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Children's fantasy play and emotional understanding.

Examined the relation between affective and cognitive processes in fantasy play and emotional understanding. Sixty-six children in the 1st and 2nd grades played with puppets (Affect in Play Scale; Russ, 1993), answered questions about their understanding of emotions (Kusche Affective Interview-Revised; Kusche, Greenberg, & Beilke, 1988), and completed a measure of verbal intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III; Wechsler, 1991). The major finding of this study was that consistent, yet modest, relations were found between dimensions of fantasy play and emotional understanding. Cognitive dimensions of fantasy play, but not affect expression, were related to facets of emotional understanding. These relations were independent of verbal ability. A composite fantasy play score accounted for a significant amount of variance in a composite emotional understanding score when verbal ability was accounted for. Variations in the pattern of correlations for girls and boys suggest sex differences in the relation between fantasy play and emotional understanding. Implications for clinical research and interventions are discussed.

Affect↗

Correlates of females' sexual fantasies.

The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.

Adult↗

[Sexual fantasies and sexual dreams: a sexoanalytical exploration].

Nowadays there are more and more empirical studies of sexual fantasies. Fewer are researches on sexual dreams. Even less common are the data on the relation between sexual fantasies and sexual dreams. A lot of questions can be brought up. Is there a correlation between the frequency in fantasies and sexual dreams? Is there a concordancy or discrepancy between these two? What would be the differences between the persons whom sexual fantasies and dreams concord from those who don't concord? Finally is there an interaction between fantasies and sexual dreams? Based on our preliminary results, we present our mains hypothesis and few illustrations.

Dreams↗

A fantasy penis: its development, multiple meanings and resolution.

A 30-year-old single woman came to analysis because of anxiety, guilt and a sense of being bad. After two years of analysis that focused primarily on her relationship with her family members, an unconscious fantasy of having a penis was uncovered. The origin of the fantasy was traced to the narcissistic crisis and the birth of her brother, and as an attempt to regain the loss of mother's love. However, other meanings were added during subsequent developmental stages; namely, the fantasy penis was an umbilical cord that connected her with her mother, it bestowed power and licence to do whatever one wants and was a shield against father's subtle breach of the oedipal fantasies. The resolution of the fantasy passed through a stage of losing the penis and ending up with 'nothing' before a vagina could be experienced as a natural way to be.

Adult↗

[Tendency of concrete interpretation of the "Anna threefold" fantasy in "late" mothers and in the area of reproduction technology].

Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne" ("Anna Selbdritt" = Anne Threefold) is used here to explain and illustrate early infantile female fantasies deriving from the narcissistic desire to correspond to the omnipotent mother and infantile ideas about the imaginary child. The painting is analyzed as an image of the central female fantasy in need of development. It is argued, on the basis of observation of the psychodynamic singularities found among a clinical sample of "late mothers" and their "planned" children that among women with a personal history of disturbance of the development of female identity there can be an acting out and concretization of these early fantasies during a narcissistic crisis with the fulfillment of an urgent desire for children. The central female developmental phases are, as it were, subverted. This "bypassing" of a developmentally adequate transformation of early infantile fantasies involves not only a disturbance in the relationship to the mother's own child and to her mother but also an impairment of the sense of female and maternal identity and of the ability to establish heterosexual relationships. There is also discussion of the degree to which reproductive medicine encourages and strengthens female willingness to concretize untransformed infantile fantasies and thus threatens to become a tempting instrument of power over more than just a woman's body.

Adult↗

Sex differences in children's expression and control of fantasy and overt aggression.

The present study explored sex differences in children's expression and control of fantasy and overt aggression. Fifth-grade boys and girls were presented a TAT-like projective test to measure fantasy aggression and controls over aggression. Overt peer-oriented aggression was measured by peer and teacher ratings. Results indicated that boys were rated more physically and verbally aggressive than girls but not more indirectly aggressive. Boys also produced more physical aggression in fantasy than girls, although the opposite trend was found for indirect aggression; no sex difference was found for verbal fantasy aggression. Finally, girls had a higher ratio of aggression control per total fantasy aggression than boys. The results support the position that while boys, in contrast to girls, are socialized in a way that encourage direct expression of aggression, girls are just as likely to be aggressive as boys when the aggression is indirect. The results are discussed further from the perspective of social learning theory and Maccoby and Jacklin's biological position.

Aggression↗

The psychodynamics of a beating fantasy.

A case history of a woman is presented whose primary conscious masturbatory fantasy from age three until age forty was of her father beating her. Late in her lengthy treatment, the conscious fantasy was seen to screen off the underlying, unconscious fantasy of being beaten by her mother. Early traumata, surgery, and primal scene exposures led to profound separation-individuation problems, heightened preoedipal and oedipal castration anxiety, and a faulty genital schematization. Compulsive masturbation, duplicating genital arousal initiated by the mother's early enema assaults and later by primal scene exposures, allowed neutralization of the intense aggression aroused by separation and castration traumata. Preoedipal fantasies screened off from conscious awareness by the oedipal ones were influenced by the primal scene exposures. These consisted of the ideas of being hurt (castrated) and beaten by the father. In the lengthy therapy with this patient an erotized transference developed in which, again, a libidinal gratification was used defensively to maintain the threatened object relationship. The interaction between beating fantasies and reality events is also discussed.

Adult↗

Some roots of persistent homosexual fantasy and the quest for father's love: conflicted parental identifications in a male patient: fragment of an analysis.

This is a clinical paper, which includes material from sessions, presenting the process of the analysis of a young adult male whose narcissistic character patterns, related to and evolved from failed attempts to integrate conflicting parental identifications. These unintegrated mother and father identifications contributed to life-long latent homosexual fantasies. Rodney's analysis indicates that for a boy/man, even a mother who has the qualities of a good enough parent, is not good enough to enable him to reach a nonconflicted manhood. A mother cannot provide for the boy the male model he needs and is searching for, the male who would affirm him in his maleness. Rodney wanted a father on whose shoulders he could stand to become a man. Rodney's persistent homosexual fantasy life, his quest for father's love, and his search for a masculine object to identify with stem from a combination of several factors. Rodney's regression to the negative oedipal phase was probably stimulated when father left the family. Rodney was eleven at the time. He felt overwhelmed experiencing himself as the oedipal victor. Unconsciously, Rodney feared his exacerbated incestuous wishes. He projected them upon his mother and subsequently incorporated them in his fantasies. His regression to more infantile dependency feelings was defensive. Rodney's father was an unsuitable object for identification. He was disinterested in Rodney and emotionally unavailable. Rodney, however, sought his father, whose lack of loving acknowledgement resulted in a lack of affirmation of Rodney's masculinity. Mother provided for Rodney the loving acknowledgement he lacked in his relationship with father. She was emotionally sustaining, an energetic, vibrant personality, who was seen by Rodney as a "superior human being." Rodney consciously idealized his mother toward whom he unconsciously also had ambivalent feelings. Rodney's identification with mother was not counterbalanced by the presence of a strong, loving father figure whom he could have used as a suitable model. This led to the development in Rodney of a strong sense of effeminization. Rodney in his homosexual fantasies assumed the so-called "feminine victimized" role. The regression to the negative oedipal phase contributed to an exacerbation of erotic, father-directed feelings, intensified by the identification with mother. Rodney was fixated in his quest for father's love. In addition, Rodney's unconscious guilt related to father and mother directed incestuous impulses, and his intense aggressivesadistic feelings contributed to the masochistic cast of his masturbation fantasies. Rodney's narcissistic aims and the quality of his narcissism changed during the analysis. His grandiosity almost disappeared. Rodney's goals became realistic and he acquired the skills necessary to achieve them. Inhibitions related to the "fear of success" were worked through. This enabled Rodney to compete successfully. His healthy narcissism derives from the success of his many achievements. Though Rodney remained a basically narcissistic personality, he did derive great pleasure from being a giving person. This was one of the many ways in which he identified with his mother. At the present, Rodney's identifications are selective and do not evoke intrapsychic conflict.

Adult↗

Sex differences and androgyny in fantasy content.

Fantasy stories were composed by 153 undergraduates (93 females, 60 males) who also responded to the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The fantasy stories were collected by group administration of a Thematic Apperception Test. The stories were content analyzed along 17 imagery categories. Males and females differed significantly in ten of these categories. The results indicate a substantial continuity of sex differences in fantasy content between earlier decades and the mid 1970s. However, women had relatively more imagery of a self-assertive, pleasurable, and careerist nature than had been found in earlier studies. The fantasies of sex-typed persons were more situation-bound and more sexual than those of androgynous persons. Sex-typed persons appear to experience limitations in fantasy production which parallel their limitations in overt behavior.

Journal Article↗

The assessment of a relationship disposition, "fantasy withdrawal," from Rorschach face sheet data.

This study investigated the predictive relationship of Rorschach face sheet variables, selected on the basis of psychoanalytic considerations of the patient-examiner relationship, to a dimension of clinical-theoretical relevance in the evaluation of treatment outcome, "fantasy withdrawal." The first step in the present study involved rank ordering and grouping of 19 nosological subgroups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. This ranking and grouping served as the criterion against which several quantified aspects of fantasy production on the Rorschach were assessed. The score categories were selected on an a priori basis as most likely to predict the ordering of the patient groups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. A formula for such prediction was developed, applied to the original groups, and then reapplied to a patient group in the present hospital setting.

Fantasy↗

Sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and psychopathology.

This study compared daydreaming to fantasies used for self-comfort at times of stress in order to assess the degree of overlap in content between the two types of fantasy and to determine what types of daydreams are associated with indices of psychopathology. One hundred nineteen college undergraduates completed the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (Zelin et al., 1983) and the Imaginal Processes Inventory (Singer & Antrobus, 1972), along with five general measures of maladjustment, which reflect ideational deviance, low or unstable self-concept, and reliance upon regressive defenses. The results supported the hypotheses of considerable overlap in content and of parallels between the two types of fantasy. Three IPI scales--Fear Reaction, Bizarre, and Hostile--were observed to be particularly linked to psychopathology.

Achievement↗

A modest proposal: (re)defining unconscious fantasy.

The author argues that unconscious fantasy, properly defined, necessarily represents the three-dimensional intersection of wishful thinking (fantasy), veridical perception of the environment (reality), and the naive cognition of childhood. It is proposed that, although attachment theory developed out of the intent to capture the unalloyed reality of dyadic experience, that experience is inextricably entangled with the other two components, wishes and naive cognition, and furthermore, that the behavior of children in the attachment paradigm can only be accounted for by positing the existence of underlying unconscious fantasies. In making these arguments, the author also addresses the development of unconscious fantasies and their relationship to compromise formations and trauma.

Adult↗

Personality and deviant sexual fantasies: an examination of the MMPIs of sex offenders.

A sample of 228 sex offenders and nonsex offender controls were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of deviant sexual fantasies, as determined by their replies to the Clarke Sex History Questionnaire Fantasy Scales. The sex offenders were divided into six groups based on sexual preferences and criminal history. There were 14 heterosexual pedophiles, 23 homosexual pedophiles, 51 exhibitionists, 17 incest offenders, 24 sexual aggressives, and 57 multiple/miscellaneous offenders as well as 42 nonviolent nonsex offender controls. A 2 (fantasy group) x 7 (sex offender group) multivariate analysis with age and education as covariates was used to compare the MMPI validity scales (L, F, and K) and the 10 clinical scales as dependent variables. Deviant fantasizers had more clinically significantly scores on the F, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity-Femininity, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia Scales compared to nondeviant fantasizers, regardless of group membership. Results suggest that deviant fantasizers may be more socially alienated and less emotionally stable than nondeviant fantasizers, although few were diagnosed as psychotic. The sex offender and control groups showed considerable overlap on mean MMPI Scales. The groups tended to differ in level of depression and extent of persecutory ideas, but the multivariate sex offender group effect was not statistically significant when problems of inhomogeneity of variance were corrected. There was no interaction of fantasy groups and sex offender groups, indicating that the two factors can be considered independently.

Adolescent↗

Sexual fantasy and pornography: two cases of girls brought up with pornography.

A normal part of late childhood and preadolescence for boys is exposure to pornography. The visual imagery of the forbidden acts in pornography are readily integrated with sexual fantasy in masturbation and in social sex. Money and Ehrhardt (1972) have attributed the fact that proportionately more women (36%) than men (11%) do not make any use of visual imagery during sexual acts to a greater biological readiness to respond to distal, visual images with arousal among men. While such a biological threshold hypothesis may well be correct, the ubiquity of practice with norm-violative behavior in the excited and approving context of the childhood male peer group could make an important contribution to the later uptake of pornographic imagery into fantasy. A full test of the Money and Ehrhardt hypothesis would be impossible, entailing a study of adolescent fantasy among a group of girls who grew up just like boys until adolescence. Two sisters close in age, now women in their 20s, grew up with pornography ad lib because of the family's business in pornographic publishing. They were interviewed for their sexual histories. One uses visual fantasy and has integrated some elements of the imagery of the pornography for a period into her sexual life; the other has not. Implications for the definition of the two gender curricula--what boys learn from other boys and girls from other girls--are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Sexual interviewing, evaluation, and therapy: psychoanalytic emphasis on the use of sexual fantasy.

Sexual fantasy in initial interviews and during psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is explored for its contribution to understanding psychopathology, both sexual and nonsexual. The focus is on distinguishing between the sexual and the seemingly sexual. "Sexual" behavior and fantasy are regarded as having sexual pleasure and orgasm as the predominant goal. Seemingly sexual behavior and fantasy have a predominant goal that is not sexual, even though a sexual mode is used. Predominant goals in the seemingly sexual are emphasized such as coping with intense aggression and problems of self-esteem, self-definition, self-cohesion, and the maintenance of object relations. Sexual fantasy and behavior can be especially useful for repairing negative self- and object images and the associated intensely negative affects. This does not imply that all more primitive patients are incapable of experiencing intense sexual pleasure and orgasm. On the contrary, borderline patients, with extensive use of splitting mechanisms at the level of dyadic object relating, may have intact sexual functioning.

Affect↗

Enhancement of fantasy-induced sexual arousal in men through training in sexual imagery.

Men who in earlier experiments in the same laboratory had been unable to enhance penile tumescence to any substantial degree by engaging in erotic fantasy were given two sessions of either sexual imagery training or general imagery training. Participants in the sexual imagery training program subsequently demonstrated increased physiological and subjective sexual arousal during unstructured as well as structured sexual fantasy. The gains were undiminished at follow-up, 1 month after the end of training. In contrast, general imagery training did not enhance fantasy-induced sexual arousal. Both training programs improved vividness of imagery, as assessed by the Betts QMI Scale, but only sexual imagery training led subjects to report that they were able to form sexual images with higher clarity when engaging in fantasy. Sexual arousal was thus enhanced through context-specific imagery training, a strategy commonly used in the clinical practice of sex therapy.

Adult↗

Dissociation and fantasy proneness in psychiatric patients: a preliminary study.

Nonclinical studies found that dissociative experiences are intimately linked to a trait known as fantasy proneness. We examined the links among dissociative symptoms, fantasy proneness, and impulsivity in psychiatric outpatients. Our sample consisted of 22 patients with schizophrenia, 20 patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, and 19 patients with a major depressive disorder. For the whole sample, levels of dissociation were found to be related to fantasy proneness and impulsivity. There were group differences in dissociative symptoms, with patients with borderline personality disorder reporting more such symptoms than patients with either schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. The overlap between dissociation and fantasy proneness may have important ramifications for studies addressing comorbid phenomena of dissociative symptoms.

Adult↗

Content analysis of the use of fantasy, challenge, and curiosity in school-based nutrition education programs.

The objective of this research was to document the extent to which elements of fantasy, curiosity, and challenge are used in existing nutrition education materials. A content analysis of 30 nutrition education curricula designed for elementary and middle-school grades was conducted. Print curricula, computer software, videotapes, and puppet shows were included in the sample. The use of challenge, curiosity, and fantasy, as defined in the Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction (TIMI), was assessed in each curriculum. Approximately half of the curricula included elements of challenge, curiosity, or fantasy. All of the nonprint curricula and 30% of the print curricula incorporated these characteristics. Curiosity was most frequently used in these curricula, followed by fantasy and then challenge. The TIMI provided a useful theory to examine the instructional approaches frequently used in school-based nutrition education programs. Nutritionists may apply concepts from the TIMI to the design of future curricula so that these programs are interesting and entertaining for their target audience.

Child↗