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PubMedDate not supplied

History of obstetric complications, family history, and CT scan findings in schizophrenic patients.

It has been proposed that obstetric complications (OCs) are more common in patients with nonfamilial schizophrenia, and associated with lateral ventricular enlargement in such patients. We examined the relations among OCs, family history of schizophrenia or bipolar mood disorder, and lateral ventricular size and cortical sulcal prominence in 44 schizophrenic patients. A history of OCs was not related to an absence of a family history of schizophrenia, ventricle-brain ratio, or cortical sulcal prominence. None of the CT findings was related to family history.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of caretaker histories in abuse: comparing initial histories with subsequent confessions.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that perpetrators of abuse include elements of truth in their initial history and that an analysis of perpetrator confessions can teach professionals how to identify these initial truths. METHODS: The information from a consecutive sample of perpetrators' confessions concerning 41 children hospitalized because of injuries caused by child abuse was reviewed. The details about the injuries contained in the confessions were compared with the details provided when these children initially presented for medical care. Information about the perpetrator's gender and relationship to the child, the victim's age and gender, type of injury, family risk factors, the trigger of the abusive event, the circumstances surrounding the event, and the type of trauma were collected. RESULTS: A total of 45 perpetrators abused 41 children; 76% of perpetrators were male; 56% were the child's father; 34% were the child's mother. The perpetrators initially provided no explanation about how 68% of the children received an injury. In 91% of their initial histories, the perpetrators provided some element of truth about the circumstances or triggering event for the abuse. In 67% of confessions, crying was the circumstance that triggered the abuse. Mothers were more likely to describe the situation that triggered the abuse (85% of mothers versus 58% of fathers, p=ns), while fathers were more likely to describe accurately the circumstances surrounding the abuse (79% of fathers versus 62% of mothers, p=ns). CONCLUSIONS: Perpetrators of abuse provide initial truths in their presenting history. Child abuse professionals must take a careful history from all caretakers and "listen" for the "elements of truth." These truths are the child's behavior or circumstance that increased stress and triggered the abuse. Employing this method in a careful analysis of confessions can make a significant contribution to the capacity to identify child abuse. In addition, more information about the role of triggers may help to focus child abuse prevention strategies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Risk associated with various definitions of family history of coronary heart disease. The Newcastle Family History Study II.

The authors carried out a population-based case-control study to estimate the risk of an acute coronary disease event associated with various definitions of a family history of coronary heart disease (CHD). A detailed family history questionnaire was completed by 403 cases and 236 controls in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia from 1992 to 1994. Odds ratios of an acute coronary disease event adjusted for proband age and sex ranged from 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-4.1) for the simplest definition (one or more first-degree relatives with CHD at any age) to 5.4 (95% CI 1.7-16.8) for the most stringent definition (two or more first-degree relatives with CHD before age 55 years). In a series of nested models, the authors examined the improvement in model fit as each component of the detailed family history was added. Additional information was provided by accounting for "don't know" responses, the number of affected relatives, the age of the affected relative, and whether the first-degree relative was a sibling rather than a parent. The results were similar when the data were analyzed as a cohort design with proband disease status as the exposure variable. The authors suggest that, to facilitate preventive efforts in a population, more detailed family history definitions should be used to better target high risk subjects.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2003

Life-history evolution and the microevolution of intermediary metabolism: activities of lipid-metabolizing enzymes in life-history morphs of a wing-dimorphic cricket.

Although a considerable amount of information is available on the ecology, genetics, and physiology of life-history traits, much more limited data are available on the biochemical and genetic correlates of life-history variation within species. Specific activities of five enzymes of lipid biosynthesis and two enzymes of amino acid catabolism were compared among lines selected for flight-capable (LW[f]) versus flightless (SW) morphs of the cricket Gryllus firmus. These morphs, which exist in natural populations, differ genetically in ovarian growth (100-400% higher in SW) and aspects of flight capability including the size of wings and flight muscles, and the concentration of triglyceride flight fuel (40% greater in LW[f]). Consistently higher activity of each enzyme in LW(f) versus SW-selected lines, and strong co-segregation between morph and enzyme activity, demonstrated genetically based co-variance between wing morph and enzyme activity. Developmental profiles of enzyme activities strongly paralleled profiles of triglyceride accumulation during adulthood and previous measures of in vivo lipid biosynthesis. These data strongly imply that genetically based elevation in activities of lipogenic enzymes, and enzymes controlling the conversion of amino acids into lipids, is an important cause underlying the elevated accumulation of triglyceride in the LW(f) morph, a key biochemical component of the trade-off between elevated early fecundity and flight capability. Global changes in lipid and amino-acid metabolism appear to have resulted from microevolutionary alteration of regulators of metabolism. Finally, strong genotype x environment (diet) interactions were observed for most enzyme activities. Future progress in understanding the functional causes of life-history evolution requires a more detailed synthesis of the fields of life-history evolution and metabolic biochemistry. Wing polymorphism is a powerful experimental model in such integrative studies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Biogeographic history of an Australian freshwater shrimp, Paratya australiensis (Atyidae): the role life history transition in phylogeographic diversification.

The widespread distribution of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis in eastern Australia suggests that populations of this species have been connected in the past. Amphidromy is ancestral in these shrimps, although many extant populations are known to be restricted to freshwater habitats. In this study, we used a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene to examine diversity within P. australiensis and to assess the relative importance of amphidromy in its evolutionary history. We hypothesized that if transitions from an amphidromous to a freshwater life history were important, then we would find a number of divergent lineages restricted to single or groups of nearby drainages. Alternatively, if amphidromy was maintained within the species historically, we expected to find lineages distributed over many drainages. We assumed that the only way for divergence to occur within amphidromous lineages was if dispersal was limited to between nearby estuaries, which, during arid periods in the earth's history, became isolated from one another. We found nine highly divergent mtDNA lineages, estimated to have diverged from one another in the late Miocene/early Pliocene, when the climate was more arid than at present. Despite this, the geographic distribution of lineages and haplotypes within lineages did not support the notion of a stepping-stone model of dispersal between estuaries. We conclude that the extensive divergence has most likely arisen through a number of independent amphidromy-freshwater life history transitions, rather than via historical isolation of amphidromy populations. We also found evidence for extensive movement between coastal and inland drainages, supporting the notion that secondary contact between lineages may have occurred as a result of drainage rearrangements. Finally, our data indicate that P. australiensis is likely a complex of cryptic species, some of which are widely distributed, and others geographically restricted.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1995

Breast cancer and family history: levels of lipid-associated sialic acid in plasma and absent family history of breast cancer in women who have breast tumors.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer has a strong genetic component, and at least two breast cancer genes exist. But these genes probably play little role in most breast cancers. Other factors, such as environmental estrogens and diet, may cause the genetic changes involved in the genesis of sporadic breast cancer. A method of observing genetic changes indirectly might be to measure tumor markers known to be associated with breast cancer. METHODS: We measured, by biochemical extraction and partition, lipid-associated sialic acid in plasma (LASA-P), a circulating tumor marker, in a group of 239 women with benign or malignant breast tumors. RESULTS: The concentration of LASA-P was elevated in women with both benign and malignant tumors and no family history of breast cancer (p = 0.046, one-way ANOVA). Because LASA-P levels rise with age and number of pregnancies, we analyzed our data using multiple linear regression. Benign versus malignant character of the tumor, family history of breast cancer, number of pregnancies, and age were the independent variables. Family history of breast cancer had a significant effect on LASA-P levels (p = 0.0146) independent of the effects of age (p = 0.011), number of pregnancies (0.012), and whether the tumor was benign or malignant (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that elevated LASA-P in women with breast tumors and no family history of breast cancer is a result of the genetic changes occurring in nonfamilial breast cancer. These genetic changes, possibly related to environmental estrogens or other environmental factors, are distinct from the changes due to mutations of BRCA1 or other familial breast cancer genes. Moreover, the elevation of LASA-P suggests that the surface membranes of breast cancer may differ in composition. Further study may lead to exact characterization of the genetic and cell membrane changes associated with familial and nonfamilial breast tumors, and perhaps to better methods of breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Early history of pediatrics in Mecklenburg. 1: On the history of Mecklenburg--medical service and child welfare--the school system].

Since no complete description of public child care and pediatric activities in Mecklenburg has been given in the past, the present publication is intended to do more than fill an existing gab in regional pediatric history. Starting with a brief outline of the history of Mecklenburg, it describes in addition the development of medical legislation, medical, personnel, child care facilities, care for the poor and education, and the work of Mecklenburg's first creche in Schwerin.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Between doubts and certainties: on the place of history of science in Islamic societies within the field of history of science.

I discuss my long-term observation that history of science in Islamic societies is marginalized within the general history of science community as well as in the academic world of Islamic studies, Near Eastern language and civilization programs, Middle Eastern history, or the investigation of the modern Muslim world. I ask what the possible causes for this situation are and what can be done to change the bleak situation.

Historiography↗
PubMed1999

History and evidence-based medicine: lessons from the history of somatic treatments from the 1900s to the 1950s.

This paper examines the early history of biological treatments for severe mental illness. Focusing on the period of the 1900s to the 1950s, I assess the everyday use of somatic therapies and the science that justified these practices. My assessment is based upon patient records from state hospitals and the contemporaneous scientific literature. I analyze the following somatic interventions: hydrotherapy, sterilization, malaria fever therapy, shock therapies, and lobotomy. Though these treatments were introduced before the method of randomized controlled trials, they were based upon legitimate contemporary science (two were Nobel Prize-winning interventions). Furthermore, the physicians who used these interventions believed that they effectively treated their psychiatric patients. This history illustrates that what determines acceptable science and clinical practice was and, most likely will, continue to be dependent upon time and place. I conclude with how this history sheds light on present-day, evidence-based medicine.

Biological Psychiatry↗
PubMed2004

Oral history, subjectivity, and environmental reality: occupational health histories in twentieth-century Scotland.

This essay uses oral histories of dust disease in twentieth-century Scotland to illustrate the ways in which such history can illuminate how the working environment and work cultures affect workers' bodies and how workers come to terms with the ill-health caused by their employment. It emphasizes the agency of the interpreter but argues further that oral histories of dust disease in twentieth-century Scotland are simultaneously influenced by, and evidence for, material conditions. The essay explores the notion that the bodies, not just the voices of interviewees, are material testament to health-corroding work practices, cultures, and habitat. The focus is the problems caused by the inhalation of coal and asbestos dust.

Historiography↗
PubMed1995

A brief history of the Royal College of Nursing History of Nursing Society and its journal, 1983-1994. Part I - the early years.

In this two-part overview of the history of the History of Nursing Society and its journal, Monica Baly traces some of the key issues, personalities and events in the life of the longest-running history of nursing group in the world. Part 1 covers the early years and the struggle to construct a workable constitution within the Royal College of Nursing, to recruit members and to publish original research.

Historiography↗
PubMed1996

[Short history of Polish and German relations in field on the history of medicine].

The beginnings of regular contacts between historians of medicine from Germany goes back to 1977. The initiators of them were: from German side Prof. Georg Harig, from Polish side Prof. Tadeusz Brzeziński. Since then 4 conferences have taken place: two in German, and two in Poland. Another flow of contacts there became a cooperation on the grounds of Société Internationale d'Historie de la Médecine. It has brougt the fruits of contacts mainly between Szczecin centre and Professors Hans Schadewaldt and Heinz Goerke, and also between other Polish and German Departments of Medical History. The idea of revival of the conferences was born at the Congress of Medical History in Glasgow and a present conference is the fruit of it.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1970

Manuscripts and oral history: common interests and problems in the history of medicine.

The acceptance of the tape-recorded interview as a research tool and historical record in the history of medicine suggests some problems both for the researcher with respect to resource materials and for the repository. A direct relationship exists between manuscript collections and the oral history product, and it would be in the interest of the oral historian, the curator of manuscripts, and the repository if a unified conceptual approach were taken in the acquisition and preservation of manuscript records and oral history interviews.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed1997

[Long-term patients also need their history. The socio-geographic reconstruction of the life history as social pedagogic method for work with long-term patients].

"Socio-geographic reconstruction" means to recall important places and stations of life, accompanied by another interested person. Students of social paedagogics have created these reconstructions together with long-term psychiatric patients. The method is based on social science participation studies. The aim is the rediscovering and reacquiring the prepsychiatric biography of the patients as well as the understanding of this history by the students. The focus of interest is not the "history of illness" but the "history of life" as it was connected with family, school, work and leisure time.

Female↗
PubMed1992

The history of the neurological examination. Part 1: ancient and pre-modern history--3000 BC to AD 1850.

Every time a physician conducts a neurological examination the process continues a biomedical search for understanding the nervous system which is as ancient as the earliest civilizations in human history. Most of the modern neurological examination evolved in a short time span, between 1850 and 1914, but the origins of neurology as a medical quest for knowledge date to the first evolution of urban life, in the valleys of the Euphrates and the Nile. This paper reviews this history in two chronological segments: part 1 up to 1850 and part 2 the subsequent period.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1998

Parental history of hypertension and parental history of diabetes and microvascular complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.

Diabetic nephropathy clusters in families, suggesting an inherited predisposition. Parental history of hypertension and of Type 2 diabetes mellitus have been associated with nephropathy in offspring with Type 1 diabetes in some studies but not in others. The associations of parental history of hypertension and of diabetes with both albuminuria and proliferative retinopathy were studied in a large cross-sectional study of 3250 patients with Type 1 diabetes, from 16 European countries. Albuminuria was associated with hypertension in a parent (p < 0.01 in men, p < 0.05 in women), adjusted for age. Patients with a parental history of hypertension had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.001 in men, p < 0.01 in women) and a higher prevalence of parental diabetes (p < 0.001 in men, p < 0.001 in women). The association of albuminuria with parental hypertension was independent of parental diabetes in men but not women (OR = 1.28 in men p = 0.04, OR = 1.25 in women p = 0.09) and was not independent of hypertension in the patient him/herself in either sex. Albuminuria was associated with parental diabetes in women only (OR = 1.36, p = 0.04). This association was independent of both parental hypertension and hypertension in the patient herself. Proliferative retinopathy was not associated with parental hypertension or diabetes. The implications of these data are that both candidate genes for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes should be considered in the search for the genetic determinants of diabetic nephropathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Are childhood psychiatric histories of bipolar adolescents associated with family history, psychosis, and response to lithium treatment?

OBJECTIVE: To examine if childhood psychiatric diagnoses are associated with family history, psychosis, age, and lithium response. METHOD: Associations among variables, and their contributions to explaining lithium response were examined in 48 bipolar adolescents enrolled in a study of lithium. RESULTS: Presence of a childhood diagnosis was not associated with family psychiatric history or lithium response. Subjects with psychotic features, however, were less likely to have a childhood psychiatric diagnosis, were older, and had a poorer response rate to lithium than subjects without psychosis. DISCUSSION: Heterogeneity within bipolar adolescents may be based on clinical features such as psychosis rather than childhood or family history alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Colonoscopic surveillance of patients with a family history of colon cancer and a history of normal colonoscopy: is a five-year interval between colonoscopies appropriate?

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with a family history of colon cancer are advised to undergo surveillance colonoscopy 5 years after a normal screening colonoscopy. No prospective study has evaluated the prevalence of adenomas found at surveillance colonoscopy in these patients. The aims of this trial were (1) to determine the percentage of these patients with adenomas; (2) to determine the percentage of these patients with advanced adenomas (i.e., villous adenomas, adenomas > or = 10 mm, adenomas with high grade dysplasia); and (3) to assess risk factors for adenomas in these patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with a family history of colorectal cancer and a normal screening colonoscopy 5 years earlier were offered a surveillance colonoscopy. Patients also completed a questionnaire about potential risk factors for adenomas. Multiple logistic regression analysis assessed associations between risk factors and adenomas. RESULTS: One hundred patients completed the trial. The male/female ratio was 54/46, the mean age was 56.2 +/- 8.8 years, and 91% were white. Eight percent (8 of 100) of patients had advanced adenomas at surveillance colonoscopy, and 33% (33 of 100) had adenomas. Among patients with adenomas, 39% (13 of 33) had no adenomas in the left side of the colon (i.e., distal to the splenic flexure). Among patients with advanced adenomas, 25% (2 of 8) had no adenomas in the left side of the colon. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant negative association between adenomas and NSAID use (odds ratio, 0.26 [95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.79]), and male gender had a positive association with adenomas (odds ratio, 2.79 [95% confidence interval, 1.01-7.74]). CONCLUSIONS: These data support a 5-year interval between screening and surveillance colonoscopy for patients with a family history of colorectal cancer and a normal screening colonoscopy.

Adenoma↗