of public-health importance are malaria and tuberculosis. Their epidemiology and control are discussed. An epidemic of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which commenced in 1980, is described; this possibly can be explained by an increase in chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum over the same period. Other diseases also are reviewed. Many tropical diseases of great significance elsewhere are not of much significance in Vanuatu. Medical advice for visiting travellers is provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Pacific islands for form federation.

An agreement expressing the desire to form themselves into a Federation of Planned Parenthood Associations of Pacific Islands and to become members of IPPF has been drawn up by island members present at a seminar which took place from 8 to 11 July 1974 in Apia. The seminar was conducted by Dr. Asi Faletoese, IPPF South East Asia and Oceania Regional Office resident officer in Apia with the assistance and cooperation of the Samoa Planned Parenthood Association. The Agreement was signed by representatives of Solomon Islabds Planned Parenthood Association, Gilbert and Ellice Islands Family Planning Association, American Samoa Planned Parenthood Association, Planned Parenthood Association of New Hebrides, Planned Parenthood Association of Tongo, Planned Parenthood Association of Tokelau Islands and Samoa, and the Planned Parenthood Association of Western Samoa. Brigadier Derek Sharp, the SEAO regional executive director, moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Asi for the good work he has done during the past two years in bringing us to this stage where so many of the Pacific Islands countries now have family planning associations and where such a wonderful spirit of cooperation exists between them. Outlining the guidelines set out for all regional offices by the IPPF budget and finance committee at their last meeting in London, Brigadier Sharp told would be members of the new Federation: "Because of budget limitations we will not be able to devote money to setting up an office in the Pacific area for the new Federation, but we will create an office within the existing staff of the SEAO Regional office in Kuala Laumpur to which each member association in the new Federation will correspond direct."

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1990

Cancer occurrence in Vanuatu in the South Pacific, 1980-86.

In order to study the occurrence of cancer in the archipelago of Vanuatu (ex-New Hebrides) within the Melanesia region in the South Pacific, a pathology based study was carried out. A total of 269 pathologically confirmed cancer cases (118 male, 151 female) were recorded over a 7 year period (1980-1986). Cervical cancer was numerically the most important malignancy in females (25.2% of all female cancers). In males, liver cancer was the most commonly observed (14.4% of all male cancers). The most interesting feature was the high proportion of thyroid cancers, especially in females. It consisted of 12.1% of all cancers in female and 5.2% in male Melanesians in Vanuatu.

Female↗
PubMed1986

[Malaria in Vanuatu. Recent epidemiological data].

The Republic of Vanuatu, ex-Condominium of New-Hebrides, is an archipelago in the South Pacific, between Solomon Islands and New-Caledonia. Although the health system is quite satisfactory, malaria has become the major health problem in the whole country. Its epidemiological characteristics are reviewed, and particularly the biology of the only known vector, the Anopheles farauti complex. A sudden and severe aggravation of the malaria morbidity since 1980 is then evidenced. This increase of the yearly incidence (from 21% to 183% between 1980 and 1984) has privileged the rising of Plasmodium falciparum which reached 75% of the national paraside index. Moreover, it has clearly followed a geographical progression from north to south within the group during the four years. Various possible causes to this alarming situation are examined, among which the emergence of chloroquin-resistant strains of P. falciparum, and the possibility of modifications in the vector's population, particularly hold the attention.

Adult↗