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PubMed2005

[A patient with focal dystonia induced by golf and presenting a decrease in activity of cerebral motor cortex on task].

We here report a 45-year-old man with left arm focal dystonia induced by golf. He was a swimming instructor. From 35 years of age, he swung a golf club for 4 hours everyday. At 37 years of age, he noted difficulties in moving left arm when swinging, and developed involuntary movement of left arm toward his back thereafter. His involuntary movement was exacerbated even in several years after stopping both golf and swimming. Neurologically, simultaneous contraction was observed in left triceps and biceps muscles and his left arm dropped when raising arm to front. A 'sensory trick' was also observed. Thus, he was diagnosed as having a rare focal dystonia, and its clinical characteristics and course were basically different from those of 'yips', a focal dystonia that is characterized by anxiety and distal dominant dystonia presenting only on golf. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), FDG-positron emission CT (FDG-PET), C11-Raclopride PET and 99mTc-single photon emission CT (SPECT) revealed no abnormality in cerebral cortex and basal ganglias. However, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were not evoked bilaterally when magnetic stimulation was applied on primary motor cortex. On functional MRI (fMRI), 40 seconds raising left arm task-induced activation in the right primary motor, supplementary motor, and premotor areas was apparently decreased, while left motor areas, the normal side, were reasonably activated. Motor-associated areas are generally overactivated by task in focal dystonia patients whereas excitability in primary motor area is decreased in idiopathic generalized dystonia. Therefore, dystonia of the present case appears to be similar to focal dystonia clinically but may partly have a mechanism similar to idiopathic generalized dystonia as shown in the fMRI studies.

Arm↗
PubMed1996

Major injuries occurring during use of a golf cart.

Major trauma following a mishap with a golf cart is an unreported problem. This study details injury types and the various mechanisms by which the accidents occurred. Recommendations are made regarding preventive measures that should be observed for safe operation of a golf cart. Two hundred eighty orthopedic surgeons from 37 states were polled concerning their experience with injuries directly resulting from use of a golf cart. One hundred nineteen surgeons reported a total of 111 injuries with adverse outcomes including death, spinal cord injury, and various chronic disabilities of an extremity. The use of a golf cart has the potential to cause serious trauma. The mechanisms of the accident indicate that obvious measures may be observed to lessen the likelihood of an injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Back pain in golf.

Although golfing is generally considered a begin activity, lower back pain is endemic among golfers. The golf swing subjects the lumbar spine to rapid, intense loads, more frequently in amateurs than in professionals. These loads predispose the golfing population to muscle strains, lumbar disc disease, spondylolysis, and facet joint arthropathy. It is imperative for all golfers to warm up properly, develop good swing mechanics, and participate in a lower back conditioning program off the golf course.

Golf↗
PubMed2006

Expression of Golf in the rat placenta: Possible implication in olfactory receptor transduction.

Olfactory receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and are encoded by an extremely large and diverse family of genes in mammals. There is increasing evidence that olfactory receptors are widely distributed in many organs, suggesting that olfactory receptors do not only recognize airborne odorants but also play important roles in chemotaxis or organ construction in embryo. In this study, we investigated whether olfactory receptors and their transduction molecule, Golf are expressed in the rat placenta. By RT-PCR, we identified 11 different olfactory receptor genes, which are all members of class II, in the rat placenta cDNAs, and our results suggested that particular members of the olfactory receptor gene family might be preferentially expressed in the placenta. By western blot analysis, we demonstrated that Golf protein is expressed in the placenta and its expression levels are developmentally regulated. We found that Golf immunoreactivity is exclusively localized to giant cell trophoblasts and spongiotrophoblast cells. These findings raised a possibility that a particular subset of olfactory receptors might be coupled with Golf and function in giant cell trophoblasts and spongiotrophoblast cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of subchronic lithium chloride treatment on G-protein subunits (Golf, Ggamma7) and adenylyl cyclase expressed specifically in the rat striatum.

Lithium salt has been widely used as a treatment for mania, but the mechanism of its effect remains unknown. Previously, by studying c-fos expression, we showed that the striatum was a possible target region for the antimanic effects of lithium salt. The present study focused on the effect of subchronic lithium chloride treatment on G-proteins (Golf, Ggamma7) and adenylyl cyclase type V, which are expressed specifically in the rat striatum. Subchronic lithium chloride treatment significantly increased the level of Golf protein, a stimulant alpha-subunit of G-protein, by 53.5% (P<0.01), but the levels of Ggamma7 and adenylyl cyclase type V did not change. This increased level of Golf protein was found after 2 weeks of lithium chloride treatment, but not after 1 week, and the level returned to the basal level 1 week after withdrawal of lithium chloride. This result suggests that the level of Golf protein increases to compensate for the suppression of the adenylyl cyclase system by lithium, and that this increase may account for the "rebound" phenomenon, which is the relapse observed after abrupt discontinuation of lithium salt treatment.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of polymorphisms in the olfactory G-protein Golf in major depression.

It is well established that G-proteins represent essential regulatory components in transmembrane signaling. The alpha subunit of the olfactory G-protein Golf (GNAL) maps to a region on chromosome 18 where linkage to affective disorders has been reported, as well as a parent-of-origin effect in affective disorders with some markers near the locus for the alpha subunit of the Golf gene. We investigated whether two polymorphisms in the alpha subunit of the Golf gene (A-->G in intron 3, and T-->G in intron 10) are associated with major depression in 176 major depressive patients compared with 145 healthy control subjects, and additionally tested for a parent-of-origin effect in separated gender groups. In the control group, we found a significant increase in the G-allele frequency of the intron 3 polymorphism in females (P=0.0036, odds ratio=2.13, 95% confidence interval=1.29-3.54, Fisher's Exact Test). In patients, we found a similar tendency for higher G-allele frequencies in females. Concerning the intron 10 polymorphism, no differences in the genotype or allele frequencies were detectable for any of the separated gender groups. Also, the total patient and control groups showed no differences in allele or genotype frequencies for any of the investigated polymorphisms. The results of this study agree with the reported parent-of-origin effects on chromosome 18, but do not support the hypothesis that the Golf gene is a major susceptibility factor for major depression.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos degradation products in golf course leachate.

Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos are commonly used to control disease and insect pests on golf course greens. While they are relatively immobile in the soil profile, their respective soil degradation products, 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol are more polar and may be present in golf course green leachate. To investigate this possibility, six stainless steel lysimeters were constructed into two practice greens at a country club in a northern Atlanta, Georgia suburb. Over a period of 1 year after rainfall events, lysimeter leachate samples were collected into glass bottles, filtered and directly analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in any sample and chlorothalonil was detected only in one sample, at a concentration of 0.12 mg liter-1. With a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg liter-1, hydroxychlorothalonil and trichloropyridinol were detected in 87% and 63% of the samples at maximum and median concentrations of 2.21 and 0.55 mg liter-1 for hydroxychlorothalonil and 1.77 and 0.15 mg liter-1 for trichloropyridinol. Golf course green leachate often mixes with surface water, thus more data may be warranted to determine the persistence and ecological significance of chronic exposure to these compounds of organisms in the aquatic environment.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

Effects of a coastal golf complex on water quality, periphyton, and seagrass.

The objective of this study was to provide baseline information on the effects of a golf course complex on water quality, colonized periphyton, and seagrass meadows in adjacent freshwater, near-coastal, and wetland areas. The chemical and biological impacts of the recreational facility, which uses reclaimed municipal wastewater for irrigation, were limited usually to near-field areas and decreased seaward during the 2-year study. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and organochlorine pesticides were below detection in surface water, whereas mercury, lead, arsenic, and atrazine commonly occurred at all locations. Only mercury and lead exceeded water quality criteria. Concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were greater in fairway ponds and some adjacent coastal areas relative to reference locations and Florida estuaries. Periphyton ash free dry weight and pigment concentrations statistically differed but not between reference and non-reference coastal areas. Biomass of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) was approximately 43% less in a meadow located adjacent to the golf complex (P < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that the effects of coastal golf courses on water quality may be primarily localized and limited to peripheral near-coastal areas. However, this preliminary conclusion needs additional supporting data.

Biomass↗
PubMed1999

Optic nerve avulsion from a golfing injury.

PURPOSE: To describe a patient with optic nerve avulsion after being struck in the eye with a golf club. METHODS: A 10-year-old male was hit in the left eye by a golf club. The patient underwent full ophthalmoscopic evaluation and neuroimaging. RESULTS: The patient had no light perception in the left eye when first seen. Avulsion of the optic nerve with vitreous hemorrhage was apparent on examination. Computed tomographic imaging of the brain and orbits revealed no abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Optic nerve avulsion from golf-related injury is more likely to occur when the impact site is between the globe and the orbital rim. Rupture of the globe is more likely to occur with direct impact to it.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a Florida coastal golf complex as a local and watershed source of bioavailable contaminants.

Contaminant fate in coastal areas impacted by golf course runoff is not well understood. This report summarizes trace metal, pesticide and PCB residues for colonized periphyton, Ruppia maritima (widgeon grass), Callinectes sapidus Rathbun (blue crabs) and Crassostrea virginica Gemlin (Eastern oyster) collected from areas adjacent to a Florida golf course complex which receive runoff containing reclaimed municipal wastewater. Concentrations of 19 chlorinated pesticides and 18 PCB congeners were usually below detection in the biota. In contrast, 8 trace metals were commonly detected although concentrations were not usually significantly different for biota collected from reference and non-reference coastal areas. Residue concentrations in decreasing order were typically: zinc, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, cadmium and mercury. Mean BCF values for the eight trace metals ranged between 160-57000 (periphyton), 79-11033 (R. maritima), 87-162625 (C. virginica) and 12-9800 (C. sapidus). Most trace metal residues in periphyton colonized adjacent to the golf complex, were either similar to or significantly less than those reported for periphyton colonized in nearby coastal areas impacted by urban stormwater runoff and treated municipal and industrial wastewater discharges. Consequently, the recreational complex does not appear to be a major source of bioavailable contaminants locally nor in the immediate watershed based on results for the selected biota.

Alismatales↗
PubMed2002

Effect of mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance on kinematic pattern in golf swing.

Experience has shown that repositioning the mandible may have an influence on the athletic performance. Many athletes with or without occlusal problems are now using mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance (MORA) supposedly to optimize their performance. In golf, the players do not have any direct opponent and they have different clubs to reach various distances. Therefore, an automatic swing permits the uncertainty of the movement to be restricted. The aim of this study was to analyze if the use of the MORA could have an effect on the stability of the kinematic pattern in golf swing, connected to the capacity of the golfers to reproduce their swing from kinematic perspective. The measures of kinematic data have been established with the optoelectronic system VICON (Oxford's Metrix, Oxford, UK) with five cameras operating at 50 frames per second. Measurements of the speed of the ball at impact were obtained with a radar (Bridgestone HD.01, Science eye, USA). Six professional (current handicap ranging from 0 to 4) right-handed golfers participated in the study. Six MORA were made and adjusted to fit each player. Each golfer performed five swings without mouthpiece and five with the MORA. The results of this study show that there was no difference related to the MORA on kinematic pattern of the golf swing. Moreover, there were significant differences concerning the ball speed at the impact, among the two test conditions, with or without the appliance (p < 0.03). The percentage of variability indicates that the speed with MORA was more regular than the speed without the appliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of 3D kinematics concerning three different clubs in golf swing.

Although many professionals have produced books or videotapes which offer a novel approach to the game, a review of the scientific literature reports limited research evaluating the actual biomechanics of the golf swing in comparison with other sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of kinematic pattern in golf swing using three different clubs: driver, five-iron, pitching-wedge. These three golf clubs have been chosen for their available range of ball flight. The measures of kinematic data during swing were established with the optoelectronic system VICON (Oxford's Metrics, Oxford, UK) with five cameras operating at 50 frames per second. Clubhead speed was measured using a swing made detector (Bell-Tronics, Ltd, Covington, USA). Seven right-handed male golfers with a high level of skill participated in the study. The results showed that there was an identical timing (movement time and proportion for each phase of the swing) between the three clubs tested, but the kinematics and the clubhead speed were different depending on the three different clubs used.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The short golf backswing: effects on performance and spinal health implications.

BACKGROUND: Full recoil golf swings have been implicated in back pain and injury in golfers. Evidence suggests that a restricted backswing may reduce the potential for injury without compromising performance. OBJECTIVE: To examine both golf swing performance and selected muscular actions of the trunk and shoulder during a full recoil swing as compared with a modified short backswing. METHODS: Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken bilaterally from the lumbar, external oblique, latissimus dorsi, and right pectoral muscles in 7 golfers during a full recoil swing and a modified short backswing. High-speed videotape was used to measure back swing angle reduction. Clubhead velocity (CHV) and ball-contact accuracy were quantified by using a swing speed indicator and clubface contact tape, respectively. RESULTS: Shortening of the backswing by 46.5 degrees +/- 24.7 degrees had no effect on stroke accuracy as measured by mean deviation from the target spot on the club (19.0 +/- 7.8 mm vs 19.3 +/- 9.2 mm). CHV was not significantly reduced (33.9 +/- 2.5 m/s vs 31.2 +/- 2.2 m/s). However, EMG root-mean-square was decreased 19% in the right oblique muscle from 750 to 250 ms before impact (P < .05). During the acceleration phase, activation of left lumbar muscle decreased by 12%, whereas activation of right latissimus muscle increased by 21%. Although left lumbar muscle activity during the follow-through increased 14%, there was a substantial (17%) but nonsignificant decrease of activation of trunk muscles (P = .11). There was a general trend toward an increased activation of the shoulder musculature from 250 ms before impact to 500 ms after impact. CONCLUSION: These data support the idea that short backswings in golf may reduce trunk muscle activation and possibly reduce back injury and pain without negatively impacting swing accuracy or CHV. However, the short swing increases shoulder muscle activation and may, in turn, promote risk for shoulder injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

On the acoustic signature of golf ball impact.

In this paper, we present results on the measurement and analysis of the sound that is produced by the sharp impact loading of a golf ball by a flat massive object (e.g. the face of a golf club). We discuss: (a) the motivation for such a study; (b) some necessary background information on how golf balls vibrate; (c) the techniques used to acquire and analyse the data; and (d) an analysis of the sound made by dropping balls on a smooth, massive concrete target surface. These results establish a simple method for rapid and non-destructive measurement of the effective high-frequency elastic shear moduli of balls and ball cores.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2004

The effect of prosthetic torsional stiffness on the golf swing kinematics of a left and a right-sided trans-tibial amputee.

The golf swing is a biomechanically complex movement requiring three-dimensional movements at the ankle joint complex (AJC), the hips and shoulders. Trans-tibial amputees lose the natural AJC movements as many prostheses do not allow three dimensional foot movements. Torsion devices have been developed and incorporated into prostheses to facilitate internal and external transverse plane rotations. These devices can help amputees to compensate for the loss of movement and to reduce shearing stresses at the stump-socket interface. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three torsion devices on body rotations during the golf swing. Two trans-tibial amputees (one right-sided and one left-sided) were analysed using three-dimensional video analysis at address (ADR), the top of the backswing (TBS) and at the end of the follow-through (EFT). The participants played shots with a 3-wood under three different prosthetic conditions (two with a torsion device set to different stiffness values, and one with no torsion device). The results showed that the torsion device served to improve the hip and shoulder rotations of the left-side amputee without increasing perceived stress at the stump. The torsion device had minimal effect on the hip and shoulder rotations of the right-side amputee, although perceived stress was reduced. The difference in results between the right-sided and left-sided amputees was due to the different requirements of each foot during the golf swing. The main problem faced by the right-side amputee was a loss of the sagittal plane movement of ankle joint plantarflexion at EFT, rather than the transverse plane movement.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cardiovascular load of competitive golf in cardiac patients and healthy controls.

PURPOSE: Sports in cardiovascular patients (CVP) should serve for risk factor management, increase of exercise capacity, and reintegration into daily life. Competition of cardiac patients with healthy sportsmen is often discouraged and thus reintegration hampered. Golf, with its endurance component and exceptional rules (e.g., the handicap) should be an alternative. METHODS: In 20 male golfers (65.2 +/- 6.1 yr, 1.4 +/- 0.3 W x kg(-1) body weight (approximately 4.8 METs)) with cardiovascular diseases and eight controls (C) (62 +/- 5 yr, 2 +/- 0.4 W x kg(-1) body weight (approximately 6.9 METs)), the performance assessed in the laboratory (ergospirometry, serum lactate) allowed for comparison of the cardiovascular load on the golf course (lactate, Holter monitoring, blood pressure, urine catecholamines). RESULTS: In comparison with in the hospital, resting heart rates were significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in both groups immediately before the tournament (CVP: 76.1 +/- 10.8 vs 90.1 +/- 8.6 bpm; C: 74.8 +/- 6.3 vs 92.3 +/- 9.7 bpm). On the course, the mean heart rates of the patients were closer (P < 0.01) to the anaerobic threshold (105.4 +/- 11.0 vs 115.3 +/- 10.8 bpm) in comparison with controls (100.5 +/- 7.3 vs 125.6 +/- 16.6 bpm) corresponding to 0.9 +/- 0.3 W x kg(-1) (approximately 3.1 METs) or 76.0 +/- 13.1%VO2max (CVP) and to 0.9 +/- 0.2 W x kg(-1) (approximately 3.1 METs) or 55.3 +/- 9.1%VO2max (C). Serum lactate levels were 1.36 +/- 0.7 mmol x L(-1) (approximately 12.4 +/- 6.4 mg x dL(-1)) (CVP) and 1.1 +/- 0.4 mmol x L(-1) (approximately 9.1 +/- 3.6 mg x dL(-1)) (C). In patients, arrhythmias were lower in quantity and quality (LOWN) in comparison with other activities as registered by means of the 24-Holter-ECG. CONCLUSION: In cardiovascular patients, competitive golf reaches an intensity that may positively influence cardiovascular risk factors, depending on the type of the course and may provide patients the desired integration with healthy sportsmen.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Golf-related ocular injuries.

Golf-related ocular injuries have been reported since the early 1900s. Although this type of ocular injury is fortunately a relatively rare occurrence, the effects are usually devastating. The purpose of this article is to review the mechanism of golf injuries, the prognosis for different types of golf-related injuries, and how such injuries might be prevented.

Eye Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Effects of an 8-week multimodal exercise program on strength, flexibility, and golf performance in 55- to 79-year-old men.

Substantial research has indicated the beneficial effect of physical activity on physical fitness and activities of daily living in older adults, but none have investigated the effects on performance of recreational activities. This investigation studied the effect of an exercise program on fitness and golf-clubhead speed in older men. Thirty-one golfers (mean age 65.1 +/- 6.2 years) were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 19) or control (n = 12) group. The treatment group completed an 8-week strength and flexibility program. Assessments included 10-RM muscle strength; selected range-of-motion (ROM) measurements; and golf-clubhead speed (CHS). ANCOVA revealed significant differences between groups (p <.005) for all strength measurements and several ROM measurements. CHS was significantly different (p <.05) between groups after the intervention. Mean CHS improved from 85.0 to 87.1 miles/hr (136.8 to 140.2 km/hr). These results indicate that a strength and flexibility program can improve golf performance in older adults.

Aged↗