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PubMed1988

Comparison of the fractionation and assay of domestic duck and fowl pituitary gonadotrophins.

1. Pituitary glycoproteins from domestic ducks and fowls were fractionated to separate luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activities using the same chromatographic steps. 2. Fractions were bioassayed for LH using the release of progesterone from fowl granulosa cells and for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by measuring the release of thyroxine in 3-d-old chicks. Follicle stimulating hormone activity was measured either in a cockerel-testes radioreceptor assay or by the release of oestrogen from cultured rat Sertoli cells. 3. Fractions containing predominantly FSH or LH activity were isolated from the fowl glycoproteins. Duck gonadotrophin did not occur in fractions corresponding to those containing fowl FSH. 4. Duck gonadotrophin was found in a fraction corresponding with the most highly purified fowl LH fraction. A duck LH fraction was found with little FSH activity for which there was no corresponding fowl LH fraction. 5. It is concluded that domestic fowl and duck gonadotrophins have different chromatographic properties. Further study is required to determine whether the purified duck gonadotrophin preparation comprises proteins with similar physico-chemical properties but with separate FSH and LH biological activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Features of eggshell formation in guinea fowl: kinetics of shell deposition, uterine protein secretion and uterine histology.

1. Rate of calcium carbonate deposition, duration of eggshell formation, organic composition of the uterine fluid, morphology of the egg shells and histochemistry of the uterus were studied in guinea fowl to analyse the origin of such thick, strong egg shells. 2. The egg shell was linearly deposited from 6.4 h to 21.8 h after the oviposition of the previous egg. The rate of egg shell deposition was similar to that in laying hens. However, the duration of linear shell deposition was increased by 2.1 h relative to that in hens. This explained the increased egg shell weight observed in the guinea fowl. 3. Intervals between oviposition of intra-clutch eggs were 24 h throughout the laying period. Ovulation occurred just after oviposition of the previous egg in the guinea fowl, as previously observed in hens but the duration of egg white protein deposition, of plumping and of initiation of shell mineralisation were all 1.5 h shorter than in domestic hen. 4. Uterine fluid can only be collected during the growth and terminal phase of shell formation. The electrophoretic profiles of the uterine fluid differed between phases and were somewhat different from those previously observed in the hen. Ovalbumin and ovocleidin-17 were both present in the uterine fluid and also in egg shell extract. Ovocleidin-17 was predominant during the growth phase. 5. The histology of the uterus differed slightly in guinea fowl compared to hens. Ovocleidin and ovalbumin are both secreted by the tubular glands. 6. Examination of radial ultrathin sections of eggshell showed, above the mammillary layer, intricate interlacing of adjacent exospherite in guinea fowl in contrast to the continuous columnar microstructure in hens. 7. The kinetics of egg shell deposition largely explains the increased egg shell weight of guinea fowl. The organic matrix proteins may be associated with the contrast between the structural organisation of the guinea fowl egg shell and that of the hen egg shell.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Growth characteristics of pearl gray guinea fowl as predicted by the Richards, Gompertz, and logistic models.

This study was undertaken to describe the growth pattern of the pearl gray Guinea fowl. Using BW data from hatch to 22 wk, 3 nonlinear mathematical functions (Richards, Gompertz, and logistic) were used to estimate growth patterns of the pearl gray guinea fowl. The logistic and Gompertz models are a special case of the Richards model, which has a variable point of inflection defined by the shape or growth trajectory parameter, m. The shape parameter m was 1.08 and 0.98 in males and females, respectively, suggesting that the growth pattern of the pearl gray female guinea fowl is Gompertz. The pearl gray guinea fowl exhibited sexual dimorphism for their growth characteristics. From the Gompertz model, the asymptotic BW, growth rate, and age at maximum growth were 1.62 kg, 0.22 kg/wk, and 6.65 wk in males, respectively, and 1.70 kg, 0.19 kg/wk, and 6.70 wk in females, respectively. The ages at maximum growth were 6.65, 6.47, and 8.12 wk for the Richards, Gompertz, and logistic models, respectively. The pearl gray guinea fowl females have a higher asymptotic BW compared with the males. The average asymptotic BW of about 1.57 kg for both sexes predicted by the logistic model was below the average predicted BW from the Richards (1.66 kg) and Gompertz (1.67 kg) models, respectively, at 22 wk of age. The inverse relationship between the asymptotic weight and both relative growth and age at maximum growth of the pearl gray guinea fowl is similar to that of chickens, quail, and ducks. Success in studying the growth characteristics of guinea fowl will contribute to the efforts of genetically improving this least-studied avian species.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Modeling growth characteristics of meat-type guinea fowl.

This study was conducted to describe the growth pattern of the French guinea fowl, a meat-type variety. Using BW data from hatch to 9 wk, 2 nonlinear mathematical functions (Gompertz and logistic) were used to estimate growth patterns of the French guinea fowl. The French guinea fowl did not exhibit sexual dimorphism for growth characteristics. From the Gompertz model, the asymptotic BW, growth rate, and age at maximum growth were 2.05 kg, 0.25 kg/wk, and 5.74 wk in males, respectively, and 2.03 kg, 0.25 kg/wk, and 5.72 wk in females, respectively. The ages at maximum growth were 5.75 and 5.74 wk for males and females, respectively, using the logistic model. Differences in asymptotic BW between males and females were not significant in both Gompertz and logistic models. However, the average asymptotic BW of about 1.50 kg for both sexes predicted by the logistic model was below the average predicted BW from the Gompertz model (2.04 kg) at 9 wk. Also, the logistic model overestimated hatching weight (0.06 kg) more than the Gompertz model (0.03 kg), suggesting that the growth pattern of the French guinea fowl is Gompertz. The inverse relationship between the asymptotic weight and age at maximum growth of the French guinea fowl is similar to that of the pearl gray guinea fowl, chickens, quail, and ducks. Understanding the growth characteristics of French guinea fowl will contribute to the efforts of improving production efficiency of this least studied avian species.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Tryptamines and some other substances affecting waking and sleep in fowls.

1 Adult fowls (Gallus domesticus) with cannulae chronically implanted in the IIIrd cerebral ventricle and various other sites of the brain, received infusions or injections of tryptamines and catecholamines into the brain; effects of and interactions between these substances on behaviour, electrocortical activity and body temperature were studied. Reserpine-induced arousal, was investigated in young and adult fowls. 2 Tryptamine and alpha-methyltryptamine, given intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus of intact fowls evoked behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal, postural changes, elevation of body temperature and tachypnoea; behavioural and bilateral electrocortical arousal were obtained with infusions into the mesencephalon. Ipsilateral electrocortical arousal only, resulted from infusion of alpha-methyltryptamine into the hypothalamus or mesencephalon of fowl encephale isole preparations. The above effects in intact fowls were reduced or replaced by sleep following administration of noradrenaline or alpha-methylnoradrenaline into the IIIrd ventricle or hypothalamus. Pretreatment of intact fowls with an amine oxidase inhibitor surprisingly attenuated or reversed the excitant effects of intraventricular tryptamine. 3 5-Hydroxytryptamine (hydrogen maleinate, creatinine sulphate or oxalate) given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus, elevated body temperature; tachypnoea and postural changes developed at some stage during the elevation of body temperature. Sleep also was induced, although with the oxalate this was succeeded by marked arousal. 4 Behavioural and electrocortical sleep induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine infused into the hypothalamus were replaced by arousal on infusing tryptamine into the hypothalamus, and vice versa. 5 Dexamphetamine infused into the hypothalamus induced drowsiness or sleep which even reversed arousal elicited by systemically administered dexamphetamine. 6 Reserpine-induced arousal was achieved in young and adult fowls pretreated with mebanazine; this arousal was attenuated or replaced by sleep following intraventricular noradrenaline or dopamine but not by 5-hydroxytryptamine nor by noradrenaline or dopamine applied to the hypothalamus. Prenylamine also induced arousal following pretreatment of chicks with mebanazine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sex-based differences in plasma chemistry and cardiac marker test results in Siamese fighting fowl.

BACKGROUND: Variations in the results of plasma chemistry analysis as a function of sex have rarely been demonstrated in avian species. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate sex-related differences in values for routine biochemical variables, including conventional muscle enzymes, and novel cardiac markers in female and male Siamese fighting fowl. METHODS: Plasma chemistry analytes and cardiac marker proteins (creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin T) were measured in 70 Siamese fighting fowl using automated chemistry and immunoassay analyzers. Data were compared by 2-tailed t tests between sexes, and Spearman rank correlation between conventional and novel cardiac markers. RESULTS: Male fowl had significantly higher uric acid concentration and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; whereas, female fowl had significantly higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity. As compared with female fowl, the fighting cocks also had significantly higher plasma concentrations of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin T. Significant correlations between cardiac troponin T, but not creatine kinase-MB, and the activities of conventional muscle enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) were observed in male but not in female fowl. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that sex-specific differences exist for several biochemical parameters and cardiac marker proteins in fighting fowl, and that such differences should be considered in interpreting laboratory test results.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Novel angiotensin receptor subtypes in fowl.

We reported previously that blood vessels of domestic fowl contain angiotensin (ANG) receptors on 1) endothelium, mediating vasorelaxation via endothelium-derived relaxing factor and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; 2) vascular smooth muscles, mediating neither relaxation nor contraction; and 3) presumably adrenergic nerve endings, transmitting vasopressor action via a release of norepinephrine. We aimed in the present study to determine fowl vascular ANG receptor subtypes and relate them to function. [Val5]ANG II (native fowl ANG II) increased mean arterial pressure of anesthetized, ganglion-blocker-treated fowl. The dose-pressor response curve for fowl ANG II was not altered by pretreatment (i.v.) with the ANG receptor subtype 1 (AT1) antagonist Dup-753 (losartan, 10 mg/kg) or the subtype 2 (AT2) antagonist PD-123319 (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, cumulative doses (1-20 mg/kg) of losartan or PD-123319 did not selectively inhibit ANG II-induced pressor responses. In reserpine- and prazosin-treated anesthetized fowl, [Val5]ANG II caused dose-dependent vasodepressor actions inhibited by neither losartan (10 mg/kg) nor PD-123319 (10 mg/kg). Likewise, [Val5]ANG II-induced vasorelaxation of fowl aortic rings in vitro was not inhibitable by PD-123319 or losartan (10(-5) M). Specific binding of 125I-labeled ANG II to the aortic endothelium was markedly displaced by ANG II, but not selectively by PD-123319 or losartan. Specific binding of 125I-ANG II ligand to the membrane fraction of aortic smooth muscles was displaced (50% inhibitory concentration) by [Val5]ANG II (3.3 x 10(-8) M) and slightly by PD-123319 (3.7 x 10(-5) M), but not by losartan or EXP-3174, an active metabolite of losartan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Osteopontin expression in spontaneously developed neointima in fowl (Gallus gallus).

Fowl show spontaneous elevation of blood pressure and neointimal plaque formation in the abdominal aorta at young ages. A similar neointima can be induced by a balloon-catheter-induced endothelium injury to the fowl aorta. Both spontaneously developed and injury-induced vascular lesions exhibit subendothelial hyperplasia consisting of neointimal cells with a synthetic phenotype and abundant extracellular matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix in the formation of neointima is not known. In this study, we investigated whether osteopontin, an adhesive glycoprotein present in the extracellular matrix, is expressed in aortic smooth muscle tissue of the fowl abdominal aorta, in spontaneously developed neointimal plaques and in the aortic smooth muscle underlying neointimal plaques. Crude protein extracted from isolated aortic smooth muscle tissues and neointimal plaques was fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by immunoblotting with rabbit anti-fowl osteopontin (provided by Dr L. C. Gerstenfeld, Boston University) or anti-&agr; smooth muscle actin antibodies. The anti-fowl osteopontin antibody predominantly recognized a 66-70 kDa protein band in neointimal plaques that co-migrated with the osteopontin phosphoprotein from chick bone. In contrast, intact aortic smooth muscle and the smooth muscle underlying neointimal plaques equally expressed three proteins (66-70 kDa, approximately 50 kDa and approximately 43 kDa) recognized by the anti-osteopontin antibody. Anti-&agr; smooth muscle actin antibody recognized a 43 kDa protein band, and the expression of &agr; smooth muscle actin was higher in aortic smooth muscle than in neointimal plaques. Osteopontin mRNA expression was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of total RNA from vascular tissues with specific primers constructed on the basis of the reported fowl osteopontin nucleotide sequence. The PCR products from intact aortic smooth muscle and neointimal plaques correspond to the product from recombinant plasmid cDNA (a gift from Dr L. C. Gerstenfeld) transcribed in vitro. These results suggest that osteopontin is synthesized in intact aortic smooth muscle and neointimal plaques in fowl and that unmetabolized approximately 66 kDa osteopontin protein is a predominant form in the neointima, indicating that osteopontin protein may be actively synthesized in the neointima.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Effects of nicotine given into the brain of fowls.

1 The effects of nicotine, given into the IIIrd ventricle of adult conscious fowls (Gallus domesticus) or infused into various brain regions of conscious young chicks, were tested on behaviour, electrocortical activity, respiratory rate and body temperature. Its effects given intraventricularly or applied externally to the brain-stem of anaesthetized fowls were also examined.2 After intraventricular nicotine, fowls squatted for 3 to 5 min with eyes closed, electrocortical activity resembling that during sleep but with superimposed spike activity. Following this, fowls reawakened and tachypnoea developed, together with partial abduction of the wings from the trunk, the back becoming horizontal and the tail flexed. These effects were prevented by pempidine.3 Intraventricular nicotine suppressed or, less commonly, reduced operant key-pecking, an effect unrelated linearly to dose.4 Intraventricular nicotine given to fowls anaesthetized with chloralose produced brief apnoea, followed by increased amplitude of respiratory excursion for about 5 minutes. Respiratory rate accelerated slightly but tachypnoea did not develop. Nicotine applied directly to the ventral brain-stem increased respiratory amplitude in three out of seven fowls.5 In anaesthetized fowls, intraventricular nicotine raised blood pressure for 2 to 3 min, an effect prolonged up to 70 min by acute bilateral vagotomy, whereas pressor effects of intravenous nicotine were extended merely two to three fold. Dividing the spinal cord at C2 prevented pressor effects of intraventricular nicotine; those of intravenous nicotine were unaltered.6 In young chicks, nicotine infused into the diencephalon, telencephalon and myelencephalon induced effects similar to those observed immediately after intraventricular nicotine, i.e. chicks squatted with closed eyes but recovered within 3 to 5 minutes. Simultaneously, electrocortical activity changed from an alert to the sleep pattern, usually with superimposed ;spike' activity. Tachypnoea and associated postural changes did not develop. Pempidine prevented the behavioural and electrocortical effects of nicotine.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Chromosome rearrangements between chicken and guinea fowl defined by comparative chromosome painting and FISH mapping of DNA clones.

Chromosome homology between chicken (Gallus gallus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was investigated by comparative chromosome painting with chicken whole chromosome paints for chromosomes 1-9 and Z and by comparative mapping of 38 macrochromosome-specific (chromosomes 1-8 and Z) and 30 microchromosome-specific chicken cosmid DNA clones. The comparative chromosome analysis revealed that the homology of macrochromosomes is highly conserved between the two species except for two inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Guinea fowl chromosome 4 represented the centric fusion of chicken chromosome 9 with the q arm of chicken chromosome 4. Guinea fowl chromosome 5 resulted from the fusion of chicken chromosomes 6 and 7. A pericentric inversion was found in guinea fowl chromosome 7, which corresponded to chicken chromosome 8. All the chicken microchromosome-specific DNA clones were also localized to microchromosomes of guinea fowl except for several clones localized to the short arm of chromosome 4. These results suggest that the cytogenetic genome organization is highly conserved between chicken and guinea fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of two breeds of domestic fowl in the warm humid tropics.

Erythrocyte (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) values were found to be higher in Nigerian domestic fowls than those in Hubbard fowls. PCV and Hb values were higher in males than in females in both breeds. Erythrocytes of the Nigerian fowl were observed to be more susceptible to osmotic haemolysis than were erythrocytes of the Hubbard fowl. Erythrocytes of male fowls were osmotically more fragile than were those of female fowls in both breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Regulation of acrosome reaction of fowl spermatozoa: evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C and protein phosphatase-type 1 and/or -type 2A.

The signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of the acrosome reaction and motility of fowl spermatozoa were investigated. The motility and acrosomal integrity of fowl spermatozoa in TES/NaCl buffer, with or without homogenised inner perivitelline layers (IPVL), prepared from laid fowl eggs, was almost negligible at 40 degrees C. In the presence of 2 mmol CaCl(2)/l at 40 degrees C, motility became vigorous and the acrosome reaction was stimulated when IPVL was added. In the absence of Ca(2+), motility was stimulated by the addition of calyculin A and okadaic acid, both specific inhibitors of protein phosphatase-type 1 (PP1) and -type 2A (PP2A), but Okadaic acid, which is a weaker inhibitor of PP1, did not completely restore motility at 40 degrees C. However, the acrosome reaction was significantly and equally stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by both inhibitors in the range of 10-1000 nmol/l, when spermatozoa were incubated with IPVL but without Ca(2+). These inhibitors did not stimulate the acrosome reaction in the absence of IPVL. The vigorous motility of spermatozoa, stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+), was reduced gradually as the concentrations of SC-9, a selective activator of protein kinase C (PKC), were increased and a similar SC-9-induced inhibition was observed in the acrosome reaction in the presence of Ca(2+) and IPVL. These results confirm that IPVL is necessary for the activation of the acrosome reaction in fowl spermatozoa and that Ca(2+) plays an important role in the stimulation of motility and acrosomal exocytosis. Furthermore, it appears that the intracellular molecular mechanisms for the regulation of acrosome reaction of fowl spermatozoa are different from those for the restoration of motility, i.e., protein dephosporylation involving PP1 and/or PP2A in the former, and PP1 alone in the latter case. In addition, the activation of PKC may contribute to a decrease in the flagellar movement and acrosome reaction of fowl spermatozoa.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗
PubMed1975

Efficacy of turkey herpesvirus vaccine when administered simultaneously with fowl pox vaccine.

The efficacy of the turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine in protecting chickens challenged with virulent Marek's disease (MD) virus was unaffected by the presence of either the chick embryo fowl pox vaccine or fowl pox vaccine derived from cell culture. Conversely the HVT vaccine did not affect the efficacy of the fowl pox vaccine in chickens challenged with pathogenic fowl pox virus. A combination of spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate and lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate as well as spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate were found to be compatible with the HVT and fowl pox vaccines as demonstrated by resistance after challenge with virulent MD virus or fowl pox virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pattern of vascular canals in the bone extremities of the pelvic appendicular skeleton in broiler type fowl.

Broiler fowls were reared from hatching till 20 weeks old. Birds were killed throughout the growth period and the bone extremities of the pelvic appendicular skeleton prepared for study. The patterns of vascular canals in these broiler fowls were very similar to earlier reports in laying strain fowls. There was a great range of and variation in the vascular morphology of broiler fowl. The physeal vasculature of the rapidly growing broilers was frequently disrupted, and such areas were often associated with dyschondroplastic lesions. The rapidly growing bone extremities in broiler fowls were susceptible to occlusion of epiphyseal vascular canals. lesions were frequently seen at similar sites in different specimens. Links are suggested between the growth rate, weight and behavioural characteristics of broiler fowls and the development of lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of interspecific hybrids of the chicken, guinea fowl, and Japanese quail for innate resistance to coccidia.

Experimental chicken/guinea fowl hybrids, guinea fowl, and chickens were orally inoculated with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella, which are specific for chickens, or with E. grenieri, which is specific for guinea fowl. No intact oocysts were found in feces within 24 hr of inoculation, suggesting that excystation occurred in the normal and abnormal hosts. No oocysts were found in the feces of hybrids during a 9-day postinoculation period. The guinea fowl passed oocysts of guinea fowl coccidia (E. grenieri) but not those of chicken coccidia, and the chickens passed oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina and E. tenella) but not those of guinea fowl coccidia. Some asexual development (schizogony) occurred in hybrids inoculated with E. tenella, but sexual development (gametogony) did not. In contrast, quail/chicken hybrids became infected with oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima) and quail coccidia (E. bateri) and passed a few oocysts during the normal patent period; control chickens and quails became heavily infected with oocysts of chicken and quail coccidia, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks.

Groups of 10 two-week-old chicks, turkey poults and ducklings were each infected by the intranasal route with one of four avian influenza viruses: a/fowl/Germany/34 (Hav 1N))--Rostock, A/FPV/Dutch/27 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Dutch, A/fowl/Victoria/75 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Australian, and A/parrot/Ulster/73 (Hav 1 N1)--Ulster. Eight hours after infection 10 birds of the same age and species were placed in contact with each group and allowed to mix. The clinical signs of disease and onset of sickness and death were recorded. Ulster virus was completely avirulent for all birds. Rostock, Dutch and Australian viruses were virulent for fowls and turkeys causing death in all birds with the exception of 3/10 in contact fowls from the Rostock virus group and 2/10 in contact fowls from the Australian virus group. Only Rostock virus caused sicked sickness or death in ducks, 9/10 intranasally infected and 6/7 in contact birds showed clinical signs and 2/10 intranasally infected and 3/7 in contact ducks died. Intranasal and in contact pathogenicity indices were calculated for each virus in each bird species and indicated quantitatively the differences in virulence of the four virus strains. Virus isolation and immune response studies indicated that surviving in contact fowls in the Rostock virus group had never been infected but that surviving Australian virus in contact fowls had recovered from infection. Infection was not established in Ulster virus in contact fowls and Australian virus intranasally infected and in contact ducks. The birds in all other groups showed positive virus isolations and a high incidence of positive immune response. The last virus isolation was made at 22 days after intranasal infection of ducks with Ulster virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Pathogenesis of avian mycobacteriosis in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris f. domestica)].

Experimental infections enabled to study susceptibility to M. avium and disease pathogenesis in the turkey and guinea fowl. After intramuscular implantation of M. avium suspension macroscopic tuberculous lesions were observed at the spot of puncture in turkeys in 35 days, and miliary tuberculosis of liver and spleen in 55 days. Cultivation demonstrated mycobacteria in various organs and tissues since day 12 after infection. The guinea fowl showed macroscopic lesions at the spot of puncture in 28 days, and miliary tuberculosis of liver and spleen in 42 days. Cultivation of most tissues gave positive results since day 14 with prevailing massive growth of mycobacteria. After infection with feed contaminated with the liver of the tuberculous fowl isolated tuberculous lesions in liver, spleen and lungs were observed in the turkey in 133 days, and in the intestine in 163 days. Cultivation was successful enough to demonstrate sporadic mycobacteria in spleen and lungs in 106 days. The guinea fowl showed isolated tuberculous lesions in liver, spleen and intestines in 160 days. Cultivation after 160 days also gave positive results, particularly the presence of mycobacteria in liver, spleen and lungs was proved to be massive. After contacts with the tuberculous fowl, the turkeys showed isolated tuberculous lesions in the liver, spleen and lungs since day 218. Cultivation gave positive results since day 218. Isolated tuberculous lesions in liver were observed in the guinea fowl in 180 days, as well as in spleen, lungs and intestines in 270 days. Cultivation demonstrated smaller numbers of mycobacteria in the infected tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Genetic control of cellular infection by subgroups A and C RNA tumour viruses in guinea fowl.

An investigation was carried out in guinea fowl to determine their susceptibility to infection by Rous sarcoma viruses of subgroups A and C. A standard dose of each subgroup virus was inoculated into 14-day-old embryos via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). On the 10th day after inoculation, 50% of the embryonic chorioallantoic membranes were harvested to assess their infection status (CAM(+) or (-)), while the rest were allowed to hatch. The hatchabilities of the embryos inoculated with subgroups A and C were about 50% and 57%, respectively. The relative sensitivities of guinea fowl to infection by viruses of subgroups A and C were observed to be 0.220 and 0.003, respectively, as compared to chickens (1.00). Mortality due to subgroup A virus-induced liver tumours (LT) was 54% and four phenotypic subclasses, namely CAM(+) LT(+), CAM(+) LT(-), CAM(-) LT(+) and CAM(-) LT(-), were observed in guinea fowl as in chickens. However, a higher incidence (31%) of conversely associated phenotypes, i.e. CAM(+) LT(-) and CAM(-) LT(+), were observed in guinea fowl. Mortality caused by subgroup A virus-induced liver tumours was first observed in inoculated guinea fowl keets during the 3rd week after hatching, and 93% of the mortality occurred within 6 weeks. The peak mortality occurred in the 4th week after hatching. The target organs for transformation were considered to be the liver and spleen because of the equal incidence of tumours in these organs. Males and females were equally likely to die from liver tumours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alpharetrovirus↗