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PubMed1992

First-aid supplies for backpacking.

A portable first-aid kit should be carried in the backpack of campers, hikers, and anyone who expects to spend time in a remote and unoccupied area. That is the recommendation found in lay texts dealing with medical care, in backpacking books, as well as in articles appearing in popular magazines. It goes without saying that it is far better to practise safety and prevention than to have to use first aid. However, many times medical problems occur which no amount of safety and forethought could have prevented. Information in this paper indicates that hikers are generally well prepared for the health-related problems they encounter. Hikers carry diverse supplies to meet health problems but there are some basic supplies with which hikers start their long-distance sojourn. Those supplies and their usage rates are discussed, as are attitudes toward using the supplies.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1987

[Organization of first-aid in street auto-racing].

The author proposes a modus operandi for organizing first-aid services for motor-racing accidents. After reviewing the literature relating to first-aid systems and the provisions of aw applying in this field, attention is drawn to the need to create efficient first-aid systems, particularly in view of the very high number of such events held during the course of the year. In particular, the author examines the problems relating to the study of the territory in which the event is to be held and suggests special training for technical support personnel and for those actually participating in races. He then goes on to assess in detail the positioning of emergency vehicles, the choice of such vehicles and means of liaison with the base of operations. Particular attention is devoted to the role of the doctor in charge of the first-aid service, who should possess the necessary expertise and practical experience.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[First aid to patients with multiple facial injuries].

The first aid techniques available for treating patients with multiple face traumas are reviewed: first aid proper (mouth-to-mouth respiration, mouth-to-nose respiration and external heart massage); picking up the patient (radio-TV link between ambulance and Resuscitation Department); transport (rationally planned ambulance with expert in resuscitation aboard); reception area (with radio-TV link, the Resuscitation physicianc can alert staff in the ward to which the patient should be admitted).

Emergencies↗
PubMed2005

First-aid training and capabilities of the lay public: a potential alternative source of emergency medical assistance following a natural disaster.

Basic first-aid skills can be useful in treating minor injuries that commonly result from natural disasters in the United States. Yet there has been insufficient research on training and competence in first-aid skills among community residents. This study utilises panel data for 414 adults in Los Angeles, California, who were interviewed within three years of the 1994 Northridge earthquake and re-interviewed in 1999 after the El Ninõ winter of 1997-98. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results showed that 24 percent of the members of the sample had received first-aid training since their Northridge earthquake interview. First-aid training, particularly recent training, was associated with greater perceived first-aid skills, as well as with increased expected and actual employment of those skills. With the appropriate training and skill retention, lay members of the public can potentially contribute to a post-disaster medical response.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

First aid: essential skills for nurses.

This article focuses on the development of first aid content in the Project 2000 curriculum in one college of nursing. It also reviews literature relevant to the nurse's legal, professional and moral duties to give first aid. The development and evaluation of a pilot first aid course for Project 2000 students is described, followed by an outline of future plans.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

Pediatric first aid knowledge among parents.

OBJECTIVE: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has published simple guidelines for the first aid management of ill or injured children. We determined knowledge of these first aid practices in parents. METHODS: Design-Descriptive survey. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of adult parents presenting to the emergency department. SURVEY INSTRUMENT: Standardized collection of demographics was performed and adults were given a multiple-choice questionnaire concerning the proper management of stings and bites, burns and scalds, eye injuries, fractures and sprains, fever, head injuries, fainting, poisoning, dental emergencies, nosebleeds, seizures, and skin wounds. OUTCOMES: Percentage of adults responding to questions appropriately based on AAP guidelines. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and chi2 tests. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-four adults were surveyed. Mean age (SD) was 38.5 (13.8), 56% were female, 69% were white, 56% had at least a high school education. None of those surveyed answered all questions correctly with roughly half being familiar with 60% of the questions. Knowledge of specific guidelines ranged from 21% to 92%. Subjects especially lacked knowledge regarding the need to rapidly remove all bee stingers (only 36% aware); keep wounds moist and covered (79% felt that drying wounds was beneficial); the need to cover victims of large burns (only 43% aware); and the need to seek medical attention after tick bites (only 47% aware). Knowledge was unaffected by age, gender, and education. CONCLUSIONS: Many adults are unfamiliar with AAP first aid measures according to the AAP guidelines and most believe that wounds should be allowed to dry. Further education is required to improve knowledge of first aid practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[First-aid measures in 939 fatally injured victims (author's transl)].

In a retrospective study first-aid measures taken in 939 individuals who had died from accidents and the means of transport were investigated. At the scene of accident, emergency medical technicians have been and will in future be the ones to take first measures (43%). Physicians (22%) and untrained persons (20%) alike have been found to attend to victims at about the same frequency. In 37% of the cases first-aid was administered in the form of conservative measures. Resuscitation, artificial respiration and infusions were instituted in only a few cases. 10% of the victims died at the site of the accident. Of 245 hospitalized individuals 15% had suffered shock, 9% were admitted for aspiration and 2% had died from excessive blood loss. In 80% of the cases both primary and secondary transport was by ambulance. In view of the above situation it is, therefore, urged that first-aid training of laymen be organized on a broad scale and that all possibilities of providing instruction be exploited. Emergency medical technicians should receive well-founded and goal-oriented training enabling them to master the outlined complications. Since adequate first-aid care from other physicians has not been available, there is a need to enlist increasingly the services of specially trained emergency ambulance physicians.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1994

[First aid measures by lay persons in cardiovascular arrest].

The efficiency of first aid resuscitation is affirmed by many publications. In a questionnaire of the division of Cardiology of the Department of Internal Medicine, Graz and the Styrian Heart Patient Society distributed during the course of the Graz spring fair 1993 the population was approached as to first aid in cardiac arrest. 550 subjects responded to answer this circular for assessment dividing the population statistically in 4 different age groups showing differences among male and female and country and city dwellers. It has been shown that general first aid resuscitation has been known sufficiently, whereas special cardiorespiratory procedures (such as artificial respiration or cardiac massage) were unknown to most.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Evaluating the efficacy of lay first aid classes. An analysis of 222 ambulance interventions in Vienna].

In spite of the well known necessity of correct first aid, only a small part of all emergency patients in Vienna receive proper first aid support by lay people. Analysis of 222 cases of the Vienna emergency ambulance service shows, that patients receive correct first aid far more often after an accident that in an internal emergency. Only few patients receive psychical support in a medical emergency. The necessity of a change in the first aid course contents is discussed in this article.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

First aid treatment of epistaxis--are the patients well informed?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of lay knowledge of first aid measures for epistaxis, and to determine the effectiveness of an ENT department policy of providing an advice sheet of first aid measures. METHODS: 50 patients presenting with epistaxis were questioned on the accuracy and level of their knowledge of the four basic procedures used to combat a nose-bleed. The results were correlated with the source of referral, previous treatment, and advice. RESULTS: A large proportion of patients who had previously been treated for epistaxis by their general practitioners and other non-ENT trained medical or nursing staff were unable to recall being given any first aid advice. For those who remembered being given advice, very few described all the steps correctly. In contrast, patients who had previously been seen by the ENT staff scored full points in every aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The results are a reflection of the departmental policy of supplying information sheets outlining the first aid measures to all patients presenting with epistaxis.

Epistaxis↗
PubMed1996

Standardization of the first aid treatment of burn injuries in Vorarlberg, Austria.

It is 6 years since a burn unit was installed at the Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch in Vorarlberg. Before that time, systematic clinical burn care was unknown in this country. Systematic first aid treatment of burn injuries was not known either. According to the principles of quality management, an obligation was felt not only to standardize the burn treatment in the unit itself, but also to make known the principles of first aid to the whole medical staff in our country. This is why we carried out many public relation activities consisting of several lectures to general practitioners and training for the emergency staff, including the lay personnel. The population were even informed about first aid treatment via radio and TV. In 1994, the degree of success in the public relation efforts was examined. During a period of 10 months, all the burn patients were asked about the quality of their first aid treatment. The questionnaires of 72 patients were evaluated, and it was found that the criteria demanded of first aid treatment were met within a range of 77.6-100 per cent. From these figures, it was concluded that public relation activities have been very successful in establishing the first aid care, they have led to a better quality of burn treatment in general and specifically, to a significant reduction in cost.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a transit first-aid station providing emergency care to former Yugoslavian war victims evacuated in Ancona, Italy.

BACKGROUND: A first-aid station was implemented in Falconara Marittima airport (Ancona, Italy). It provided medical emergency care to war victims evacuated from former Yugoslavia in transit for further treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive analysis of the displaced population arriving at the first-aid station was performed using three independent datasets for administrative information, of which one included medical information. The implemented resources were also evaluated. RESULTS: From August 1993 to March 1995, 2272 displaced persons were registered at the first-aid station, out of which 54.2% were accompanying family members. Among those needing medical intervention (45.8% of total), most frequent diagnoses were traumatisms and burns (59.8%), neoplasms (15.6%), and congenital malformations (13.2%). The medical care provided at the first-aid station was most often basic: a medical examination alone was performed on 77.0% of the patients, and a minor dressing on 17.3%. Median length of stay was 1 day. Patients were sent to 30 different countries and 8% were forwarded to the local regional hospital. Deployed logistical resources exceeded by far actual needs but a lack of psychological assistance was observed, mainly for children. The agencies involved did not coordinate data sharing and follow-up information. CONCLUSIONS: The medical assistance to the war victims was efficient regarding provided care and timeliness. Effectiveness of such a programme could be improved by a better coordination between partners, allowing more adequate logistics according to appropriate epidemiological information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reduced hospitalisation of burns patients following a multi-media campaign that increased adequacy of first aid treatment.

CONTEXT: Concern engendered by a previous study that showed inadequate first aid for burn injuries was prevalent in the community led to a novel multi-media public health campaign ensued to address the issue. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether this public health campaign influenced behaviour by altering first aid treatment for burn injuries (BFAT). DESIGN, SETTING AND POPULATION: Prospective intervention study. Consecutive patients with acute burn injuries over two 4-month intervals, presenting to a regional burn service, Auckland, New Zealand. This research was ethically approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, burn size, adequacy of burn first aid, outpatient/inpatient wound care and operative intervention requirement. RESULTS: Adequacy of BFAT improved following the campaign (59% versus 40%, P=0.004). Fewer inpatient admissions (64.4% versus 35.8%, P<0.001) and surgical procedures (25.6% versus 11.4%, P<0.001) were undertaken following the campaign with a corresponding increase in outpatient care. Greatest decreases were observed in Maori and Pacific Islanders, and in children <10 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Adequacy of BFAT together with a reduction in the numbers of patients requiring inpatient surgical care was improved by a multi-media public awareness campaign.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

First aid and basic life support of junior doctors: A prospective study in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

According to the Dutch medical education guidelines junior doctors are expected to be able to perform first aid and basic life support. A prospective study was undertaken to assess the level of first aid and basic life support (BLS) competence of junior doctors at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (RUNMC), the Netherlands. Fifty-four junior doctors (18%), of the medical students in their final years, were submitted to a theoretical test, composed of multiple-choice questions concerning first aid and basic life support. This test was followed by a practical test consisting of two out-of-hospital first aid and basic life support scenarios including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In total, 19% of the junior doctors passed the theoretical test. The first scenario was performed correctly in 11%. The CPR situation was correctly performed by 30% of the students as observed by the examiners but when assessed by the checklists of Berden only 6% of the students performed correct CPR. It is concluded that the level of first aid and basic life support of the junior doctors at the RUNMC is low and does not meet the required level as stated in the guidelines for practice of medical education in the Netherlands.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2000

Using distance training to deliver first aid training.

The St John Ambulance organization in Alberta issues over 100,000 first aid certificates each year (an 80% market share). The success of the organization is attributed to a province-wide infrastructure of volunteer public first aid providers and over 2000 volunteer instructors in industry and other spheres. In 1998 St John Ambulance piloted the use of CD-ROMs for teaching, producing two courses. One was a first aid course and the other was a babysitter course. The experience of the pilot programmes will allow the digital material to be transferred to our Website. Once this is done people around the world will be able to receive the self-paced learning components. Hands-on evaluation of skills, however, is mandatory to certification. Mass training where certification is required therefore requires a mixture of distance learning and hands-on testing, reinforcing the need for trained evaluators to be available to the population.

Alberta↗
PubMed2003

First-aid management of minor burns in children: a prospective study of children presenting to the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the adequacy of first aid care following minor burns in children. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Emergency Department and Acute Wound Clinic, the Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), Sydney. PARTICIPANTS: 109 children who presented with minor burns (10% body surface area or less) to CHW over the five months from 2 November 1998 to 23 March 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the adequacy of first aid delivered by parents and carers, general practitioners, local hospitals, and CHW. RESULTS: Burns included scalds, contact, flame, chemical or electrical burns. Adequate initial first aid had been given by parents or carers in only 24 of 109 cases (22%). The 85 children who presented to medical care after inadequate initial first aid was given by parents or carers included 14 of 14 (100%) who had presented to their general practitioner (GP), 22 of 31 (71%) who had presented to their local hospital, 22 of 38 (58%) who had presented to CHW, and 2 of 2 (100%) who had had first contact with other health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that there is a need to educate parents and health professionals regarding appropriate first aid for burns.

Burns↗
PubMed2005

Inadequacies in the first aid management of burns presenting to plastic surgery services.

Burn injury is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in Ireland. Simple first aid measures such as immediate wound cooling and removal of the source of injury can significantly improve clinical outcome. We conducted a six-month study, investigating the first aid measures taken by both patients and their primary carers following burn injury. Of the 63 patients referred to the plastic surgery services, only 23.2% had employed the correct first aid principles. Only 20% of patients who sustained burns at work reported that first aid was available in the workplace. This study illustrates that knowledge regarding the initial management of burn injury is very poor. We suggest that a national public health education campaign could have a positive effect on the outcome of burn injury.

Adolescent↗