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PubMed1995

Corn bran supplementation of a low-fat controlled diet lowers serum lipids in men with hypercholesterolemia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the lipid-lowering effects of dietary corn bran fed in moderate supplemental doses to men with hypercholesterolemia consuming a low-fat diet. DESIGN: The 98-day study was divided into one 2-week preperiod and two 6-week experimental periods in a cross-over design. SETTING: The study was conducted in the metabolic diet kitchen of the Department of Home Economics and the Nutrition Research Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture at Illinois State University, Normal. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine sedentary men with hypercholesterolemia, aged 38 to 70 years, participated in the project. All of them completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: After a 2-week adjustment period in which subjects consumed a low-fat controlled diet, subjects were assigned to one of two experimental treatments: low-fat controlled diet plus 20 g corn bran supplement or low-fat controlled diet plus 20 g wheat bran supplement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lipid measurements included total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglyceride concentrations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Differences in lipid parameters were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (P < .05). A paired t test was used to assess differences between treatment periods for each subject. RESULTS: The low-fat controlled diet significantly lowered all serum parameters analyzed except HDL-C. Corn fiber supplementation resulted in an additional lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL-C concentrations. Serum LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations were not significantly altered by corn fiber or wheat fiber supplementation. APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that supplementing a low-fat diet with corn bran is affective in reducing serum lipid concentrations for men with hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influences on the selection of dietetics as a career.

OBJECTIVE: To gather information on the factors that influence students' decisions to choose dietetics as a career. DESIGN: Self-administered questionnaires regarding the point at which career decisions were made were completed by 1,695 students in Plan IV/V dietetics programs throughout the United States. SUBJECTS: All Plan IV/V dietetics programs that reported greater than five graduates in the academic year 1989 to 1990 were selected from the 1990-1991 Directory of Dietetic Programs for the sample population. Of the 156 schools that were mailed questionnaires, responses were received from 84 schools (54%). Almost 90% of the students were women, 10.6% were men. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. A chi 2 analysis was used to examine the relationship between point of decision and factors that influenced career choice, including people who influence career choice. RESULTS: The majority of students (55%) questioned reported making their career decision in college. Students rated interest in nutrition (96.3%) and job enjoyment (93.8%) as factors that were important in their decision to pursue a career in dietetics. College catalogs were rated by 48.3% of the students as being either useful or very useful in helping them make their career selection. With respect to gender differences, women rated a diverse work environment as being very important to their career decision more frequently than men (chi 2 = 15.44, P < .01). Women were more likely than men to rate part-time work opportunities as being very important (chi 2 = 26.75, P < .001); and selected working with people as being very important to their career decision (chi 2 = 17.59, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Findings identified that recruitment strategies need to be audience specific. Because career decision making appears to occur during one of three time frames (high school, college, or work experience), recruitment activities should be developed to specifically target students at these times. One way to increase the exposure of students to the profession of dietetics is for registered dietitians to give guest lectures in introductory college courses and high school upper-class courses in health, home economics, and biology. The use of university/college catalogs as effective marketing tools should also not be underestimated. Data suggest that gender differences exist in factors that influence persons to choose dietetics as a career. To increase the number of men who pursue careers in dietetics, future research should be designed to more fully explore gender differences, so that strategies to recruit more men into the profession can be developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The nutritional status and feeding practices among sick urban pre-school children admitted to a major hospital in Accra, Ghana.

In a prospective study of 652 sick pre-school children only 33% were found to be adequately nourished. Among the malnourished, 54.3% had first degree malnutrition while 32.3% and 13.4% had second and third degree malnutrition respectively. The majority of malnourished children (72.4%) had undernutrition: kwashiorkor (14.2%), marasmus 7.3%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (6.1%) was relatively less common. Furthermore, 58% of the underweight children were stunted, indicating malnutrition of some considerable duration. Malnutrition was essentially of postnatal origin and closely related to a high incidence of malnutrition-associated illnesses: diarrhoea (74%), measles (51%) and intestinal parasites (54%). Though breast feeding was universal and of adequate duration, milk production was mostly inadequate because of too early supplementation with low-energy cereal gruels with little or no protein-enrichment. The majority of children came from low socio-economic homes (61%) with mostly illiterate or semi-literate mothers. It is essential that newer methods of teaching be employed in the health education of these unfortunate mothers. Health institutions other than well-baby clinics need to have integrated units for nutritional and immunization surveillance and also for serving as avenues for the supply of free supplementary food items to children with poor weight gain, especially those from poor homes. Clinical Nutrition Units are needed to ensure that inpatients receive nutrients sufficient for continuing and catch-up growth.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Outcome and process evaluation of a Norwegian school-randomized fruit and vegetable intervention: Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM).

This study reports the effect of the Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks intervention, a school-based fruit and vegetable intervention consisting of a home economics classroom component and parental involvement and encouraged participation in the Norwegian School Fruit Programme, all delivered during the school year of 2001-02. Nine randomly chosen schools received the intervention and 10 schools served as control schools. Participating pupils completed questionnaires at baseline (September 2001), at Follow-up 1 (May-June 2002) and at Follow-up 2 (May 2003). A total of 369 pupils (69%; mean age, 11.3 years at baseline) participated in all three surveys. No effect of the intervention was found for intake of fruit and vegetables eaten at school or all day, neither at Follow-up 1 nor at Follow-up 2. On analysing the effects on potential mediators, significant differences between intervention and control groups were found for Awareness of the five-a-day recommendations only. The intervention programme was rated as very good by the teachers, and the pupils reported that they enjoyed it. However, the intervention failed to change fruit and vegetable intake, probably because it did not succeed in changing the pupils' preferences for or the accessibility of fruit and vegetables--the two strongest correlates of children's fruit and vegetable intake.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The relation of medical risk and maternal stimulation with preterm infants' development of cognitive, language and daily living skills.

High-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) preterm infants (N = 212) and full-term infants (FT, N = 128) from low socio-economic homes were studied with their mothers in the home at 6 and 12 months of age. Infants' cognitive, language and daily living skills were evaluated in relation to mothers' warm sensitivity, use of strategies which maintained the infants' attention and directiveness. Higher levels of maternal attention-maintaining were positively related to infant development for all groups. During toy play, attention-maintaining was most strongly related to expressive language skills for the HR infants; during toy play and daily activities, this maternal behavior was more strongly related to cognitive and language skills for both preterm groups than for the FT infants.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation in feminine hygiene practices as a function of age.

OBJECTIVE: To examine variation in feminine hygiene practices as a function of increasing age. DESIGN: A nonexperimental, descriptive research design with study sample stratified by age. PARTICIPANTS: Women over 18 years of age. Of 713 women who completed and returned the feminine hygiene practices questionnaire, 180 were younger than 41 years, 171 were 41-48 years, 184 were 49-57 years, and 178 were 58 years or older. All participants were members of a California professional home economics organization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A 40-item feminine hygiene practices questionnaire dealing with body cleansing practices, feminine products usage, and both general and specific menses collection and protection practices. RESULTS: Significant age-related differences were found in several areas of body cleansing and feminine products usage, including sponge bathing and use of feminine and deodorant spray, wet wipes, and panty liners. In all age groups, 20-30% of women reported douching, even in the face of continued reports of the dangers in this practice. In addition, reduced numbers of women (n = 245) in all age groups reported washing hands before using tampons or pads, although more (n = 314) reported washing their hands afterward. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing education about proper feminine hygiene practices, especially regarding douching and handwashing before and after genitourinary contact, will be important across all age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Nutrition knowledge of teen-agers.

Nutrition knowledge tests were administered to 1,193 teen-agers in Oregon prior to units on nutrition in health and home economics classes. Mean scores on the test were low, 39.4 +/- 11.6% correct. Teen-agers generally knew the Four Food Groups, appropriate snacks, a single "best" source of nutrients and the basics of weight control. They overestimated the importance and necessary amounts of dietary protein and vitamin C. Most of these teen-agers did not know food sources of nutrients other than the commonly known "best" source. They also had difficulty selecting a nutritious meal unless the meal followed traditional patterns. The nutrition units taught to these teen-agers generally included the Four Food Groups, the relationship of diet to health and food sources of various nutrients. Less than one-third of the units had major emphasis on nutritional needs during pregnancy, nutrition and athletics, retention of nutrients in food preparation or food fads and myths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effect of a brief instructional unit in death education on the death attitudes of prospective elementary school teachers.

The present study determined if there would be a significant change in the attitudes of prospective elementary school teachers toward death after two, one- and-one-half hour instructional units of death education that were incorporated into an elementary health education methods and content class (experimental group). Control groups consisted of similar students who did not receive death education, but were enrolled in the elementary health education methods and content class (control group I) and another group of students who were not in elementary education, but were enrolled in a basic home economics class (control group II). The Templer Death Anxiety Scale and a scale developed by the author to measure attitudes toward death education for young children were administered to the three groups during pretest and posttest sessions two and 10 weeks after instruction. Validity and reliability for the author's scale was determined by various experimental procedures. Several different resources were used in the education process. The experimental group had significantly less fear of death and felt more comfortable discussing death with children than did the two control groups. The results suggest that brief units of death education are effective in changing the attitudes of future elementary teachers.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Community organization in a school health education program to reduce sodium consumption.

This paper describes the important role of community organization in providing the enabling and reinforcing factors necessary for students to adopt dietary behavior changes recommended in a school health education program for cardiovascular health. The "Hold the Salt!" program was designed to teach sixth grade students and their families about the link between high sodium diets early in life and increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and to significantly reduce pupils' intake of high-sodium snacks. The program consists of four educational components: a classroom cafeteria curriculum unit built around a board game; parent outreach; health provider reinforcement; and community support. The program was tested in an experimental group (n = 55) of urban, black, sixth grade students, whose knowledge and behavior changes were compared to a control group (n = 23) with similar demographic statistics. Data collected before and after the school program showed a 20% increase in knowledge about sodium and health (p less than .01) and a 33% decrease in reported high-sodium snack consumption (p less than .05) in the experimental group compared to no significant knowledge or reported behavior changes in the control group. The program was piloted for two years in Baltimore City elementary schools, then adopted by the Maryland State Dept. of Education for dissemination as part of the Home Economics curriculum in all of the state's middle schools.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Nutrition education in Missouri schools.

This survey examined the status of nutrition education in Missouri schools, profiled teacher preparation in nutrition, and identified teacher preferences for additional nutrition education resources. Questionnaires were mailed to a systematic sample of 1,664 teachers representing different grade levels K-12 and subject areas including biological science, health, home economics, and physical education. Responses from 793 teachers indicated most integrated nutrition into other subjects such as health and science. Almost all taught the concept of food groups. Teachers expressed a need for materials on a range of concepts and preferred the videotape format. About one-third of elementary teachers reported completing a college-level nutrition course: 70% of secondary teachers had completed such a course. Results indicate the need for materials to integrate nutrition into various subjects and encourage teaching on concepts beyond the food groups.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1989

Intervention study on obese school-aged children.

Obesity is the visible result of a behavioral disease related to eating and drinking habits. Eating and drinking have to be considered as social activities, which means that an obese child cannot be treated separately but only as a part of his family. With respect to our programme, mother and father (usually one of them has some overweight, too) have to be prepared to join a 1-year therapeutic programme. The familial compliance may be strengthened and even guaranteed by the fact that fellow sufferers can be found in the closest circle. The compliance in question is enforced, moreover, because derision on the part of social environment, which results in isolation, brings obese people together. Generally, overweight children and adults try to overcome such difficulties resorting to pleasurable sensation by additional eating. Thus, a vicious circle is formed and sustained. Our behavioral programme takes 1 year. In the beginning those who are willing to participate are accepted into a 'club'. New members enter discussions and their family eating habits are revealed. As overweight people often eat hastily and alone, the programme starts by teaching them how to eat slowly, how to serve themselves (once per meal only) and that they have to take their meals in company. A 3-week camp organized and managed by a team of responsible therapists takes place in the mountains in July/August. The therapeutic team comprises a physician, a psychotherapist, a school psychologist, a home economics teacher, a gymnastics and swimming teacher, and a social worker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of children with and without learning disabilities on social problem-solving skill, school behavior, and family background.

The study compared 86 children with learning disabilities (LD) with 86 matched children without learning disabilities (NLD) on three domains of variables: social problem-solving skill, teacher-rated school behavior and competence, and family background. The children with LD and the NLD group differed on variables in all three domains. More specifically, the children with LD were able to generate fewer alternatives for solving social problem situations, showed less tolerance for frustration and less adaptive assertiveness, and had more overall classroom behavior problems and less personal and social competence in a variety of areas as rated by teachers. Children having LD also showed more family background difficulties (e.g., lack of educational stimulation at home, economic difficulties). The findings suggest the need for greater attention to social and behavioral remediation for children with LD and greater involvement of their families, in addition to the cognitive and academic remediation emphasized in existing curricula for children with LD.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Mrs Isabella Elder, LL.D., pioneer and philanthropist.

Mrs Isabella Elder contributed much during her lifetime to further the education of women of all ages and of all levels of attainment. She gifted North Park House to Queen Margaret College in Glasgow as a home in 1884. With her encouragement a medical school for women in Glasgow was opened in Queen Margaret College in 1890. The standard was high and when women were admitted to the Universities in 1892, the first Queen Margaret medical students were able to graduate in 1894. She pioneered a system of teaching home economics in Govan, assisted the development of a district nursing service and built the Elder Cottage Hospital.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed2005

Nutrition education: it has never been an easy case for Indonesia.

The root of Indonesian education can be traced back to the Dutch colonial period. The country adopts the 6-3-3-4 system of education, which consists of public schooling, Islamic schooling, and out-of-school education. In addition, the country has also been exposed to distance education. The call for this type of education was due to the geographic condition of Indonesia where face-to-face instruction has become limited. Studies on nutrition education in Indonesia covered various topics and teaching methods that were delivered mostly in after-class sessions. Effects on improved knowledge and attitudes were more marked than that of practices in relation to each nutrition topic. Nutrition and its related topics are delivered separately in different school subjects, such as biology, sport, health science, and home economics. Moreover, as the country keeps developing malnutrition problems, the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Health has run a feeding program that covers only children in elementary school aged 6-12 years old both in urban and rural areas. Efforts from private sectors and NGOs on the feeding program for schoolchildren seem to give complementary effects to the existing program. Human resources development of nutrition professionals was started in the early 1950s when a school for food scientists was first established. However, the professionals responsible for delivering nutrition-related topics in the school are the school teachers who mostly have never received relevant training for delivering such topics. For achieving effective children's nutrition education through schools, a solid partnership among stakeholders must be encouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Watch what you say and how you say it: differential response to speech by participants with and without head injuries.

Previous research has shown that both prosodic and content variations in speech register are important when addressing all individuals. Motherese speech register has been associated with higher levels of perceived disability and is viewed more negatively by individuals with a history of head injury. This research was conducted to investigate the separate contributions of content and prosody in producing differential response to speech by individuals with and without a history of head injury. Participants included 210 introductory psychology students with and without head injuries. No significant demographic differences were found between these groups. Participants listened to 4 sets of audiotaped instructions from afictitious home economics teacher containing prosodic and content variations. Afterward, they rated the teacher on the following dimensions: liking, positive impact, negative impact, grade level being taught, and whether they would recommend hiring this teacher. Analysis of variance revealed there were no significant group differences between participants rating with normal speech. As expected, both groups favored the normal speech register over motherese. However, the group with head injuries consistently rated the speech with motherese content as more negative, less likable, less likely to hire, and aimed at a lower grade level. Participants with head injuries also rated the speech register with motherese prosody as less likable and less likely to hire. These results suggest that when addressing individuals with head injuries, both what you say and how you say it are important.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sanctions for ethics violations: does licensure of socioeconomic status matter?

Although sexual relationships between therapists and their clients are unethical, such beahviors still occur. This study investigated whether psychologists with applied versus nonapplied training differed in the severity of sanctions advocated for psychologists charged with sexual ethical violations toward high- or low-socioeconomic status victims. Licensed and Nonlicensed psychologists (N=48) viewed a 15-min videotape simulating the adjudication process about an alleged sexual involvement between client and psychologist, then prescribed either: Dismissal of Charges, Educative Advisory, Educative Warning, Reprimand, Censure, Stipulated Resignation, Permitted Resignation, or Expulsion. The alleged victim was described as a college professor of home economics or a hairdresser. Licensed psychologists chose more severe sanctions ("Stipulated or Permitted Resignation") than did Nonlicensed psychologists ("Censure"). Socioeconomic status made no significant difference in sanctions. Apparently, applied therapy training results in more severe judgements toward those who violate American Psychological Association ethical guidelines than other types of psychology training.

Attitude↗
PubMed1979

Teaching mending skills to mentally retarded adolescents.

This experiment presents a model for analyzing community living skills and teaching them to mentally retarded adolescents. A task analysis of three mending skills was developed and validated, aided by consultation with persons having expertise in home economics and mental retardation. The task analysis was modified to compensate for the constraints imposed by the trainees' disabilities. Five moderately retarded youths received training on sewing hems, buttons, and seams. Sewing skills were acquired rapidly and maintained. The behavior generalized from trained to untrained tasks on their common components for all subjects. A multiple baseline across participants combined with a multiple baseline across responses demonstrated the combined effectiveness of an objectively validated, detailed task analysis; graduated sequence of prompts; and response consequences in training and maintaining community living skills with mentally retarded adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of clothing values on perceived clothing deprivation among adolescents.

The present purpose was to investigate the relationship between clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation among adolescents. From previous studies a questionnaire was developed to measure perceived clothing deprivation (the dependent variable) and clothing values (the independent variable). Items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The sample was comprised of 338 high school students enrolled in Grades 9 to 12 home economics courses at six high schools. The effects of values (aesthetic, economic, exploratory, political, religious, sensory, social, and theoretical) on perceived clothing deprivation were tested. Pearson correlations and multiple regression indicated positive relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and the economic and social clothing values. Also, these values accounted for significant proportions of the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. Negative relationships between aesthetic and political clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation were noted; however, they did not contribute significantly to the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. No relationships were found between the remaining clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation.

Adolescent↗