PubMed1998
An oligostyrene-like product (F2L5250) was reported to have estrogen-like activity (statistically significant increases in means for absolute uterine weight and the ratios of the uterine weight to terminal body weight) in juvenile female rats provided a dietary concentration of 100 ppm F2L5250 for four consecutive days. The highest no-effect-level (NOEL) for estrogenic activity was 80 ppm in the diet, corresponding to a daily intake of 13.3 mg F2L5250/kg. Although it is unlikely that such estrogenic tetramers would occur in commercial polystyrene, the Styrene Steering Committee (SSC) of the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) sponsored the current extensive project to address any concern that human consumption of styrene oligomers migrating from polystyrene containers into food, e.g., from packaged yoghurt, or from the use of EPS coffee cups and related products, might affect human health. To ensure confidentiality and compliance with the highest scientific and regulatory standards, the entire project was conducted without knowledge of the oligomer migrates tested, and all activities were managed and audited under a contract between the SSC and a third party, Argus International. This paper describes the preparation and analyses of the 23 representative polystyrenes [9 general purpose polystyrenes (GPPS), 8 high impact polystyrenes (HIPS) and 6 expandable polystyrenes (EPS)] evaluated for estrogenicity in an in vivo uterotrophic assay in immature female rats. The polystyrene samples were chosen to represent food packaging applications. They were obtained from participating European Polystyrene Manufacturers, coded at the TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (TNO) and sent to BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany for preparation of test bars (GPPS and HIPS) or test foam parts (EPS). The prepared polystyrene test bars or test foam parts were submitted to elution with 50% aqueous (v/v) ethanol for 10 days at 40 degrees C, a procedure which simulates an exposure at ambient temperature for several weeks and represents an exaggeration in comparison with yogurt, for which directive 85/572/EEC1 defines 3% aqueous acetic acid as the official food simulant. To further exaggerate the potential concentration of the possible migrates, the surface/volume ratio selected for elution was the maximum experimentally possible, i.e., approximately 56 dm2/kg food for the GPPS and HIPS bars and approximately 38 dm2/kg food for the EPS foam, representing a multiple of approximately 9 (GPPS and HIPS) and 6 (EPS), times the conventional surface/volume ratio of 6 dm2/kg. These obtained styrene oligomer migrates were then diluted to 25% aqueous (v/v) ethanol, a concentration that could be tolerated by the test animals. After dilution, the low and high concentrations represented multiples of 0.5 and 4.6 (GPPS and HIPS) and 0.5 and 3.2 (EPS) the conventional surface/volume ratio, respectively. These levels simulated daily human consumption of 500 or 5,000 g of food for the GPPS and HIPS samples and of 500 or 3,150 g of food for the EPS samples, respectively. The results of the homogeneity, stability and concentration analyses of the styrene dimers and trimers in the migrates indicated that the concentrations of migrants were highest as the result of 50% aqueous ethanol extraction of HIPS test bars followed by GPPS test bars and EPS test foam parts.