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PubMed2003

Impaired configurational processing in a case of progressive prosopagnosia associated with predominant right temporal lobe atrophy.

F.G., a 71-year-old right-handed man, presented with a slowly progressive deterioration in his ability to recognize faces of familiar and famous persons, contrasting with the relative preservation of other cognitive domains. His primary face perception skills were intact. Along with his face-recognition deficit, F.G. also exhibited a mild visual agnosia. A more detailed analysis of his performance on visuoperceptual tests revealed a selective deficit in retrieving the configurational representation of complex visual entities and an over-reliance on analysing individual features. Quantitative volumetric measurements of his temporal lobe structures showed a prevalent atrophy of the right fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal cortex. The results of the present study suggest that a right temporal variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration may be characterized over a period of several years by an impaired configurational processing of visually complex entities in the absence of any semantic deficit.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

A neuropsychological-neuropathological case study of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

We report the first neuropsychological-neuropathological case study of a patient with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) who was seen at the early stages of the disease, and whose cognitive functioning was monitored in the following months until his death. At presentation, his neuropsychological profile included impaired ability to retain new episodic information, deficits on tests of retrieval from semantic memory, and impairments on tests of memory for public knowledge, such as famous personalities. Tests of executive function were also performed poorly. Picture recognition memory and autobiographical memory were relatively spared, as was performance on tests of face perception and complex copying ability. Neuropsychological testing may be useful in monitoring the progression of vCJD, and we provide evidence to show a steady rate of decline in perceptual and naming tasks over a 4-month period. Post-mortem findings showed neuronal loss in the caudate, putamen, dorsal thalamus, cerebellum and occipital cortex. Spongiform changes were found throughout the brain, including the entorhinal cortex and anterior thalamus. Prion protein accumulation was noted in the hippocampus. We hypothesize that primary subcortical damage to structures in the thalamus and neostriatum, together with secondary frontal lobe dysfunction, combine to yield the pattern of neuropsychological impairment and neuropsychological sparing that was found.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Cherry pit primes Brad Pitt: Homophone priming effects on young and older adults' production of proper names.

This study investigated why proper names are difficult to retrieve, especially for older adults. On intermixed trials, young and older adults produced a word for a definition or a proper name for a picture of a famous person. Prior production of a homophone (e.g., pit) as the response on a definition trial increased correct naming and reduced tip-of-the-tongue experiences for a proper name (e.g., Pitt) on a picture-naming trial. Among participants with no awareness of the homophone manipulation, older but not young adults showed these homophone priming effects. With a procedure that reduced awareness effects (Experiment 2), prior production of a homophone improved correct naming only for older adults, but speeded naming latency for both age groups. We suggest that representations of proper names are susceptible to weak connections that cause deficits in the transmission of excitation, impairing retrieval especially in older adults. We conclude that homophone production strengthens phonological connections, increasing the transmission of excitation.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Repetition priming from incomplete faces: evidence for part to whole completion.

Two experiments are reported in which subjects' reaction times to make familiarity decisions to the faces of famous people were compared for faces primed by previously seeing (1) the internal features of the same face, (2) the external features of the same face, or (3) a complete version of the same face. Reaction times to faces primed by the internal features, the external features or a complete face were significantly facilitated relative to an 'unprimed' comparison condition, and did not differ one from another. Viewing part of a familiar face on a previous occasion was therefore found to be as effective at priming recognition as seeing a whole face. This finding was demonstrated in Expt 1 for priming from the repetition of stimuli derived from an identical photograph of the same famous person, and in Expt 2 for priming from stimuli derived from a different photograph of the same familiar face. 'Distributed processing' accounts of repetition priming may be more useful than accounts based entirely on episodic records in explaining these results.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Remote memory for visuospatial information in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Remote memory for visuospatial information was studied in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) using a test of geographic knowledge previously employed in a study of patients with Huntington's disease. When asked to locate places on a map of the region of the United States in which they were born and raised or on a map of California where they currently resided, the DAT patients performed less accurately than controls. However, unlike controls, the performance of DAT patients in locating places was relatively more accurate using the map of the region in which they were born and raised than using the map of California. Thus, the DAT patients exhibited temporally graded retrograde amnesia for visuospatial knowledge, which parallels the pattern of retrograde amnesia reported for DAT patients when remote memory was assessed with tests requiring identification of famous persons or recall of past public events.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Crimes, follies and misfortunes in the history of australasian psychiatry.

The value of the study of Australian psychiatric history is discussed. The administration of the lunatic asylums during the first 120 years of settlement and some of the prevailing conditions are reviewed. A number of famous persons, both doctors and patients, are mentioned and the progress of the practice of psychiatry is followed. Some important psychiatric aspects of Australian history which might have been more thoroughly studied are described. In particular these are crime and punishment, alcoholism, and the crises associated with transportation, malnutrition and the gold rush. Lastly, it is suggested that a number of historical researches associated with psychiatry need to be undertaken before the important existing connections with the past are lost.

Australia↗

PubMed1996

[Not Available].

The psychiatric clinic St. Pirminsberg, a house with an impressive history. The early days of its existence were turbulent. At that time, medical care of the mentally disordered was neglected, patients being misunderstood and mistreated. The search for an appropriate place, that could house those "mad" people, met with a lot of difficulties. The government's, the doctors' and the people's views on the necessity of such an institution were too varied to make decisions easy. However, thanks to untiring initiative, the canton St. Gallen can now consider itself the proud owner of a wonderful psychiatric clinic. In Switzerland, St. Pirminsberg its the oldest institute for mental treatment after Munsterlingen and Geneva. At the same time, there were also a few private houses where the mentally sick were accommodated. Although these patients were usually relatives of wealthy families, they did, in fact, receive insufficient medical care. St. Pirminsberg's methods in therapy describe the development and modernization of psychiatry. The resident staff constantly endeavoured to satisfy the highest demands. In this respect, the work of famous personalities made a large contribution to the clinic. Each director and senior consultant has engraved his personal style on the institute. Some were primarily concerned with construction work to the building, others had to economize due to the financial situation. A few vested their interests exclusively in the science of psychiatry. All, however, had to cope with a shortage of staff, due to the rather remote situation of the clinic, the unsatisfactory remuneration and the demanding nursing care needed, often coupled with a great deal of responsibility. Cooperation with foreign clinics and those of other cantons was fruitful in human, medical and also financial aspects. Experiences were exchanged, decisions were made concerning education and schools for staff were founded. St. Priminsberg received recognition as an institute for further education towards specializing in psychiatry. A walk through today's clinic does not only mean seeing, but also experiencing history. Situated between the walls of the former monastery of St. Pirmin, the old part of the building, with its splendid ornamentation, can transport the visitor back to former times. Life in the clinic must have been difficult: massive, cold walls, mostly badly-lit rooms and corridors temporarily filled with beds must surely have had a very unfavourable effect on the disposition of the patients. Pavilions, erected later in a more useful but nonetheless pleasing style of architecture are equally impressive - new and old harmoniously united. Even in earlier times, people praised the beautiful countryside in which Pfäfers is situated. The outward appearance of the village has not changed in years. Its high location offers a wonderful view over the valley and provides a fresh, cool climate - an advantage which will always be held in great esteem by the clinic St. Pirminsberg.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed2000

[The history of correction of refractive errors: refractive surgery].

The evolution of particular methods of refractive surgery is presented including the origins of radial keratotomy, relaxing incisions, keartophakia, epiferatophakia and keratomileusis as well as recent adaptation of lasers for the surgical treatment of refractive error. Such famous persons as Barraquer, Sato, and Fidorov are discussed in particular. The history not only of great achievements but also of some of the false ideas which accompanied efforts to obtain the emmetropia is presented.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1992

Syndrome--a changing concept.

Syndrome is one of the oldest terms in the medical vocabulary. Traditionally, the term has been used mainly as a designation for complex medical entities, such as multiple abnormalities, that are characterized by clusters of concurring symptoms, usually three or more. During the mid-twentieth century, the meaning and the use of the term were altered. First to take place was an attempt to eliminate physicians' names from syndrome nomenclature, resulting in a significant increase in the use of descriptive designations in proportion to eponyms. But the trend was counterbalanced by the creation of new classes of eponyms. Eponymous syndrome nomenclature now includes the names of literary characters, patients' surnames, subjects of famous paintings, famous persons, geographic locations, institutions, biblical figures, and mythological characters. This was followed by a relaxation in the scope of the definition of syndrome, wherein the term could also be used as a modifier indicating a special (sometimes unspecified) complexity of an already named pathological condition. Eventually syndrome changed from its original use as an exclusively medical term and came to mean anything unusual, abnormal, bizarre, or humorous, whether medical, social, behavioral, or cultural. This unrestrained use of the term is the principal cause of an enormous volume of the sometimes irrelevant syndrome literature cluttering databases in the MEDLARS system and of the deterioration of "SYNDROME" as a specific MeSH term and a useful search parameter.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1986

Exhibiting mentally retarded people for amusement and profit, 1850-1940.

Historians in the field of mental retardation have neglected to document the exhibition of people for amusement and profit, commonly known as "freak shows." The exhibition of people we would now call "mentally retarded" during the period 1850 to 1940 in the United States was discussed. Biographical sketches were given to five famous persons who were exhibited in the 19th century. Information on other individuals who were exhibited was also provided. Patterns and trends in exhibitions and in the significance of "freak show" imagery for current attitudes toward those known as mentally retarded was discussed.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed1963