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PubMed1990

Critical evaluation of the composition and use of topical fluorides, with emphasis on the role of calcium fluoride in caries inhibition.

There is evidence that a major part of the fluoride which is retained on teeth during topical application is calcium fluoride or calcium fluoride-like, and that this material is relatively stable in the mouth. This is due to surface adsorption of phosphate (HPO4(2-)) ions onto the calcium fluoride surface. Calcium fluoride releases fluoride during caries challenges due to reduced concentration of HPO4(2-) at acid pH. Normally, the fluoride released from calcium fluoride during caries challenges is subsequently built into hydroxyfluorapatite through dissolution/re-precipitation reactions. It appears likely that the formation of calcium fluoride from topical application agents should be increased and not reduced, as believed in the past. Increased deposition of calcium fluoride can be achieved with increased reaction time between fluoride and enamel, reduced pH of the solution, increased concentration, or pre-treatment with calcium. A reduction in pH of the agents is probably the most practical approach to increase the deposition of calcium fluoride during topical application, and clinical data support this contention. Calcium fluorides with various dissolution rates are formed during different procedures of topical application with fluoride, presumably due to incorporation of phosphate into the calcium fluoride crystals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effects of non-fluoridated and fluoridated milk on experimental caries in rats.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the caries-protective potential of non-fluoridated and fluoridated milk and to compare the efficacy of different compounds of fluoride as additives to milk. OM rats were maintained in three experiments in a frequency-controlled feeding machine of König et al. (1968) or, during one study, in metabolic cages with diet MIT 200 for three weeks. They received (1) milk with Ca-Fluoride [solubilized by KA1-Sulfate], (2) NaF, (3) NaMFP, and (4) Na-Silicofluoride. Controls were supplied with water or NaF solution of the same concentration of 10 or 15 ppm F. In addition, raw milk was provided ad libitum for the rats in a preliminary test. At the beginning and the end of the experiments, the pH of milk, its fluoride concentration, the body weight gain, the caries score, the fluoride concentration of the outermost enamel surface, the percentage of the interproximal bacteria, and the fluoride ingestion and excretion were determined. The raw milk significantly reduced the animal caries score by around 40%. This effect was lower but reproducible under programmed feeding with milk of a reduced fatty content (1.5%). The addition of Ca-Fluoride, which was not totally ionized (6.5 ppm F), reduced the caries score again by around 40%. Increasing concentrations of NaF (5, 10, 15 ppm F), Na-Silicofluoride, or NaMFP showed similar caries-inhibiting effects without remarkable influence of the fluoride dosage used. The percentage of streptococci ranged from 30 to 60 in the fluoridated milk and control groups as well. The increasing fluoride deposition in the enamel reflected the various fluoride dosages offered. The rats receiving non-fluoridated milk or distilled water had a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those receiving fluoridated milk. The permanent availability of fluoride during the animal tests caused a higher caries-inhibiting effect than in clinical human studies reported.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2002

Enamel fluoride retention after application of fluoride-containing rubber cups.

PURPOSE: To compare the fluoride retention in bovine enamel after using fluoride-containing rubber cups or a conventional rubber cup in combination with a fluoride-containing polishing paste. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From each of 20 bovine incisors, 5 enamel slabs with a diameter of 3 mm were sectioned and assigned to 5 groups (A,B,C,D,E). Group A was left untreated and served as the negative control. Group B was polished with a rubber cup combined with a fluoride-containing prophylaxis paste for 10 s (Hawe Cleanic). Groups C and D were treated in the same manner by using a fluoride-containing rubber cup with 2,262 ppm or 9,048 ppm fluoride as NaF. Group E enamel was brushed for 10 s with a toothbrush and a slurry of distilled water and fluoride gel with 12,500 ppm fluoride as NaF and AmF (Elmex Gelee) and served as the positive control. Th e specimens were analyzed using the method of Caslavska et al. After determining the KOH soluble fluoride on the enamel surface, the content of structurally bound fluoride was analyzed in three consecutive layers of 30 microm. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for statistical analysis (P< 0.05). RESULTS: For the KOH-soluble fluoride, Groups B and D accumulated more KOH-soluble fluoride than the negative control and less than the positive control. With respect to the structurally bound fluoride, the accumulation in Group D was higher when compared to all other groups. It was concluded that a rubber cup with 9,048 ppm fluoride may be an effective alternative to the use of a fluoride-containing prophylaxis paste.

Amines↗
PubMed2003

[Fluoride concentration in saliva after use of fluoride varnish].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this vivo study was to compare fluoride concentration in saliva of patients treated with fluoride varnish and fluoride solution. METHODS: 20 5-year-old children were selected and divided into fluoride varnish and fluoride solution groups. The samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected at base-line before and after 0.25h,0.5h,1h,2h,6h,12h,24h treatment with fluoride varnish and fluoride solution. Saliva fluoride concentrations were measured using an ion-specific electrode. RESULTS: After 0.25h,0.5h,1h,2h,6h treatment with fluoride varnish, the values of salivary fluoride concentration were higher than baseline,the values of fluoride varnish group were higher than those in fluoride solution group after 0.5h to 6h. CONCLUSION: Compared with fluoride solution, fluoride varnish maintained a longer time of high salivary fluoride concentration.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

Appropriate uses of fluorides for children: guidelines from the Canadian Workshop on the Evaluation of Current Recommendations Concerning Fluorides.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride ingestion by revising recommendations for fluoride intake by children. OPTIONS: Limiting fluoride ingestion from fluoridated water, fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrices. OUTCOMES: Reduction in the prevalence of dental fluorosis and continued prevention of dental caries. EVIDENCE: Before the workshop, experts prepared comprehensive literature reviews of fluoride therapies, fluoride ingestion and the prevalence and causes of dental fluorosis. The papers, which were peer-reviewed, revised and circulated to the workshop participants, formed the basis of the workshop discussions. VALUES: Recommendations to limit fluoride intake were vigorously debated before being adopted as the consensus opinion of the workshop group. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Decrease in the prevalence of dental fluorosis with continuing preventive effects of fluoride use. The only significant cost would be in preparing new, low-concentration fluoride products for distribution. RECOMMENDATIONS: Fluoride supplementation should be limited to children 3 years of age and older in areas where there is less than 0.3 ppm of fluoride in the water supply. Children in all areas should use only a "pea-sized" amount of fluoride dentifrice no more than twice daily under the supervision of an adult. VALIDATION: These recommendations are almost identical to changes to recommendations for the use of fluoride supplements recently proposed by a group of European countries. SPONSORS: The workshop was organized by Dr. D. Christopher Clark, of the University of British Columbia, and Drs. Hardy Limeback and Ralph C. Burgess, of the University of Toronto, and funded by Proctor and Gamble Inc., Toronto, the Medical Research Council of Canada and Health Canada (formerly the Department of National Health and Welfare). The recommendations were formally adopted by the Canadian Dental Association in April 1993.

Canada↗
PubMed1986

Occupational fluoride exposure and plasma fluoride levels in man.

The individual fluoride exposure and the corresponding body fluid levels were studied in 41 workers in an aluminum plant in Sweden. During the shift (8 h) personal air samplings were performed and plasma fluoride levels determined. Pre- and post-shift urine fluoride excretion were also measured. The average total fluoride exposure was 0.91 mg/m3 of which 34% was gaseous fluoride (mean value 0.31 mg/m3). The mean fluoride plasma level before the shift was 23 ng/ml (1.2 microM/l) and increased on average to 48 ng/ml (range 14-151 ng/ml) at the end of the shift. The plasma levels found were in no case remarkably high. There was a high correlation between fluoride renal clearance and urinary flow (r = 0.481; n = 38; P = 0.00232). A high fluid intake during the shift will thus increase the capacity of the kidney to excrete fluoride and decrease the levels of fluoride in the body. There was a significant correlation between the amount of gaseous fluoride and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (r = 0.459; n = 40; P = 0.0029) and also the amount of fluoride excreted (r = 0.530; n = 40; P = 0.0004). When fluoride exposure and body burden are to be studied on an individual basis these two parameters give better quantitative information and are to be recommended instead of urine fluoride concentration measurements. The prevention of fluoride inhalation by using a safety-mask during the shift was also demonstrated. The workers who used a safety-mask during the whole shift reduced the inhalation of fluoride to 30 to 40% compared to those who did not use any mask.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Review on fluoride-releasing restorative materials--fluoride release and uptake characteristics, antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article was to review the fluoride release and recharge capabilities, and antibacterial properties, of fluoride-releasing dental restoratives, and discuss the current status concerning the prevention or inhibition of caries development and progression. METHODS: Information from original scientific full papers or reviews listed in PubMed (search term: fluoride release AND (restorative OR glass-ionomer OR compomer OR polyacid-modified composite resin OR composite OR amalgam)), published from 1980 to 2004, was included in the review. Papers dealing with endodontic or orthodontic topics were not taken into consideration. Clinical studies concerning secondary caries development were only included when performed in split-mouth design with an observation period of at least three years. RESULTS: Fluoride-containing dental materials show clear differences in the fluoride release and uptake characteristics. Short- and long-term fluoride releases from restoratives are related to their matrices, setting mechanisms and fluoride content and depend on several environmental conditions. Fluoride-releasing materials may act as a fluoride reservoir and may increase the fluoride level in saliva, plaque and dental hard tissues. However, clinical studies exhibited conflicting data as to whether or not these materials significantly prevent or inhibit secondary caries and affect the growth of caries-associated bacteria compared to non-fluoridated restoratives. SIGNIFICANCE: Fluoride release and uptake characteristics depend on the matrices, fillers and fluoride content as well as on the setting mechanisms and environmental conditions of the restoratives. Fluoride-releasing materials, predominantly glass-ionomers and compomers, did show cariostatic properties and may affect bacterial metabolism under simulated cariogenic conditions in vitro. However, it is not proven by prospective clinical studies whether the incidence of secondary caries can be significantly reduced by the fluoride release of restorative materials.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Long-term in vitro fluoride release and rerelease from orthodontic bonding materials containing fluoride.

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro long-term (30 month) fluoride release and rerelease rates (after fluoride exposure) from 3 orthodontic bonding materials containing fluoride and 1 without fluoride. Ten samples of each material (Python, TP Orthodontics, LaPorte, Ind; Assure, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill; Fuji Ortho LC, GC America, Alsip, Ill; and Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were fabricated and stored in deionized distilled water at 37 degrees C. Five samples had fluoride-release rates measured at days 546, 637, 730, 821, and 913 after initial fabrication, and 5 samples were exposed to fluoride (Nupro 2% NaF gel, Dentsply Canada, Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada) for 4 minutes at day 535 and had measurements taken on days 546, 548, 552, 575, 637, 730, 821, and 913. To prevent cumulative measurements, the storage solutions were changed 24 hours before measurement. Statistically significant differences were found in fluoride-release rates (P <.0001), with Fuji Ortho LC releasing the most fluoride, followed by Python and Assure at all time points in the nonfluoride exposed group. In the fluoride-exposed group, there were significant differences in fluoride release (P <.0001), with Fuji Ortho LC releasing the most fluoride. A "burst-effect" pattern of fluoride release was seen after fluoride exposure for all materials. It was concluded that Fuji Ortho LC, Assure, and Python might have sufficient long-term fluoride-release rates to reduce white spot formation, and all are recommended as suitable fluoride-releasing orthodontic bonding materials.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1997

Salivary fluoride concentration in adults after different fluoride procedures.

Today, several alternatives for fluoride therapy are available. To give advice on the choice of method, the dentist should have information on how effective different fluoride treatments are in increasing salivary fluoride concentration. The aim of the present study was to measure the fluoride concentration of saliva after the use of four different fluoride methods commonly used in the Nordic countries: F mouthrinse (0.023% F), F toothpaste (1.1% F). F lozenge (0.25 mg F), and F chewing gum (0.25 mg F). In addition, a new method using toothpaste water mixture as a mouthrinse was included in the study. Fourteen adult volunteers used each of the five methods on separate days. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at base line and 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min after the fluoride procedure. Fluoride was separated by the microdiffusion method and analyzed using a fluoride-specific electrode. Fluoride mouthrinse and fluoride toothpaste increased the fluoride concentration of saliva significantly more than fluoride lozenge and fluoride chewing gum. For both of the latter, salivary fluoride concentration was still increased after 1 h. Toothpaste-water rinse was more effective than brushing with toothpaste. Rinsing with toothpaste-water mixture appears a good alternative for adults who need extra fluoride therapy but are not motivated enough to brush their teeth several times a day.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Enamel fluoride uptake of a novel water-based fluoride varnish.

Aim of the in situ-study was to evaluate fluoride retention in sound and demineralised enamel after application of a novel water-based fluoride (0.12% F) varnish Mirafluorid (Hager and Werken, Germany) compared to the resin-based varnish (2.26% F) Duraphat (Colgate, USA). Each five enamel specimens were prepared from 60 bovine incisors. In 150 of these specimens, incipient lesions were produced with acidic hydroxyethylcellulose (pH 4.8; 72 h), 150 specimens were not demineralised. The samples were equally (n=100) allotted to three groups (A: Mirafluord, B: Duraphat, and C: control). Each 80 specimens (40 demineralised and 40 sound) were varnished with either Mirafluorid or Duraphat or remained unfluoridated (controls). The other specimens were used for measuring base-line fluoride content of the respective tooth. Each six specimens (three demineralised and three sound) were fixed in intraoral appliances worn for 5 days by 10 volunteers in three series (A-C). During the experiment, the samples were brushed twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste. KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride (0-30 and 31-60 microm depth) was determined immediately, 1, 3 and 5 days after fluoridation. Fluoride uptake was calculated as compared to base-line content and statistically analysed. Immediately after fluoridation, uptake of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride was similar for Mirafluorid and Duraphat in both demineralised and sound enamel. However, at day 1, 3 and 5 statistically significantly higher amounts of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride were found in the samples treated with Duraphat. For Mirafluorid only the uptake for KOH-soluble fluoride and structurally bound fluoride in the first enamel layer (0-30 microm) of the demineralised samples was significantly higher compared to the controls (C). It is concluded that the novel fluoride varnish Mirafluorid deposits less KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride on both demineralised and sound enamel compared to Duraphat under in situ-conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Fluoride - is it capable of fighting old and new dental diseases? An overview of existing fluoride compounds and their clinical applications.

Since researchers first became aware of the anticaries action of fluoride, they have been investigating the effect of this preventive agent in inhibiting or arresting caries development. Many forms of systemic or topical fluoride have been studied and tested for clinical application. Water, salt, milk fluoridation and the use of fluoride supplements were introduced for systemic fluoridation mainly using sodium fluoride. Solutions, gels, toothpastes and rinses of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, amine fluorides, acidulated phosphate fluoride and monofluorophosphate were used for topical fluoridation. More recently nonaqueous fluoride varnishes in an alcoholic solution of natural resins and difluorosilane agents in a polyurethane matrix were introduced. Although all of these fluoridation methods have a caries-preventive action, these benefits and the ease of application is variable. As fluoride is a key component of oral health promotion a coordinated approach on a community and individual basis seems to be needed to maximize the cost-benefit ratio of prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP Planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to compare the detection of bone metastases by 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) planar bone scintigraphy (BS), SPECT, 18F-Fluoride PET, and 18F-Fluoride PET/CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. METHODS: In a prospective study, BS and 18F-Fluoride PET/CT were performed on the same day in 44 patients with high-risk prostate cancer. In 20 of the latter patients planar BS was followed by single field-of-view (FOV) SPECT and in 24 patients by multi-FOV SPECT of the axial skeleton. Lesions were interpreted separately on each of the 4 modalities as normal, benign, equivocal, or malignant. RESULTS: In patient-based analysis, 23 patients had skeletal metastatic spread (52%) and 21 did not. Categorizing equivocal and malignant interpretation as suggestive for malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of planar BS were 70%, 57%, 64%, and 55%, respectively, of multi-FOV SPECT were 92%, 82%, 86%, and 90%, of (18)F-Fluoride PET were 100%, 62%, 74%, and 100%, and of 18F-Fluoride PET/CT were 100% for all parameters. Using the McNemar test, 18F-Fluoride PET/CT was statistically more sensitive and more specific than planar or SPECT BS (P < 0.05) and more specific than 18F-Fluoride PET (P < 0.001). SPECT was statistically more sensitive and more specific than planar BS (P < 0.05) but was less sensitive than 18F-Fluoride PET (P < 0.05). In lesion-based analysis, 156 lesions with increased uptake of 18F-Fluoride were assessed. Based on the corresponding appearance on CT, lesions were categorized by PET/CT as benign (n = 99), osteoblastic metastasis (n = 46), or equivocal when CT was normal (n = 11). Of the 156 18F-Fluoride lesions, 81 lesions (52%), including 34 metastases, were overlooked with normal appearance on planar BS. SPECT identified 62% of the lesions overlooked by planar BS. 18F-Fluoride PET/CT was more sensitive and more specific than BS (P < 0.001) and more specific than PET alone (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: 18F-Fluoride PET/CT is a highly sensitive and specific modality for detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. It is more specific than 18F-Fluoride PET alone and more sensitive and specific than planar and SPECT BS. Detection of bone metastases is improved by SPECT compared with planar BS and by 18F-Fluoride PET compared with SPECT. This added value of 18F-Fluoride PET/CT may beneficially impact the clinical management of patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Fluoride intake by Brazilian children from two communities with fluoridated water.

OBJECTIVES: To determine total daily fluoride intake by young children from two communities in a developing country. METHODS: Fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice was determined for 71 Brazilian children, aged 19-38 months, living in two communities with fluoridated water (0.6-0.8 ppm). The children from Piracicaba attended a full-time day care centre but those from Ibiá did not. Fluoride ingested during tooth brushing was determined, and 'duplicate-plate' samples of all foods and beverages ingested during a 2-day period were collected from which fluoride for analysis was extracted by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) microdiffusion. The amount of fluoride ingested (mg F/kg body weight/day) from the diet and dentifrice and the combined fluoride intake were calculated. A limit of 0.05-0.07 mg F/kg body weight/day was considered as the safe threshold for fluoride exposure. RESULTS: The children from Ibiá had lower amounts of fluoride in their diets than those from Piracicaba (P < 0.05); no differences in the amount of fluoride ingested from dentifrice were found between the communities. In both communities, the daily fluoride intake from dentifrice was higher than that from the diet (P < 0.05). Most of the children from both communities were exposed to a combined dose (diet + dentifrice) of fluoride above the risk threshold for dental fluorosis. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that fluoride intake from diet depends on living conditions, and measures should be implemented to reduce the fluoride intake of these Brazilian children.

Beverages↗
PubMed1994

Factors associated with the use of fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrice by infants and toddlers.

Dental fluorosis may be associated with the inappropriate use of fluoride dentifrices and/or dietary fluoride supplements by young children, especially for those who consume optimally fluoridated water. Studies to date have used retrospective designs that rely on anamnestic responses of adults to determine fluoride exposures in their children. The 1986 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collected information on current use of fluoride-containing dental products (dentifrices, drops, tablets, and mouthrinses) by all household members during home interviews. This report contains information obtained from adults for 1,996 children younger than two years of age. Nearly half of the children used fluoride dentifrices or dietary fluoride supplements. Eleven percent of the children younger than one year of age and nearly 60 percent of children between one and two years of age reportedly used a fluoride toothpaste. Dietary fluoride supplements were used about equally in these age groups (about 16%). The use of a fluoride dentifrice was similar across racial-ethnic groups, but the use of dietary fluoride supplements was less among blacks and Hispanics. A significantly higher proportion of children whose respondent knew the purpose of water fluoridation used some type of fluoride product. Because young children tend to swallow dentifrices, the findings of this study suggest the need for educational programs targeted to parents and health care providers regarding the appropriate use of fluorides and the risk of fluorosis when they are used inappropriately.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Fluoride pharmacokinetics in good and poor responders to fluoride therapy.

In this study, the relationship between fluoride pharmacokinetics and the response in spinal bone density to fluoride treatment was studied in 14 patients with primary osteoporosis treated with fluoride for at least 1 year. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of fluoride were determined after ingestion of 10 mg fluoride as monofluorophosphate. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to a linear one-compartment open model. The fasting serum fluoride level was 8.8 +/- 0.98 mumol/liter. The peak serum fluoride level was 20.5 +/- 1.4 mumol/liter and was reached within 2 h after ingestion of fluoride. When the patients were divided into good and poor responders, based on whether they did or did not exhibit a change in spinal bone density of 13 mg/cc per year or more, we found that good responders had decreased renal fluoride clearance (-62 +/- 13%, p less than .02), increased maximum change in serum fluoride (+38 +/- 18%, p less than .01), increased extrarenal clearance (+62 +/- 57%, p less than .05) and increased change in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (+241 +/- 169%, p less than 0.02) compared with poor responders. Our data suggest that one factor accounting for a good response is a relatively high serum level of fluoride. However, although the maximum change in serum fluoride was greater in good responders compared with poor responders, variations in fluoride levels could not explain all of the variation in spinal bone density. Therefore, we propose that in addition to differences in serum fluoride, other factors are also responsible for the good response.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The effect of fluoridation and its discontinuation on fluoride profiles in the alveolar bone of rat.

We investigated the effect of fluoridation and its discontinuation on fluoride content in the alveolar portion of the mandible in rats. Drinking water with three different fluoride contents (0, 50, 100 ppmF) was given to rats for three different periods (4, 13 and 25 weeks). Fluoride concentrations were measured in the crest, the middle, and the apical parts of the alveolar bone and in the body of the mandible. Furthermore, after fluoridated drinking water was given to rats for 4 or 13 weeks, distilled water was given to them for 21 or 12 weeks respectively; and the effect of the discontinuation on fluoride profiles was investigated. Layer samples were analyzed by abrasive microsampling. Fluoride and phosphorus concentrations were determined by ion-specific electrode and colorimetric procedures, respectively. There was an increase in fluoride concentrations in the mandible in proportion to the fluoride content in the drinking water and the duration of fluoridation. After fluoridation was discontinued, fluoride concentrations in the surface layers of the mandible presented a decrease. Among the four different parts of the mandible, the upper part of the alveolar bone and the alveolar crest part presented the highest rates of reduction. The relative reduction rate of fluoride concentration was closely related to the duration of discontinuation. The alveolar crest was affected most by the discontinuation of fluoridation, presenting the greatest reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effect of stretching on the release of fluoride from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in-vitro investigation was to determine whether stretching increases the amount of fluoride released from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures. METHODS: Ten groups of 4 fluoridated elastomeric ligatures stretched over edgewise premolar brackets were compared with 10 groups of 4 ligatures that were not stretched over brackets. Each group was placed in individual polyethylene bottles containing 1 mL of distilled water and maintained at 37 degrees C in an incubator. A polyethylene bottle containing only distilled water and 4 brackets was used as the control. The fluoride content of the samples was determined once a day for 7 days and regularly thereafter up to 196 days. A fluoride-ion selective electrode coupled to an analyzer was used to determine the fluoride content of the solutions. The sample solutions were changed 24 hours before readings to prevent the results from being cumulative. RESULTS: The fluoride-ion release for each of the groups was calculated and expressed as total fluoride release in micrograms of fluoride per day per milliliter per elastomer. During the first month in solution, the stretched fluoridated elastomers released approximately 32 microgF.day/mL and the unstretched speciments released 30 microgF.day/mL. This represents a 7% increase in fluoride release, which was statistically significant (P = .007). Over the entire test period (196 days), the modules stretched over the brackets released about 13% more fluoride. This was also a statistically significant difference (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Stretching increases the concentration and amount of fluoride released from fluoridated elastomeric ligatures.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2001

The effect on human salivary fluoride concentration of consuming fluoridated salt-containing baked food items.

Salt fluoridation is recognised world-wide as a proven and viable alternative means of consumer choice-related, community-based fluoridation where water fluoridation is either technically or politically impossible. However, as most salt consumed is contained within cooked food products, rather than sprinkled over prepared food at the table, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on salivary fluoride concentration of consuming baked food products prepared with 250 and 350 ppm fluoridated salt (as KF). Six food items were baked with (a) normal non-fluoridated salt, (b) 250 mg F/kg salt and (c) 350 mg F/kg salt. Eleven adult volunteers consumed these foodstuffs on separate occasions and salivary samples were collected for fluoride analyses before and at various time points (1-30 min) after eating. For most foodstuffs, small but significant increases in salivary fluoride concentration occurred for at least 5 min after ingestion of the fluoridated salt-containing items. Salivary fluoride concentrations peaked 1 or 2 min after eating, with highest values for the six test foods ranging from 0.16 to 0.25 ppm F, and from 0.18 to 0.44 ppm F for the 250 and 350 mg F/kg salt products, respectively. In all cases, salivary fluoride concentrations had returned to baseline by 20 min. The clinical significance of such small, short-term increases in salivary fluoride is uncertain, but the findings suggest that a more frequent intake of foods with fluoridated salt substituted for normal salt could help sustain slightly elevated salivary fluoride concentrations for more prolonged periods of the day, and might thus potentiate the cariostatic effects of saliva on tooth mineral.

Adult↗