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The social matrix of aggression. Enactments and representations of loving and hating in the first years of life.
In this paper, we build on a developing body of work that addresses the various contributions to the child's emerging definition of self in the first five years of life. Described is the role of aggression in the shaping of the child's predominant modes of viewing and experiencing the world. How aggression toward another mixes with desire for another in the formation of early capacities for object relatedness is a central question for any developmental theory of aggression, for aggression is first experienced, shaped, refined, and remodeled in the context of loving relations. Studies from related disciplines provide observational data about how aggression is modified in the first five to six years of life and how the capacity to interpret the intentions of others is crucial to those modifications. Understanding the intentions of others relates also to the capacity to attribute affects, beliefs, and other mental states to others, a capacity referred to elsewhere as a theory of mind. The ability to reflect upon thoughts and feelings in oneself and others provides children with a fuller range of responses to their own and others' perceived aggression. Finally, external experiences of violence, abuse, and deprivation influence the child's experience of his own and others' aggression and prevent the normal modulation of aggression in the social matrix.
Nurse in profile. Robyn Hately. Interview by Kimberly O'Sullivan.
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Transference phenomena in the treatment of addictive illness: love and hate in methadone maintence.
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Telephone etiquette: the telephone, one of the physician's most necessary and, at times, most hated devices.
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AraC protein: a love-hate relationship.
In the bacterium Escherichia coli, the AraC protein positively and negatively regulates expression of the proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of the sugar L-arabinose. This essay describes how work from my laboratory on this system spanning more than thirty years has aided our understanding of positive regulation, revealed DNA looping (a mechanism that explains many action-at-a-distance phenomena) and, more recently, has uncovered the mechanism by which arabinose shifts AraC from a state where it prefers to bind to two well-separated DNA half-sites and form a DNA loop to a state where it binds to two adjacent half-sites and activates transcription. This work required learning how to assay, purify, and work with a protein possessing highly uncooperative biochemical properties. Present work is focussed on understanding arabinose-responsive mechanism in atomic detail and is also directed towards understanding protein structure and function well enough to be able to engineer the allosteric mechanism seen in AraC onto other proteins.
The immune system and microorganisms: a love-hate relationship revisited.
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A "hateful epileptic" patient in the burn unit.
An interdisciplinary team discussed the case of a 31-year-old woman who sustained second- and third-degree burns while having a seizure. She was a difficult patient who elicited a good deal of negative feelings from the staff. The interview raised the possibility of this burn having been a suicidal attempt, and the subsequent discussion centered on effective ways of relating to her pathologic defense mechanisms. The need for a comprehensive approach that took into consideration the biologic, psychologic, and social aspects of her needs became evident to all the participants.
Blood pressure in heart failure: a love-hate relationship.
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The AT2 receptor--a matter of love and hate.
In 1989, the development of specific angiotensin receptor antagonists which distinguish between two angiotensin receptor subtypes (AT1 and AT2) led to a breakthrough in angiotensin research. It turned out, that the AT1 receptor was almost entirely responsible for the "classical" actions of angiotensin II related to the regulation of blood pressure as well as volume and electrolyte balance. However, actions and signal transduction mechanisms coupled to the AT2 receptor remained enigmatic for a long time. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of AT2 receptor distribution, signaling and function with an emphasis on growth/anti-growth, differentiation and the regeneration of neuronal tissue.
Hate mail and cultural diversity.
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"The reason for hating myself": a patient's request for breast reduction.
A recent script from a patient highlights the problems often experienced by patients with an oversized bust and who wish for breast reduction. This may be of assistance in discussing contracts and the ever present threat of rationing.
What is our duty to a "hateful" patient? Differing approaches to a disruptive dialysis patient.
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'I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things': condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township.
Levels of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection are high amongst South African youth, with one recent survey reporting levels of 18.9% amongst 17-20 year olds and 43.1% amongst 21-25 year olds. In these groups levels of knowledge about HIV are high, but perceived vulnerability and reported condom use are low. Much existing research into youth HIV in developing countries relies on survey measures which use individual knowledge, attitudes and reported behaviour as variables in seeking to explain HIV transmission amongst this group. This paper reports on a focus group study that seeks to complement existing individual-level quantitative findings with qualitative findings highlighting community and social factors that hinder condom use amongst youth in the township of Khutsong, near Carletonville. Study informants comprised 44 young women and men in the 13-25 year age group. Data analysis highlighted six factors hindering condom use: lack of perceived risk; peer norms; condom availability; adult attitudes to condoms and sex; gendered power relations and the economic context of adolescent sexuality. Informants did not constitute a homogenous group in terms of their understandings of sexuality. While there was clear evidence for the existence of dominant social norms which place young peoples' sexual health at risk, there was also evidence that many young people are self-consciously critical of the norms that govern their sexual behaviour, despite going along with them, and that they are aware of the way in which peer and gender pressures place their health at risk. There was also evidence that a minority of youth actively challenge dominant norms and behave in counter-normative and health-enhancing ways. The actively contested nature of dominant sexual norms provides a fertile starting point for peer education programmes that seek to provide the context for the collective negotiation of alternative sexual norms that do not endanger young peoples' sexual health.
Love-hate for man-machine metaphors in Soviet physiology: from Pavlov to "physiological cybernetics".
This article reinterprets the debate between orthodox followers of the Pavlovian reflex theory and Soviet "cybernetic physiologists" in the 1950s and 60s as a clash of opposing man-machine metaphors. While both sides accused each other of "mechanistic," reductionist methodology, they did not see anything "mechanistic" about their own central metaphors: the telephone switchboard metaphor for nervous activity (the Pavlovians), and the analogies between the human brain and a computer (the cyberneticians). I argue that the scientific utility of machine analogies was closely intertwined with their philosophical and political meanings and that new interpretations of these metaphors emerged as a result of political conflicts and a realignment of forces within the scientific community and in society at large. I suggest that the constant travel of man-machine analogies, back and forth between physiology and technology has blurred the traditional categories of the "mechanistic" and the "organic" in Soviet neurophysiology, as perhaps in the history of physiology in general.
Why doctors hate medical ethics.
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From lynching to gay bashing: the elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime.
Trends in bigoted violence are often explained by reference to frustrations arising from macroeconomic downturns. Historical and recent time-series studies have turned up significant links between economic conditions and lynchings of Blacks in the pre-Depression South (e.g., Hepworth & West, 1988; Hovland & Sears, 1940). However, replicating the time-series analyses of lynching, extending them through the Great Depression, and applying similar techniques to contemporary data fail to provide robust evidence of a link between economic performance and intolerant behavior directed against minorities. The authors speculate that the predictive force of macroeconomic fluctuation is undermined by the rapid rate of decay in the frustration-bred aggressive impulse and the absence of prominent political actors affixing economic blame on target groups.