Deficient hexosaminidase activity in an exceptional case of Tay-Sachs disease with additional storage of kidney globoside in visceral organs.
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Child, Preschool↗
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[Glycosyltransferase inhibitors and study of UDP-galactose-globoside galactosyltransferase].
There is now a large body of evidence indicating that glycoconjugates are involved in a wide variety of processes that influence cell growth, differentiation, cell sociological behavior and response to environmental conditions. The synthesis and expression of this class of compounds appears to be regulated to a large extent by the activities of the glycosyltransferases which are responsible for their biosynthesis. The level of glycosyltransferase activities in cells could be regulated at many levels. Thus, factors that influence transcription and splicing of the transferase genes, stability of the mRNAs, translation, and post-translation processes are all probably involved. Post-translation processes that affect the level of enzyme activity could include proteolytic degradation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, acylation, and the presence of activator and inhibitory factors. Although the presence of a least seven different glycosyltransferase inhibitors have been reported, this type of regulation has received relatively little attention. It appears from the data cited in this review that in many instances, cellular inhibitors of glycosyltransferase activities may play a key role in the regulation of transferase activities and the expression of glycoconjugates. This type of post-translational regulation of glycosyltransferase activities deserves increased attention.
Animals↗
Association of glycosphingolipids with intermediate filaments of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Our previous studies of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) established that globoside and ganglioside GM3 are the most abundant GSLs of HUVECs. Both compounds are located intracellularly, as well as on the cell surface. In this study, we demonstrate that the intracellular globoside and GM3 antigens are associated with the vimentin intermediate filaments of the HUVEC cytoskeleton. Immunofluorescence staining of fixed, permeabilized HUVECs showed colocalization of globoside and GM3 with vimentin but not with tubulin or actin. Both GSLs remained associated with intermediate filaments after perinuclear collapse of the filaments induced by colcemid. Indirect evidence that the globoside epitope is present on a GSL is the loss of staining by anti-globoside after methanol fixation and the absence of anti-globoside reactivity with HUVEC proteins on immunoblots. Colocalization of anti-globoside and anti-vimentin was also demonstrated in cryosections of endothelial cells, which indicates that the observed association was not an artifact induced by exposure of cells to detergent or organic solvent. Association of globoside with intermediate filaments was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy, which demonstrated the presence of antigen along intermediate filaments, as well as on the cell surface and on lipid vesicles. Interferon-gamma decreased the ratio of surface to filamentous globoside staining, but had the opposite effect on GM3 distribution. Less abundant HUVEC GSLs, including Gb3, nLc4, IV2FucnLc4, and IV3NeuAcnLc4, were not detected along filaments. This is the first report of the association of GSLs with intermediate filaments. We suggest that intermediate filaments may play a role in the transport of GSLs.
Cell Membrane↗
Interferon-gamma alters expression of endothelial cell-surface glycosphingolipids.
Our previous work on human endothelial cell (EC) glycosphingolipids (GSLs) demonstrated that these cells contain a large diversity of GSLs, predominantly with lacto core structures. In order to evaluate the role of GSLs as EC antigens and receptors, we investigated their cell-surface expression on confluent EC monolayers and ECs activated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). IFN-gamma activation of endothelial cells resulted in a small change in GSL composition, but greatly increased surface expression of gangliosides and decreased surface expression of neutral GSLs. In particular, surface expression of the major neutral GSL, globoside, decreased three- to fourfold as measured both by galactose oxidase labeling and by binding of the anti-globoside monoclonal antibody 9G7. IFN-gamma did not significantly alter the total cell content of globoside, as measured by metabolic labeling, but rather altered the ratio of accessible cell surface to intracellular globoside. Two mechanisms appear to contribute to the decreased cell-surface globoside expression. IFN-gamma treatment increased the relative proportion of intracellular globoside which is associated with the cell cytoskeleton. IFN-gamma treatment also caused more of the cell-surface globoside to be inaccessible to antibody, and both neuraminidase and trypsin treatment of the cells increased globoside accessibility. IL-1 treatment increased total cell GSL content, but did not alter GSL composition or cell-surface binding by six anti-carbohydrate antibodies. The specific modulation of cell-surface GSLs by IFN-gamma suggests that GSLs may play a role in the altered adhesive and receptor activities of IFN-gamma-activated ECs.
Antibodies↗
Influence of glycolipids on immune reactions of phospholipid antigens in liposomes.
Complement-dependent immune damage to liposomes mediated by a murine monoclonal antibody to the liposomal bilayer was completely inhibited by ceramide tetrasaccharide (globoside) at an 8% concentration in the liposomes. Lower concentrations of globoside, or higher concentrations of ceramide tri-, di-, or monohexoside, were not inhibitory. At a globoside concentration of 5.8%, inhibition of the monoclonal antibody activity was reduced and inhibition was related to antibody concentration; but at 2% globoside, suppression of antibody activity was not observed at all. Analysis of space-filling models revealed that at 8% globoside the distance between adjacent tetrasaccharides of globoside approached the dimensions of the antigen-binding end of a 7S immunoglobulin molecule. We therefore propose that globoside, and perhaps other glycolipids, can exert steric hindrance to the binding of extracellular proteins to nonglycolipid constituents of the lipid bilayer. We conclude that microheterogeneity among polar groups of glycolipids may be a novel mechanism for allowing selective access of proteins to phospholipids on the lipid bilayer.
Animals↗
Association of glycosphingolipids with intermediate filaments of mesenchymal, epithelial, glial, and muscle cells.
We reported recently that two glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globoside (Gb4) and ganglioside GM3, colocalized with vimentin intermediate filaments of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. To determine whether this association is unique to endothelial cells or to vimentin, we analyzed a variety of cell types. Double-label immunofluorescent staining of fixed, permeabilized cells, with and without colcemid treatment, was performed with antibodies against glycolipids and intermediate filaments. Globoside colocalized with vimentin in human and mouse fibroblasts, with desmin in smooth muscle cells, with keratin in keratinocytes and hepatoma cells, and with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in glial cells. Globoside colocalization was detected only with vimentin in MDCK and HeLa cells, which contain separate vimentin and keratin networks. GM3 ganglioside also colocalized with vimentin in human fibroblasts. Association of other GSLs with intermediate filaments was not detected by immunofluorescence, but all cell GSLs were detected in cytoskeletal fractions of metabolically labelled endothelial cells. These observations indicate that globoside colocalizes with vimentin, desmin, kertain and GFAP, with a preference for vimentin in cells that contain both vimentin and keratin networks. The nature of the association is not yet known. Globoside and GM3 may be present in vesicles associated with intermediate filaments (IF), or bound directly to IF or IF associated proteins. The prevalence of this association suggests that colocalization of globoside with the intermediate filament network has functional significance. We are investigating the possibility that intermediate filaments participate in the intracellular transport and sorting of glycosphingolipids.
Animals↗
Behaviour of complex oligosaccharides at a bilayer membrane surface: probed by 2H-NMR.
Deuterium wideline NMR was used in an attempt to directly assess oligosaccharide arrangement and motional characteristics of complex glycosphingolipids dispersed as minor components in phospholipid membranes. A convenient, general synthetic approach was developed which involved replacement of the acetate group of amido sugars with deuteroacetate (-COCD3). This provided excellent signal-to-noise when applied to the terminal GalNAc residue of globoside, and the terminal NANA residue of GM1. Simultaneously, globoside and GM1 fatty acids were replaced with stearic acid deuterated at C-2- a probe location sensitive to glycolipid hydrophobic backbone orientation and rigid body motion. Deuterated GM1 and globoside were studied by 2H-NMR in bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine, in the presence and absence of physiological quantities of cholesterol. The monoglycosyl glycosphingolipid, glucosyl ceramide, which is the common skeleton of many complex glycosphingolipids including those studied here, was also deuterated at fatty acid C-2 for comparative study in the same matrices. Correlation with spectra of the complex glycolipids demonstrated that, for a given temperature and membrane composition, ceramide backbone conformation was very similar amongst the species studied. Spectral features of GM1 deuterated on terminal NANA and assembled at a membrane surface, were found to be highly consistent with the oligosaccharide conformation determined in studies of GM1 in solution. In contrast, globoside deuterated in the terminal GalNAc residue gave spectra very different from those predicted on the basis of the conformation considered to exist in solution. It seems likely that this result reflects a combination of greater oligosaccharide chain flexibility relative to GM1, and the presence of the membrane environment. Interestingly, although there was highly significant spatial geometry associated with the complex oligosaccharide chains, and although temperature and the presence of cholesterol exert measurable effects on the membrane-inserted portion, these factors had very little impact on the measured spectral parameters associated with the NANA residue of GM1 or the terminal GalNAc residue of globoside. This seems to indicate lack of sensitivity of the complex oligosaccharide chains to conformation and internal motions of the hydrophobic chain segments in these fluid and semi-fluid membranes; and has important implications for mechanisms of crypticity.
Carbohydrate Sequence↗
Cryo-electron microscopy studies of empty capsids of human parvovirus B19 complexed with its cellular receptor.
The three-dimensional structures of human parvovirus B19 VP2 capsids, alone and complexed with its cellular receptor, globoside, have been determined to 26 resolution. The B19 capsid structure, reconstructed from cryo-electron micrographs of vitrified specimens, has depressions on the icosahedral 2-fold and 3-fold axes, as well as a canyon-like region around the 5-fold axes. Similar results had previously been found in an 8 angstrom resolution map derived from x-ray diffraction data. Other parvoviral structures have a cylindrical channel along the 5-fold icosahedral axes, whereas density covers the 5-fold axes in B19. The glycolipid receptor molecules bind into the depressions on the 3-fold axes of the B19:globoside complex. A model of the tetrasaccharide component of globoside, organized as a trimeric fiber, fits well into the difference density representing the globoside receptor. Escape mutations to neutralizing antibodies map onto th capsid surface at regions immediately surrounding the globoside attachment sites. The proximity of the antigenic epitopes to the receptor site suggests that neutralization of virus infectivity is caused by preventing attachment of viruses to cells.
Capsid↗
Mechanism for the biosynthesis of Forssman glycolipid from trihexosylceramide.
The mechanism for the synthesis of Forssman glycolipid (GalNAc-alpha-GalNAc-beta-Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer) from trihexosylceramide (Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer, Hex3Cer) and radioactively labeled UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine catalyzed by particulate beta- and alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase of hamster NIL-2K cells was studied. The radioactivity incorporated into the Forssman glycolipid using a mixture of Hex3Cer and globoside (GalNAc-beta-Gal-Gal-Glc-Cer) as the substrates was greater than that from each substrate singly. When the radioactive Forssman glycolipid from the mixed substrates was hydrolyzed with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, the ratio of 14C-labeled globoside to the liberated N-acetyl[14C]galactosamine was 0.38, indicating that Hex3Cer could serve as a substrate. From these results, the following hypothesis (baton pass model) is proposed. There exists an enzyme complex consisting of beta- and alpha-transferases in membranes. In this complex, it is not possible to saturate alpha-transferase with exogenous globoside; however, it can utilize a transient globoside synthesized from Hex3Cer. It thus appears that Forssman glycolipid is in part formed from Hex3Cer through this enzyme complex without the accumulation of the intermediate globoside. The abbreviations used are: GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; Cer, ceramide.
Animals↗
Defects of glycosyltransferase activities in human fibroblasts of Pk and p blood group phenotypes.
We demonstrate that human fibroblasts of the rare Pk phenotype lack globoside, which was identified as the blood group P antigen, and that p cells possess neither globoside nor trihexosyl ceramide, which was identified as Pk antigen. Our investigations indicate also that these glycosphingolipid patterns are most likely caused by inherited preferential biosynthetic pathways in the abnormal phenotypes rather than by excess catabolism of the antigens. Evidence is presented that the fibroblasts of Pk phenotype lack beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (globoside synthetase; UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:trihexosylceramide beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.79) activity, and those of p are deficient in alpha-galactosyltransferase (trihexosylceramide synthetase; UDP galactose:lactosylceramide alpha-galactosyltransferase) and possibly also in globoside synthetase. The diminished globoside synthetase activity in p cells, however, is not caused by the defect in the gene coding for this enzyme. It appears, rather, to be caused by a failure in gene expression because one-third of Pk X p hybrids became able to express P antigenicity with a time lag of 3-4 days after cell fusion [Fellous, M., Gerbal, A., Nobillot, G. & Weils, J. (1977) Vox Sang. 32, 262-268].
Blood Group Antigens↗
Oxidation of glycolipids in liposomes by galactose oxidase.
Small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing globo-series glycolipids were labeled by the galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4 procedure. The major glycolipid of human red cells, globoside, was the best substrate for galactose oxidase both in vesicles and in tetrahydrofuran-containing buffer. The oxidation rates of membrane-bound ceramide trihexoside and Forssman glycolipid were one-fourth and one-tenth, respectively, of the oxidation rate of globoside. Membrane-bound ceramide dihexoside was not a substrate for galactose oxidase, although it was readily oxidized in tetrahydrofuran-containing buffer. Soluble sialoglycoproteins and membrane-incorporated glycophorin A stimulated the oxidation of globoside-containing vesicles, whereas membrane-bound GD1a ganglioside had no effect on globoside oxidation.
Animals↗
An immunochemical study of the human blood group P1, P, and PK glycosphingolipid antigens.
The erythrocyte PK and P blood group antigens have been identified as ceramide trihexoside (CTH), Gal-(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, and globoside, GalN-Ac(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, respectively, and the following structure has been proposed for the P1 antigen: Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer. Although the P1 and PK determinants have identical terminal disaccharides, CTH did not inhibit anti-P1. The P1 glycolipid and hydatid cyst glycoprotein inhibited the agglutination of P1K erythrocytes by anti-P1 and unabsorbed anti-P1PPK sera, but neither antigen inhibited a specific anti-PK serum. The P1 and PK glycolipids were equally effective in inhibiting the hemagglutinating activity of a lectin with alpha-galactosyl specificity obtained from ova of Salmo trutta. Anti-P sera were inhibited most effectively by human erythrocyte globoside, and to a lesser extent by Forssman glycolipid and rat kidney globoside. In the latter glycolipid the linkage between the internal galactosyl residues is alpha, 1 leads to 3, rather than alpha, 1 leads to 4, as in erythrocyte globoside. No cross-reactions between P and P1 or PK antigens were detected. New hypotheses are offered to explain the genetic regulation and biosynthesis of the P1, P, and PK antigens.
Antigens↗
Chemical and hemolytic properties of sphingolipids modified by ozonolysis and reduction.
Various sphingolipids were chemically modified in their sphingosine base by ozonolysis and reduction. The derivatives obtained from Forssman globoside, globoside I, galactosyl ceramide, and sphingomyelin were purified and all were found to be hemolytic. The presence of cholesterol could inhibit this activity. The simultaneous cleavage at a double bond in the fatty acid as well as in the sphingosine of Forssman globoside resulted in the formation of a more polar compound with no detectable hemolytic activity. The haptenic reactivity was retained after ozonolysis and reduction of Forssman globoside, as shown by precipitin line formation in agar gel with appropriate antibodies. The results indicate that this modification procedure may be useful in studies of the physiological and immunological properties of sphingolipids.
Chemical Phenomena↗
Fatty acids of glycosphingolipids from pig blood fractions.
Four glycolipids have been isolated from three fractions of pig blood. The glycolipids were presumably cerebroside, diglycosyl ceramide, triglycosyl ceramide, and globoside. The blood fractions were erythrocytes and plasma high and low density lipoproteins. Fatty acid distributions were determined for each glycolipid as a means to assist in identifying relationships among the several glycolipids. Normal fatty acids predominated in all glycolipids except the globosides from erythrocytes in which the amount of hydroxy acids was slightly greater than the amount of normal acids. Hydroxy acids appeared to be present in all the glycolipids, but the concentration was very low in cerebrosides isolated from high density lipoproteins and erythrocytes, and in diglycosyl ceramide and globoside of the low density lipoproteins. In general, the average fatty acid chain length increased from cerebroside to globoside. This was most apparent in erythrocytes and also greater for normal acids than for hydroxy acids. Fatty acid distributions of erythrocyte glycolipids had sufficient variation to make a metabolic relationship by simple addition of a hexose appear doubtful. While the fatty acid distributions found in plasma lipoproteins were more similar, some means of acyl group selection is probably present for either the synthesis or degradation of these glycolipids.
Animals↗
The effect of thrombin on the organization of human platelet membrane glycosphingolipids. The sphingosine composition of platelet glycolipids and ceramides.
Surface-exposed glycolipids in human platelets were investigated with nonpenetrating membrane probes, NaB3H4/galactose oxidase and NaB3H4/periodate. Trihexosylceramide, globoside, and hematoside were exposed in resting platelets. The incubation of platelets with thrombin resulted in a 50% reduction in the labeling of both trihexosylceramide and globoside and a 100% increase in labeling of hematoside on the platelet surface. The quantitation of glycolipids in platelets incubated with thrombin revealed no changes in the amounts of trihexosylceramide and globoside but there was an increase in hematoside. These experiments indicate that there is a specific rearrangement of glycolipids on the surface of thrombin-treated platelets. The study also showed that both ceramide A and B are present in platelets. The former contained 3.36 nmol of sphingosine and the latter 0.12 nmol of sphingosine/10(9) platelets. The sphingosine composition of ceramide B, glucosylceramide, and the minor platelet gangliosides was similar and they were composed of two-thirds erythrosphingosine (18:1) and one-third threosphingosine (18:1). The composition of lactosylceramide, trihexosylceramide, globoside, and hematoside was related to ceramide B and they contained about 60% erythrosphingosine (18:1), 25% threosphingosine (18:1), and 10% dihydrosphingosine (18:0). Ceramide A differed in that it was composed of 56% erythrosphingosine (18:1), 34.7% dihydrosphingosine (18:0), 4.3% threosphingosine (18:1), 2.7% erythrosphingosine (16:1), and 2.3% erythrosphingosine (17:1). The sphingosine composition of sphingomyelin resembled that of ceramide A but did not contain threosphingosine (18:1). The possibility that platelet ceramide B is involved n glycolipid metabolism and ceramide A in sphingomyelin metabolism is considered.
Blood Platelets↗
Globo-series carbohydrate antigens are expressed in different forms on human and murine teratocarcinoma-derived cells.
The glycolipids of human teratocarcinoma-derived cell line NCCIT were compared with those of 5 murine teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Glycolipid antigens were identified by cell surface immunofluorescence and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostaining with a panel of monoclonal anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Human NCCIT embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells contained extended globo-series glycolipids Gb5 (galactosyl globoside) and GL7 (sialyl galactosyl globoside) recognized by antibodies to stage-specific embryonic antigens 3 and 4 (SSEA-3 and -4). SSEA-4 was not detected by immunofluorescence on the surface of any of the 5 murine teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines examined; however, SSEA-3 was detected on the surface of murine cell lines resembling primitive endoderm (JC44, NF-PE) and trophectoderm (E6496D). HPTLC analysis revealed a large amount of globoside (Gb4) in these differentiated cells, which may account for their labeling with anti-SSEA-3 antibody. Globo-series glycolipids were also detected in murine EC cells; however, differences were noted between the 2 cell lines examined. F9 cells contained primarily Gb4 and Forssman glycolipid, whereas NF-1 cells contained only minor amounts of Gb4 and lacked Forssman glycolipid entirely. Our results, coupled with the known distribution of Forssman antigen in the egg cylinder-stage mouse embryo, suggest that F9 and NF-1 murine EC cells are replicas of cells at different stages of development of the embryonic ectoderm. Glycolipids of normal mouse embryos were examined for comparison. Gb4 and Forssman glycolipid were presents in both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, whereas Gb5 and GL7 were restricted to visceral yolk sac and placenta. Our results demonstrate that human and murine teratocarcinoma-derived cells both synthesize extended globo-series glycolipids; however, oligosaccharide chain elongation takes different pathways in the 2 species. These differences reflect species-related and cell type-specific patterns of glycosylation.
Animals↗
Inhibitory effects of gangliosides on immune reactions of antibodies to neutral glycolipids in liposomes.
Specific immune damage to liposomes containing Forssman or globoside glycolipid was inhibited when the liposomes also contained ganglioside. The activity of a human monoclonal Waldenström macroglobulin antibody to Forssman glycolipid was inhibited by each of three gangliosides tested, GM3, GD1a and GD1b. Inhibition of the monoclonal antibody was dependent on the amount of ganglioside in the liposomes, and was diminished by reducing the relative amount of ganglioside. Inhibition also correlated positively with the number of ganglioside sialic acid groups, with inhibition by GT1b greater than GD1a greater than GM3. Naturally occurring human antibodies to globoside glycolipid were detected in 18% (9 out of 50) of normal human sera tested. Immune damage to liposomes induced by each of the three highest-reacting human anti-globoside sera was blocked by liposomal GM3. We conclude that gangliosides can strongly influence immune damage to membranes induced by antibody interactions with adjacent neutral glycolipids.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Establishment of lymphoid cell lines from persons with different P blood group phenotypes and the biosynthesis of the antigenic glycosphingolipids.
Human lymphoid cell lines were established from the peripheral lymphocytes of persons with different P blood group phenotypes by in vitro transformation with EB virus. The glycosphingolipid compositions of these cell lines were examined by TLC. The results show that P1k and P2k phenotype cells lack globoside (P antigen) and that two cell lines established from persons with the p phenotype lack both globoside and CTH (Pk antigen), while both the glycosphingolipids were detected in two cell lines established from persons with usual phenotypes (P1 or P2 phenotype). CTH synthetase activity was detected at decreased levels in two p phenotype cell lines, however, globoside synthetase activities could not be significantly detected in all the P phenotype cells.
Blood Group Antigens↗