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PubMed2005

Probing the limits of delay intolerance: preliminary young adult data from the Delay Frustration Task (DeFT).

Delay intolerance/aversion is one amongst a number of candidate neuropsychological endophenotypes for ADHD. Pilot data suggest that, because of potential ceiling effects, simple choice measures of delay tolerance used for children are probably not appropriate for adolescents and adults. The Delay Frustration Task (DeFT) is a new measure of delay intolerance, designed to be used in a similar form with adolescents and adults as well as children. In it delay frustration is indexed as the number and duration of responses made on a response key during a series of unpredictable and unsignalled delay periods, which interrupt the completion of a simple computer-based tests. The aim of this study was to provide preliminary data on the applicability of the task in a sample of young adults. The DeFT was administered to 49 male and female undergraduate students selected from a normal population-base. Their mean age was 23.14 (S.D.=1.54). Three measures of delay frustration were recorded across time intervals during the response window; the number of responses, their duration and their combined product (total time button was pressed) was calculated for each second interval bin during the post-response delay period. The AARS and HADS were used as screening questionnaires for ADHD and anxiety behaviour, respectively. The results indicated that young adults with high-ADHD symptoms scores pressed the button more than those with low ADHD scores during the post-response delay condition. While both groups increased responding across time within intervals this was significantly more marked in the high-ADHD symptom group. These effects became more pronounced when anxiety was controlled. Young adults with high-ADHD symptoms appear to be more sensitive to the imposition of unscheduled and unsignalled delay during a simple maths test. DeFT may provide a useful index of delay tolerance in young adults with ADHD. Future research needs to examine DeFT performance in different age groups and in clinical and non-clinical populations.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Frustrative nonreward and pituitary-adrenal activity in squirrel monkeys.

Little is known about frustration-induced changes in stress physiology in humans and nonhuman primates. Here we assess in two experiments with squirrel monkeys plasma levels of pituitary-adrenal stress hormones in conditions designed to provoke frustrative nonreward. In the first experiment 18 prepubertal monkeys were trained to feed from one of eight sites, and then tested without food at any of the sites. These monkeys responded with significant increases in cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In the second experiment 18 adult monkeys were trained to feed from one of eight sites, and then tested after food was moved to a different foraging site. Nine monkeys found food at the relocated site, discontinued foraging at the previously baited site, and responded with decreases in cortisol. The other nine monkeys failed to find the relocated site, initially increased their visits to the previously baited site, and responded with elevations in cortisol and ACTH. In keeping with comparable findings in rats, our observations indicate that frustrative nonreward elicits ACTH-stimulated secretion of cortisol in primates.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2003

Employment frustration and alcohol abuse/dependence among labor migrants in California.

We test whether or not labor market frustration is associated with clinical alcohol abuse/dependence diagnoses among labor migrants living in California. Our sample consists of 1576 Mexican labor migrants in Fresno, CA, who migrated for the purpose of seeking employment. Using clinical criterion (DSM-III-R), we find that frustrating experiences resulting from labor market exclusion and discrimination are significantly related to past-year alcohol abuse/dependence. Similarly, although high levels of social support are salutary, they are not protective among those who experience moderate/high levels of employment frustration. Since Mexican-origin immigrants have low rates of health insurance coverage and lower propensities for formal help-seeking, community outreach programs that target labor migrants are essential to this population's mental health maintenance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation.

Examines the Dollard et al. (1939) frustration-aggression hypothesis. The original formulation's main proposition is limited to interference with an expected attainment of a desired goal on hostile (emotional) aggression. Although some studies have yielded negative results, others support the core proposition. Frustrations can create aggressive inclinations even when they are not arbitrary or aimed at the subject personally. Interpretations and attributions can be understood partly in terms of the original analysis but they can also influence the unpleasantness of the thwarting. A proposed revision of the 1939 model holds that frustrations generate aggressive inclinations to the degree that they arouse negative affect. Evidence regarding the aggressive consequences of aversive events is reviewed, and Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociationistic model is summarized.

Aggression↗

PubMed1992

Frustration theory--many years later.

The role of frustration in learning theory, in the invigoration of behavior and in the development of learned persistence and discrimination learning, is conceptualized. This and other phenomena are facets of the larger explanatory domain of what has come to be known as frustration theory, a theory that has guided the author's own research--from behavioral to developmental to psychobiological --until the present time and has had some influence on the research of other investigators. This is a commentary on the 1st of several published theoretical papers on frustration theory.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

The regressive effects of frustration upon the concrete reasoning ability of seven and eight-year-old-boys.

Forty-four seven- to eight-year-old boys were divided randomly into a experimental group and a contro group. All children took Forms A and B of the Concrete Reasoning Test as arranged by Siegelman and Block (12) and originally constructed by Smedslund (13). In the experimental group, each boy took Form A first and then was told that he could win a prize, which he selected from several items offered, if he could put together an easy puzzle (which was difficult in actuality). Each boy was given three minutes to work on the puzzle and was then given Form B. After each item he was allowed to work again on the puzzle for three more minutes. The individuals in the control group followed the same procedures, except that they had a much easier task to perform. It was hypothesized that (a) frustrated boys at a high level of concrete reasoning ability will regress less than frustrated boys at a lower level with the exception that (b) boys in the transitional period of thinking will regress more than those who are not, and (c) those boys who are frustrated will tend to regress more than those who are not. The results supported all of these hypotheses.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Group psychotherapy for persons with traumatic brain injury: management of frustration and substance abuse.

Residual emotional and behavioral difficulties in individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been well documented in the literature. The issues are complex, interdependent, and often include substance abuse, depression, anxiety, chronic suicidal or homicidal ideation, poor impulse control, and significant degrees of frustration and anger. Often, preexisting psychological conditions and poor coping strategies are exacerbated by the trauma. Emotional and behavioral difficulties can interfere with the neurorehabilitation process at all levels. In acute rehabilitation, these issues have traditionally been addressed on an individual basis. However, in postacute settings, an interpersonal group format can be effectively implemented. The majority of individuals with TBI have minimal funding for long-term cognitive and behavioral remediation; often the only avenue available is support groups. This article will describe group psychotherapy models used with individuals with acute or postacute TBI within a comprehensive rehabilitation center. Interdisciplinary treatment of frustration and substance abuse and a continuum of care will be emphasized. Education, social support, skills development, interpersonal process, and cognitive-behavioral approaches will also be discussed. The psychotherapy groups focus on treatment of substance abuse and frustration management through education, social support, and development of interpersonal skills. Practical considerations of running such groups are presented.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2006

Uncovering frustrations. A qualitative needs assessment of academic general internists as geriatric care providers and teachers.

BACKGROUND: General internists commonly provide medical care for older adults and geriatric education to trainees, but lack the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfill these tasks. OBJECTIVE: Assess the geriatric training needs of academic general internists in 3 hospital systems in Portland, OR. DESIGN: Ten focus groups and 1 semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis, a well-recognized qualitative technique. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 22 academic general internists and 8 geriatricians from 3 different teaching hospitals. MEASUREMENTS: We elicited stories of frustration and success in caring for elderly patients and in teaching about their care. We asked geriatricians to recount their experiences as consultants to general internists and to comment on the training of Internists in geriatrics. RESULTS: In addition to deficits in their medical knowledge and skills, our Internists reported frustration with the process of delivering care to older adults. In particular, they felt ill prepared to guide care transitions for patients, use multidisciplinary teams effectively, and were frustrated with health care system issues. Additionally, general internists' approach to medical care, which largely relies on the medical model, is different from that of geriatricians, which focuses more on social and functional issues. CONCLUSIONS: Although our findings may not be broadly representative, improving our general internists' abilities to care for the elderly and to teach learners how to do the same should address deficits in medical knowledge and skills, barriers to the processes of delivering care, and philosophical approaches to care. Prioritizing and quantifying these needs and measuring the effectiveness of curricula to address them are areas for future research.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1996

Frustrating patient visits.

OBJECTIVES: This study, part of a national mail survey of dentist malpractice liability claims, reports the reliability and validity of a new 22-item instrument measuring frustrating patient visits. METHODS: The items were subjected to factor analysis and subscales constructed. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Validity was assessed by comparing subscale scores to self-reports of satisfaction and liability claims. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed four subscales representing unpleasant feelings, lack of communication, compliance, and practice organization (alpha = 0.60-0.86). Compliance was the most important factor. Subscale scores were related to satisfaction with practice and the proportion of patient visits in the practice that were frustrating to the dentist. Dentists who reported frustrating patient visits as quite typical of their practices were more likely to have had a malpractice liability claim within the last five years. CONCLUSION: This instrument may be of value in detecting patient-dentist communication difficulties that are the precursor to liability claims.

Communication↗

PubMed1989

Human physical aggression as a function of magnitude of frustration: indirect support and a possible confounding influence.

An experiment was performed to test whether thwarting close to the goal leads to higher levels of frustration and higher levels of aggression than thwarting far from the goal in a slightly modified version of the Buss' "aggression machine." Subjects first calibrated a shock scale and were then put in a situation in which they could give electric shocks to a confederate under an acceptable pretext. It was not possible to confirm the specific hypothesis directly but a positive correlation was found between over-all self-rated subjective frustration and a measure of total aggression supporting a general frustration-aggression hypothesis. However, it was also found that the initial calibration of the shock scale correlated positively with the measure of total aggression, indicating the possible confounding influences are operative in this kind of paradigm.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Frustration and body image in children with and without congenital cardiopathy].

The aim of the present study was to determine the existence of differences on the type of response to frustration and disintegration of body image among children with congenital heart diseases (hospitalized and out patients) with or without symptomatology and children without heart disease. The study was performed in the outpatient clinic and the pediatric cardiology ward of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez". Two tests were used: The Rosenzweig picture frustration test for children (PFT) and the human figure drawing (HFD) of Elizabeth Koppitz. No differences were found regarding the type of response to frustration, differences between groups were present in only two emotional items of the HFD. We conclude that children with congenital heart disease have special capabilities that enable them to respond to illness in adaptative ways.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Tolerance for frustration as a reliability factor in the work of the human operator].

Frustration tolerance is a personality trait that contributes to the reliable performance of an air traffic controller. This paper presents the results of a psychological examination of air traffic controllers using the Rosenzweig frustration test and emphasizes a correlation between the predominant behavior type in frustrating circumstances and professional success. The paper contains examples of realistic observations over air traffic controllers which confirm experimental data.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

'Frustration--anxiety behaviour as a function of leprosy patients age and personality'.

The paper incorporates five studies (i.e., four of frustration and one of anxiety). The design is 'Multi-group-Control-group'. Each one of the five studies has four '3 X 3 X 2' factorial experiments. Each experiment has 360 elements. These are three groups (of lepromatous, non-lepromatous and of disease-free normals). Each group consists of 120 elements (equally distributed among adolescents, adults and senescents). The particulars of the patients have been obtained from the Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy and the Kushta Seva Sadan (Agra). The disease-free normal elements are drawn freely from the population of the Agra town. The sample possesses statistical justification for size and representativeness. Data are collected with the help of reliable tools and the 'F' test is run for verification of the 'null hypotheses'. Results show that experiences of 'fixation-regression' frustration, atypically belong to normal senescence. Resignation and anxiety experiences, as growing hazards, specifically relate to leprosy patients. Personality factors that normally demote 'frustration-anxiety' behaviour exhibit 'role-negation' in the leprosy patients. Age shows 'role-reversion'. Implications of such 'role' changes relate to the 'self-eroding' process of personality in the patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A framework for describing topological frustration in models of protein folding.

In a natively folded protein of moderate or larger size, the protein backbone may weave through itself in complex ways, raising questions about what sequence of events might have to occur in order for the protein to reach its native configuration from the unfolded state. A mathematical framework is presented here for describing the notion of a topological folding barrier, which occurs when a protein chain must pass through a hole or opening, formed by other regions of the protein structure. Different folding pathways encounter different numbers of such barriers and therefore different degrees of frustration. A dynamic programming algorithm finds the optimal theoretical folding path and minimal degree of frustration for a protein based on its natively folded configuration. Calculations over a database of protein structures provide insights into questions such as whether the path of minimal frustration might tend to favor folding from one or from many sites of folding nucleation, or whether proteins favor folding around the N terminus, thereby providing support for the hypothesis that proteins fold co-translationally. The computational methods are applied to a multi-disulfide bonded protein, with computational findings that are consistent with the experimentally observed folding pathway. Attention is drawn to certain complex protein folds for which the computational method suggests there may be a preferred site of nucleation or where folding is likely to proceed through a relatively well-defined pathway or intermediate. The computational analyses lead to testable models for protein folding.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Emergent excitations in a geometrically frustrated magnet.

Frustrated systems are ubiquitous, and they are interesting because their behaviour is difficult to predict; frustration can lead to macroscopic degeneracies and qualitatively new states of matter. Magnetic systems offer good examples in the form of spin lattices, where all interactions between spins cannot be simultaneously satisfied. Here we report how unusual composite spin degrees of freedom can emerge from frustrated magnetic interactions in the cubic spinel ZnCr(2)O(4). Upon cooling, groups of six spins self-organize into weakly interacting antiferromagnetic loops, whose directors -- the unique direction along which the spins are aligned, parallel or antiparallel -- govern all low-temperature dynamics. The experimental evidence comes from a measurement of the magnetic form factor by inelastic neutron scattering; the data show that neutrons scatter from hexagonal spin clusters rather than individual spins. The hexagon directors are, to a first approximation, decoupled from each other, and hence their reorientations embody the long-sought local zero energy modes for the pyrochlore lattice.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

The role of diisopropanolamine (dipaH3) in cluster dimerisation and polymerisation: from spin frustrated S= 5 FeIII 6 clusters to the novel 1-D covalent polymer of mixed valence [CoII3CoIII] tetramers.

The synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two hexanuclear Fe(6) clusters of general formula [Fe(6)(O)(2)(OH)(2)(O(2)CR)(10)(dipaH(2))(2)].xMeCN.yH(2)O (R = Ph, x= 5.5, y= 1 (1), R = C(Me)(3), x= 2, y= 3 (2)) are reported. The presence of the flexible amino-alcohol ligand diisopropanolamine (dipaH(3)) induces the dimerisation of two trinuclear Fe(III) complexes, [Fe(3)O(O(2)CPh)(6)(H(2)O)(3)](NO(3)) and [Fe(3)O(O(2)CC(Me)(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](O(2)CC(Me)(3)), to form the hexanuclear clusters 1 and 2. DC magnetic susceptibility measurements on 1 and 2 assign ground spin states of S= 5, with zero-field splitting parameters (D) of ca. 0.25 cm(-1) obtained from magnetisation isotherms. AC susceptibilities showed no maxima as a function of frequency, at low temperatures, and this confirmed the lack of single-molecule magnetic behaviour. Clusters 1 and 2 are isostructural, consisting of two fused {Fe(3)O} trinuclear units, bridged in two positions by one mu(2)-OH(-) unit and two mu(2)-O(2)CR(-) bridging carboxylates (R = Ph (), C(Me)(3)()). The two singly deprotonated dipaH(2)(-) bridging ligands span the Fe1-Fe2 edges in and via one micro(2)-bridging alcohol arm and one terminal nitrogen atom while the second alcohol arm remains free. The ground spin state of S= 5 in 1 and 2 can be attributed to the presence of spin frustration within the system. 1 and 2 join a small family of spin frustrated S= 5 Fe(6) systems the magnetism of which give weight to a recent report that it is the trans position of the two shortest Fe(2) pair frustrated exchange pathways in these Fe(6) clusters that gives rise to a ground spin state of S= 5 (trans) and not a ground spin state of S= 0 (cis). The Mössbauer spectra of 1 and 2 show two quadrupole doublets, as expected, at 295 K, but a broad asymmetric lineshape at 77 K. The synthesis and magnetic properties of {[Co(II)(3)Co(III)(OH)(O(2)CC(Me)(3))(4)(HO(2)CC(Me)(3))(2)(dipaH)(2)].2MeCN}(n)(3) are reported. 3 is a covalently bonded 1D polymer of tetrameric cobalt clusters. The presence of the dipaH(3) ligand here not only dimerises the [Co(II)(2)(micro-H(2)O)(O(2)CC(Me)(3))(4)(HO(2)CC(Me)(3))(4)] starting complex into the tetranuclear species but also polymerises the [Co(II)(3)Co(III)] clusters in 3 by acting as the propagating ligand in the 1D chain. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on show each [Co(4)] moiety exhibits weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the three Co(II)S= 3/2 metal centres and fitted J values are given. The ambiguity in assignment of the spin ground state of S= 1/2 or 3/2 is discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

A robust microporous 3D cobalt(II) coordination polymer with new magnetically frustrated 2D lattices: single-crystal transformation and guest modulation of cooperative magnetic properties.

A microporous 3D cobalt(II) coordination polymer featuring pillared layers [Co(2)(ma)(ina)](n) x 2nH(2)O (1 x 2H(2)O) (ma = malate, ina = isonicotinate) was generated by hydrothermal treatment with a void volume of 25.8%, in which the in-situ generated ma ligands connect the Co(II) ions into a 2D lattice with mixed and multiple exchange-bridges, affording a new geometrical topology different from the Kagomé lattice and leading to spin frustration. The rigid ina-pillared metallic-layered structure could retain 3D structural ordering upon guest removal and exchange. By soaking guest-free host in MeOH and methanamide (HCONH(2)) solutions, single crystals of dehydrated were transformed into single crystals of 1 x MeOH and 1 x HCONH(2), respectively, without apparent host-structural changes. 1 can also be rehydrated into 1 x 2H(2)O'. The guest-inclusion crystals have been characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction at 293 K and 93 K, confirming the single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations and providing detailed information of the guest molecules confined in the subnanospace and host-guest and/or guest-guest hydrogen-bonding interactions. The magnetic behaviours of this family of porous magnetic materials are complex due to the influences of multiple metal sites, intra- and inter-layer exchanges, spin-orbit coupling, as well as geometrical frustration, which show magnetic ordering at <2 K, 3.5 K, 3.5 K, and 8 K for 1, 1 x MeOH, 1 x HCONH(2), and 1 x 2H(2)O, respectively, due to the different size of guest molecules along with the different host-guest interaction, which may slightly modify the path of magnetic exchange, decrease the intensity of the spin-frustration in the 2D lattice, and cooperatively enhance the magnetic ordering temperature.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Folding behavior of model proteins with weak energetic frustration.

The native structure of fast-folding proteins, albeit a deep local free-energy minimum, may involve a relatively small energetic penalty due to nonoptimal, though favorable, contacts between amino acid residues. The weak energetic frustration that such contacts represent varies among different proteins and may account for folding behavior not seen in unfrustrated models. Minimalist model proteins with heterogeneous contacts--as represented by lattice heteropolymers consisting of three types of monomers--also give rise to weak energetic frustration in their corresponding native structures, and the present study of their equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties reveals some of the breadth in their behavior. In order to capture this range within a detailed study of only a few proteins, four candidate protein structures (with their cognate sequences) have been selected according to a figure of merit called the winding index--a characteristic of the number of turns the protein winds about an axis. The temperature-dependent heat capacities reveal a high-temperature collapse transition, and an infrequently observed low-temperature rearrangement transition that arises because of the presence of weak energetic frustration. Simulation results motivate the definition of a new measure of folding affinity as a sequence-dependent free energy--a function of both a reduced stability gap and high accessibility to non-native structures--that correlates strongly with folding rates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗