Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GANGLION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Effects of selective applications of drugs affecting ganglionic transmission to the hypogastric ganglion of the guinea pig (author's transl)].

Effects of selective applications of drugs to the guinea pig hypogastric ganglion were studied on the contractile response of the vas deferens to the hypogastric nerve stimulation or to ganglionic stimulating drugs. Both acetylcholine (ACh) and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) contracted the vas deferens. Neostigmine potentiated the ACh-induced contractions but not those which were DMPP-induced. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) reduced the response to nerve stimulation (R-NS) but affected neither the ACh-induced contractions nor the DMPP-induced contractions. Morphine blocked R-NS but not the ACh-induced and the DMPP-induced contractions. Hexamethonium reduced R-NS and the contractions to ACh or to DMPP. Methacholine and bethanechol applied before and after preganglionic tetanic stimulation of the hypogastric nerve produced no change of tone of the vas deferens. Atropine did not antagonize the responses which were produced by nerve stimulation, ACh or DMPP. These results support the classic hypothesis that ganglionic transmission is mediated by nicotinic receptors but do not provide evidence that muscarinic receptors exist at the synapses of this preparation.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2004

[The neurotrophic effect of endogenous NT-3 from adult cat spared dorsal root ganglion on ganglionic neurons].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurotrophic effect of endogenous NT-3 from adult cat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on ganglionic neurons. METHODS: Rhizotomy of bilateral L1, L3, L5 and L7 dorsal roots of cats was performed, leaving L2, L4 and L6 DRG as spared DRGs. The separate neurons of normal (control) DRG, spared DRG and anti-NT-3 antibody blocking DRG were cultured in vitro respectively. The number of survival neurons and the length of neurites were measured and used for comparison in the control, spared DRG, and block groups. RESULTS: There were survival neurons and cell clusters in every group. The number of survival neurons and cell clusters of spared DRG group were much larger than those of the control and block groups. The neurite length of neurons, the neurite number and the length of cell clusters of spared DRG group were much greater than those of control and block groups. CONCLUSION: Endogenous NT-3 from spared DRG may act on ganglionic neurons to maintain survival of neuron and stimulate growth of neurite.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The distribution of acetylcholine receptors in chick ciliary ganglion neurons following disruption of ganglionic connections.

Chick ciliary ganglion neurons have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) that mediate primary chemical synaptic transmission through the ganglion. Previous studies have shown that preganglionic denervation reduces the total number of AChRs in the ganglion about 3-fold in 10 d, while postganglionic axotomy reduces AChR levels about 10-fold in 5 d. Since the neurons contain large numbers of intracellular AChRs in addition to the surface AChRs, the present studies were undertaken to determine whether either surface or internal AChR pools are changed selectively by the operations. An anti-AChR monoclonal antibody followed by an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody was used to visualize AChR distributions on neurons in ciliary ganglia 5 d after postganglionic axotomy and 10 d after preganglionic denervation. Ganglia were permeabilized by treatment with saponin to obtain access to intracellular receptors. The results show that the operations do not qualitatively change the subcellular localization of AChRs, but they do alter the levels relative to control ganglia. Axotomy produces substantial declines both in the number of synaptic AChRs and in the number of intracellular AChRs. Denervation produces a significant, though less extensive decline in the number of intracellular receptors while having no detectable effect on the number of synaptic AChRs. Small alterations in receptor distribution would have gone undetected by the present techniques. Regulation of neuronal AChRs differs in several respects from that described for muscle AChRs: presynaptic input appears to be less important for controlling neuronal AChRs, while signals from the postsynaptic target tissue may be essential for maintaining synaptic receptors on the neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A comparison between the adult rat and neonate rat of the architecture of sympathetic preganglionic neurones projecting to the superior cervical ganglion, stellate ganglion and adrenal medulla.

Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPN) projecting to the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and adrenal medulla (AM) in the neonate (< 14 days) and SCG, stellate ganglion (SG) and AM in the adult rat (> 3 months) were retrogradely labelled with cholera B horseradish peroxidase (CBHRP). Labelled neurones were found in 4 four distinct nuclei: the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbalis pars principalis (ILp), a nucleus equivalent to the intemediolateral cell column (IML); the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbalis pars funicularis (ILf); the nucleus intercalatus spinalis (IC) and the nucleus intercalatus pars paraependymatis (ICpe) or central autonomic area (CA). These were represented to a similar extent in both neonate and adult. Neonate and adult SCG, SG and AM-SPN had a similar segmental distribution cervical 8 (C8) to thoracic 5 (T5) for SCG-SPN and thoracic 3 (T3) to thoracic (T13) for AM-SPN whereas adult SG-SPN were distributed over segments C8 to T9. Most labelled neurones (70%) were located in the ILp with one segment containing the highest proportion of SPN. Three morphologically distinct neurones were evident. Fusiform and roundbodied were the most common. Fusiform somata of the ILp were orientated both mediolaterally and rostrocaudally in the neonate but only rostrocaudally in the adult. Dendrites of the SPN in the adult and neonate extended in a dense rostrocaudal band along the ILp, more diffusely into the white matter of the Ilf and in bundles medially towards the central canal (CC). The neonate showed some significant differences. In the ILp, the cell bodies were less tightly packed into a narrow band and into clusters and the dendrites were more diffuse. It was concluded that at 12 days postnatally the organisation of the sympathetic nuclei had still nor reached the adult form. However, there is no extensive realignment of dendrites in the adult so the ILp remains an 'open' nucleus like the neonate.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1994

How many ganglion cells are there to a foveal cone? A stereologic analysis of the quantitative relationship between cone and ganglion cells in one normal human fovea.

Published studies on humans and monkeys show discrepancies in the reported quantitative relationship between cones (C) and ganglion cells (G). Data on human foveal retina suggest that it cannot accommodate the midget on-off system in addition to other functional channels. Foveal cell densities along the vertical meridian (0-1.8 mm eccentricity) were estimated in one normal human retina using the disector method. Cell ratios were calculated from cumulative total numbers. G density peaked at 0.65 mm eccentricity and C density at the foveola. Cumulative cell numbers showed a more rapid increase in G than in C with increasing eccentricity. G/C ratios of 2.7-3.4 were found using lateral displacement data modified from macaque. Using one estimate of displacement from the sections, the G/C ratio was 3.0. This study shows that there are on average three ganglion cells per foveal cone in humans, as in monkeys.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Retroviral misexpression of cVax disturbs retinal ganglion cell axon fasciculation and intraretinal pathfinding in vivo and guidance of nasal ganglion cell axons in vivo.

The transcription factor cVax (Vax2) is expressed in the ventral neural retina and restricted expression is a prerequisite for at least three prominent aspects of retinal dorsal-ventral patterning: polarized expression of EphB/B-ephrin molecules, the retinotectal projection and the distribution of rod photoreceptors across the retina. In the chick retina, the fasciculation pattern of ganglion cell axons also differs between the dorsal and ventral eye. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved, the nerve fiber layer was analyzed after retroviral misexpression of several factors known to regulate the positional specification of retinal ganglion cells. Forced cVax expression ventralized the fasciculation pattern and caused axon pathfinding errors near the optic disc. Ectopic expression of different ephrin molecules indicated that axon fasciculation is, at least in part, mediated by the EphB system. Finally, we report that retroviral misexpression of cVax increased the pool of EphA4 receptors phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and altered the guidance preference of nasal axons in vitro. These results identify novel functions for cVax in intraretinal axon fasciculation and pathfinding as well as suggest a mechanism to explain how restricted cVax expression may influence map formation along the dorso-ventral and antero-posterior axes of the optic tectum.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anatomically and physiologically based guidelines for use of the sphenopalatine ganglion block versus the stellate ganglion block to reduce atypical facial pain.

This literature review is designed to develop guidelines needed for the use of a sphenopalatine ganglion block versus a stellate ganglion block to reduce atypical facial pain. We have reviewed the basic anatomy of both ganglia and the physiological responses usually associated with each, and have given an opinion on appropriate use of these therapeutic modalities.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1988

Modification of nicotinic ganglionic transmission by muscarinic slow postsynaptic potentials in the in vitro rabbit superior cervical ganglion.

The influence of slow muscarinic postsynaptic potentials, i.e., the s-IPSP and s-EPSP, on synaptic transmission mediated through nicotinic receptors was studied in the superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit. Postganglionic spikes and synaptic potentials were elicited by delivery of conditioning and test stimulus pulses to afferent fibers. When paired stimulus volleys were separated by brief intervals (20-100 msec) or long intervals (1,000-8,000 msec), the population spike elicited by the test stimulus was larger in amplitude than that elicited by the conditioning volley. When paired stimulus volleys were separated by 250-500 msec, the amplitude of the population spike elicited by the test volley was smaller than that elicited by the conditioning stimulus. Gallamine, which selectively blocks the s-IPSP, reduced the suppression of the test spike which occurred when stimulus IPIs ranged between 250-500 msec. Pirenzepine, which selectively blocks the s-EPSP, reduced the late facilitation of test postganglionic spikes which occurred with stimulus IPIs greater than 1,000 msec. The non-selective muscarinic antagonist QNB, produced changes in postganglionic spike amplitude that were similar to the combined effects of gallamine and pirenzepine. The evidence indicates that the s-IPSP and s-EPSP modified the excitability state of the ganglionic neurons and subsequent synaptic transmission that was mediated through nicotinic receptors.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Histamine-immunoreactive cells in the superior cervical ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat.

Histamine-immunoreactive small cells were detected in the superior cervical ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat with a specific antiserum produced in rabbits. Most histamine-immunoreactive cells were arranged in clusters, often around small blood vessels. Solitary immunoreactive small cells were also observed and they were easily distinguished from mast cells. The principal nerve cells showed no immunoreactivity to histamine and no histamine-containing nerve fibers were detected in the ganglia by the present method. Due to close morphological similarities, it is concluded that the small immunoreactive cells observed in the present study represent small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells first detected by formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Anti-dorsal root ganglion neuron antibody in a case of dorsal root ganglionitis associated with Sjögren's syndrome.

We report the case of a 59-year-old woman with primary Sjögren's syndrome who developed hypesthesia, hypalgesia, and neurogenic arthropathy in her lower limbs. Neurological examination and electrophysiological studies indicated involvement of the dorsal root ganglia. The immunohistochemistry of sections of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) showed that the IgG in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the patient bound to the neuronal perikarya of small DRG neurons but not to the cerebellum or peripheral nerves. These results, consistent with particular impairment of pain and touch senses, suggest that dorsal root ganglionitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome is mediated by humoral autoimmunity.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1983

Morphological alterations in dorsal root ganglion neurons and supporting cells of organotypic mouse spinal cord-ganglion cultures exposed to taxol.

Explants of 14-day fetal mouse spinal cord with attached dorsal root ganglia, which had become differentiated over 2-3 weeks in culture, were exposed to 1-2 microM taxol for up to 6 days. The culture medium was supplemented with nerve growth factor (300 units/ml) during exposure to the drug. By 3-6 days in taxol, unusually numerous microtubules were seen in peripheral perikaryal and proximal neuritic regions of ganglion neurons. Microtubules also engirdled massive aggregations of pleomorphic vesicular/cisternal elements in many neurons. These aggregates were visible as unusual 'clear' spheroidal regions in the living cells, and were often as large as the nuclei. Some of the elements comprising these striking vesicular/cisternal accumulations appeared to be portions of disrupted Golgi complexes normally polarized around the cytocentrum, as well as hypertrophied smooth endoplasmic reticulum formations. In other neuronal areas, Golgi complexes and other organelles were altered or disrupted to lesser degrees. Ordered microtubular arrays occurred along endoplasmic reticulum cisternae both in neuron somata and neurites. Over time, a plethora of microtubules assembled throughout the perikarya in various orientations apparently unrelated to microtubule organizing centers. Unlike the effects of other plant alkaloids that interact with tubulin, there was no discernible increase in filaments, although their distribution appeared altered. Concentric ordered microtubular-macromolecular lamellated complexes were seen only in neurites. Neuronal nuclei were misshapen, often displaced, and displayed fine structure reminiscent of chromatolysis. Satellite and Schwann cells contained atypically abundant microtubules, abnormal cisternae, disrupted Golgi complexes, and increased lysosomes. Some nuclei displayed abnormal chromatin, and in rare cases even microtubules. We suggest that taxol alters the distribution, integrity, and/or organization of organelle systems in dorsal root ganglion cells by engendering unusually abundant microtubules in abnormal groupings and aberrant locations in these cells.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and cotransmitters in a subpopulation of post-ganglionic neurons in the porcine inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Applying double-fluorescence immunohistochemistry, adrenergic and non-adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic neurons, in the porcine inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) are subdivided according to size and cotransmitter content. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons are demonstrated to belong to the non-adrenergic, i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase- and DOPAmine-beta-hydroxylase-(D beta H)-negative subpopulation of postganglionic perikarya. Virtually all of the CGRP-IR postganglionic neurons exhibit colocalization with somatostatin (SOM), and, some of them with neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). Additionally, NPY-, SOM-, and NPY/SOM-IR subpopulations of adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons are observed. CGRP-immunoreactivity is seen in dense networks of intraganglionic varicose nerve fibres, adjacent to the TH- and SOM-IR neurons. NPY-IR perikarya are sparsely supplied by CGRP-IR fibres. SOM- and NPY-IR nerve fibres also exist in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. The functional relevance of CGRP-IR postganglionic neurons, as well as target organs of these neurons remain to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Differential expression of Islet-1 in neural crest-derived ganglia: Islet-1 + dorsal root ganglion cells are post-mitotic and Islet-1 + sympathetic ganglion cells are still cycling.

The Islet-1 antigen is an early marker of differentiation of neural tube cells, and is expressed in many other embryonic cells as well. It had been reported that Islet-1 is expressed only in post-mitotic sympathetic neuroblasts in vitro, unlike other differentiation markers. We have double-labeled St. 23 chick embryos for bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) and Islet-1 and found that neural tube and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells express Islet-1 after leaving the cell cycle, while sympathetic ganglion (SG) cells express Islet-1 while still dividing.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Electron microscope localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. II. Preganglionically denervated ganglion.

Cat superior cervical ganglia (SCG), denervated preganglionically 6-8 d previously, were stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) by the bis-(thioacetoxy)aurate (I), or Au(TA)2, method and compared by electron microscopy with normal SCG described previously (Davis, R., and G. B. Koelle. 1978. J. Cell Biol. 78:785-809). In confirmation of earlier light microscopic findings by the highly specific copper thiocholine method, there was nearly a total disappearance of AChE from the ganglion; no myelinated or unmyelinated axons with AChE-stained axolemmas were found, and only occasional traces of AChE staining were noted at dendritic and perikaryonal plasma membranes. Considerable staining for BuChE persisted at the latter sites, however. As in the normal SCG, physostigmine-resistant staining, caused by noncholinesterase enzymes plus the possible presence of very low concentrations of AChE or BuChE, was noted at external mitochondrial membranes, elements of the endoplasmic reticulum of neurites and Schwann cells, and also in lysosomes. These findings confirm the previous identification of AChE-stained myelinated fibers in the normal SCG as preganglionic and of the unstained myelinated fibers as postganglionic. It is proposed that the maintenance of AChE at postsynaptic sites in normal ganglia is caused by the release of a trophic factor(s) from presynaptic terminals. The source of the postsynaptic BuChE, which is apparently completely absent from the endoplasmic reticulum of the ganglion cells, remains unexplained.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1972

Analysis of the mechanism of action of some ganglion-blocking drugs in the rabbit superior cervical ganglion.

1. Mechanisms of action of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and (+)-tubocurarine on the rabbit superior cervical ganglion were investigated by intracellular recording techniques.2. In concentrations up to 1 mM, none of these drugs affected the resting membrane potential nor altered the excitability of the postganglionic neurone to direct or antidromic stimulation.3. Post-tetanic potentiation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) was inhibited by mecamylamine (10-100 muM) but not affected by either hexamethonium (5-100 muM) or (+)-tubocurarine (10-50 muM).4. The decline in amplitude of successive e.p.s.ps in a train (40 Hz) was not influenced by hexamethonium or (+)-tubocurarine but was greatly exaggerated in the presence of mecamylamine; desensitization of the receptors for acetylcholine was excluded as a possible explanation for this latter finding.5. Mecamylamine depressed the quantal content of e.p.s.ps in a train, with the exception of the first e.p.s.p. which had an increased quantal content.6. Reduction in quantal content was attributed to a substantial fall in the size of the store of quanta of transmitter immediately available for release and to a reduction in the rate of mobilization of acetylcholine into that store; mecamylamine also caused a simultaneous increase in the fractional release.7. Hexamethonium and (+)-tubocurarine had no effect on transmitter release.8. The time-course of presynaptic effects of mecamylamine was similar to the duration of its postsynaptic blocking action.9. It is concluded that inhibition of ganglionic transmission by mecamylamine is due to both presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory actions; in contrast, hexamethonium and (+)-tubocurarine reduce transmission solely by their postsynaptic actions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differences in the chemical coding of nerve fibres supplying major populations of neurons between the caudal mesenteric ganglion and anterior pelvic ganglion in the male pig.

The present study was designed to investigate and to compare the chemical coding of nerve fibres supplying major populations of neurons in the caudal mesenteric (CaMG) and anterior pelvic (APG) ganglion in juvenile male pigs (n=5) using double-labelling immunofluorescence. The co-existence patterns of some biologically active substances including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) as well as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK) and serotonin (5-HT) were analysed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Profound differences in the neurochemical features of the nerve terminals between the ganglia were observed. Moreover, there were also distinct differences in the chemical coding of nerve fibres associated with the particular populations and subpopulations of neurons within the ganglia. In both ganglia, nearly all adrenergic and cholinergic neurons were supplied with VAChT-positive nerve fibres (putative preganglionic fibres). However, in the CaMG, they were more numerous and, in contrast to the APG, many of them also stained for VIP. In the APG, a great number of nerve terminals expressed immunoreactivity to SP and CGRP (putative collaterals of sensory neurons). Interestingly, they densely supplied almost exclusively adrenergic neurons. SP-positive nerve fibres were moderate in number in the CaMG, but, in addition to VAChT-IR nerve terminals, the most numerous populations of nerve fibres in this ganglion were those expressing highly colocalized immunoreactivities to CGRP and LENK, and those which stained for 5-HT (putative processes of enteric neurons). However, these fibres supplied almost exclusively larger, intensely stained for TH and clustered adrenergic neurons. This diversity of the nerve terminals reflects the complexity of nerve circuits involved in the innervation of structures supplied by neurons in the porcine CaMG and APG. It also demonstrates the importance of nerve inputs for the proper function of autonomic neurons and thus their target tissues.

Animals↗