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An investigation was conducted on the effect of formocresol treatment of the aqueous extractability and enzymatic susceptibility of excised implant tissue. The treated tissue demonstrated a decreased solubility and a diminished digestibility by trypsin, pepsin and collagenase. However, its reactivity toward hyaluronidase showed little alteration.
Twenty-five permanent premolars were evaluated for enamel defects. The primary molars that they succeeded had been successfully treated with a formocresol pulpotomy. A relationship between the enamel defects and the pulpotomy procedures has been found.
PURPOSE: This study was performed to retrospectively evaluate treatment of deep caries in primary molars with formocresol pulpotomy (FP) and indirect pulp therapy (IPT). METHODS: 133 primary molars with deep caries approaching the pulp were treated with FP (N = 78) or IPT (N = 55) and followed 2-7 years. All IPTs received immediate stainless steel crowns (SSCs); 61 FPs got an immediate SSC, 13 an intermediate restorative material (IRM), and 4 amalgam. Thirteen IPTs and 25 FPs had pre-operative pain compatible with a diagnosis of reversible pulpitis. Treatment notes and radiographs were independently assessed. RESULTS: Overall IPT success was 93% (51/55) versus 74% (58/78) for FP. Molars with pain compatible with a diagnosis of reversible pulpitis were successfully treated by IPT 85% (11/13) versus 76% (19/25) for FP. FP-treated molars exhibited earlier exfoliation 38% (30/78), while all IPT molars exhibited normal exfoliation. FPs receiving immediate SSCs had 50/61 (82%) succeed; FPs restored with an IRM temporary succeeded 5/13 (39%), amalgam 3/4 (75%). CONCLUSIONS: IPT success was significantly higher than FP (P = 0.01) in the treatment of deep caries. Both IPT and FP were successful in treating teeth with pain compatible with the diagnosis of reversible pulpitis. FP significantly hastened the exfoliation of pulpotomized primary molars (P = 0.001). IPT in primary teeth can be successfully used in a one step procedure. SSCs placed immediately after FP significantly increased FP success vs. FP followed by IRM temporary (P = 0.01).
PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the success rates of formocresol pulpotomy in primary molars restored with stainless steel crowns (SSC) to those restored with amalgam (AM). METHODS: Radiographs of pulpotomized primary molars restored with SSC or AM in the principal author's pediatric dentist practice were evaluated and defined as a "failure" when one or more of the following signs were present: internal (IR) or external (ER) root resorption and periapical (PR) or inter-radicular (IRR) radiolucency. Pulp canal obliteration was not regarded as failure. Three hundred and forty-one molars were available for follow-up evaluations ranging from 6 to 103 months. RESULTS: Forty-seven (14%) teeth were defined as "failure," with a rate of 13% (36/287) for teeth restored with SSC and 20% (11/54) for AM. This difference was not statistically significant (P>0.1). Failure rates of 2 surfaces AM was 23% (7/30), much higher than that of one surface AM (10%, 2/20). Most of the failed teeth presented more than one pathologic finding, with IR being the most frequently observed (36%), followed by ER (31%), IRR (22%) and PR (11%). Pulp canal obliteration was detected in 80% of the teeth, with similar rates in both groups. Failures were observed initially after a mean follow-up of 27 and 29 months in teeth restored with AM and SSC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pulpotomized primary molars can be successfully restored with one surface amalgam if their natural exfoliation is expected within not more than two years.
This study evaluated in vitro the influence of a temporary filling {zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)} and two pulpotomy agents {formocresol (FC) and ferric sulfate (FS)} on shear bond strength (SBS) of two dentin adhesives to the dentin of primary molars. A total of 80 dentin surfaces were prepared and randomly allocated into 10 groups of 8 specimens each. Groups were subjected to different treatments, which included covering with a paste of ZOE mixed at different powder:liquid (P:L) ratios, placement on a gauze soaked in FC or FS, or they received no pretreatment and served as a control. XRV Herculite composite cylinders were bonded to dentin surfaces using Prime and Bond NT adhesive resin or Opti Bond Solo Plus adhesive resin. SBSs were determined using the lnstron testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The use of ZOE mixed at the lower P:L ratio of 10g:2g significantly decreased the values of SBS of the two adhesives. The use of two pulpotomy agents (FC and FS) significantly decreased the SBS of the two adhesives. The bond strength to dentin of primary teeth was influenced by the pulpotomy agents used and the ZOE P:L ratio but not by the adhesive system used.
Literature reports appeared in the last years suggested that some type of dentigerous cyst (DC) in children would initiate by teh action of other factors than developmental and at different stages of dental sac growth. Periodontitis and pulp therapy with formocresol (FC) have been suggested as aeteological factors, both promoting DC in children by irritation of the underlaying dental sacs of premolar. The purpose of this study is to analyse the pathological changes in DC of patients aged 0 to 15 years, and to compare the findings according to the anatomical site of DC and the existence of previous FC therapy. Morphological changes observed in the epithelium and the connective wall did not show clear differences between both groups of DC. The histometric measurements of epithelial changes did not show significant statistical differences of various parameters in the DC walls. These facts would not support the hypotesis of DC initiation from FC effects.
We conducted a radiographic follow up and discussion concerning 125 primary teeth (46 boys and 24 girls), which were random samplings from all primary teeth which had been treated by pulpotomy with Formocresol (Pulpac V) during the period from January 1980 to December 1985 at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University. For the follow up examination, we used only the radiograms which were radiographically available. The results obtained were as follows: 1) At the time of final follow up examination for each treated tooth, the number of teeth judged as being successful were 50 (40.0%) and 75 (60.0%) as being unsuccessful. In particular we observed especially many teeth judged as being unsuccessful during the period from 6 to 12 months and from 30 to 36 months after treatment. 2) In this investigation, we observed all the radiograms which had been taken at the recall after treatment, and therefore the number of cases examined was 247. According to the results at the time of each follow up examination, unsuccessful cases were more numerous during the period from 30 to 36 months. 3) According to the location of the treated teeth and the age at the time of treatment, abnormal findings appeared in the majority of the unsuccessful cases within 18 months after treatment. Unsuccessful cases were more numerous for the lower first deciduous molars. Successful cases of patients aged 6 years, when pulpotomy had been performed, were more numerous. 4) Of 75 teeth judged as being unsuccessful, 24 showed internal root resorption, 24 abnormal root resorption, 51 loss of lamina dura integrity and 53 alveolar bone resorption in the periapical and/or furcation areas.
Pulpal tissue changes following pulpotomies with formocresol, glutaraldehyde-calcium hydroxide and glutaraldehyde-zinc oxide eugenol pastes in primary teeth were investigated for a period of 12 months. Compared with the other groups, clinical, radiographic and histologic examinations revealed glutaraldehyde-zinc oxide eugenol combination had a higher success rate.
The relationship between formocresol, glutaraldehyde-calcium hydroxide and glutaraldehyde-zinc oxide eugenol pulpotomies on primary teeth and enamel defects on the permanent successor were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the test and control groups.
Of 137 pulpotomies with Tempophore, 13 percent failed. In comparison with pulpotomies using Ca(OH)2, in which higher failure rates occurred (Magnusson, Schröder), we can conclude that the pulpotomy with Tempophore, as well as with Buckley's formocresol, can be considered a clinically successful therapy. These therapies permit the preservation of even extensively carious primary molars, until their normal exfoliation time. The preservation of these teeth prevents the appearance of functional as well as orthodontic problems, because the arch-length is not adversely affected. The mesial tipping or drifting of the permanent molars is, furthermore, prevented.
The development of formocresol as a pulpotomy medicament is charted from the 19th Century to the present day. While the solution has come in and out of vogue, few agents can seriously challenge its efficacy. Doubts about its toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity have led, however, to a call for a more dilute formulation as well as a review of alternative medicaments. Problems arise in deriving an appropriate formula for a dilute version from existing formulations, which appear to have misinterpreted the concentration of constituents in the original solution.
The purpose of this study was to assess histologically the pulpal healing process after pulpotomies in rat teeth were done using two different agents: 20% dilution of formocresol (FMC) and ferric sulfate (FS). Two criteria were used: degree of inflammation and extent of pulpal involvement. Zinc oxide-eugenol paste (ZOE) or polycarboxylate cement (PCX) were placed to seal the cavity preparations. The maxillary first molars of 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were treated in this study and were divided into four groups: 1) FMC + ZOE, 2) FS + PCX, 3) FMC + PCX, and 4) FS + ZOE. After treatment the animals were sacrificed at weekly intervals for four weeks and pulpal response was evaluated according to the degree of inflammation. Other criteria were also evaluated: dentinal bridge formation, reparative dentin and odontoblastic layer. A Friedman test was performed to compare the results and find out if any differences could be found. FMC + ZOE group showed the least pulpal inflammation response, and the use of FS as an alternative agent for pulpotomies did not improve pulpal response.
As part of an overall evaluation of possible substitutes for the pulpotomy agent formocresol, this study was initiated to compare the antigenicity of the reaction products of protein with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or dimethylsuberimidate (DMS). Rabbits were injected with rabbit serum albumin (RSA) which had been treated with one of the following solutions: phosphate-buffered saline, 2% glutaraldehyde, 4% formaldehyde, or 2% DMS. The antisera from the rabbits were analyzed for elicited antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) assay using a spot technique on nitrocellulose paper. These assays demonstrated that DMS-treated RSA was the most antigenic of the reaction products tested. The least provocative was the glutaraldehyde-treated RSA; the reaction product of formaldehyde was intermediate. Our findings suggest that if non-immunogenicity of a pulpotomy agent is a desirable property, then DMS does not meet the criteria of an alternative pulp fixative. In contrast, the relatively low antigenicity of glutaraldehyde reinforces other favorable findings which support its use clinically.
Antimicrobial effectiveness of alcoformol two agents (AF 8.85 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, one of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. It was found that AF containing 3.5 percent formaldehyde is a satisfactory disinfectant for root canals of vital teeth. A concentration of 8.75 percent was needed for disinfection of teeth with necrotic pulps.
Antimicrobial effectiveness of two alcoformol agents (AF 8.75 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. One of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, a third culture was taken. No statistically significant differences were found between the effectiveness of the disinfectants; the cumulative effect of mechanical preparation and disinfection was such that initially positive teeth did not differ significantly from initially negative teeth when treated by this procedure.
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