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PubMed2002

Seeing happy emotion in fearful and angry faces: qualitative analysis of facial expression recognition in a bilateral amygdala-damaged patient.

Neuropsychological studies reported that bilateral amygdala-damaged patients had impaired recognition of facial expressions of fear. However, the specificity of this impairment remains unclear. To address this issue, we carried out two experiments concerning the recognition of facial expression in a patient with bilateral amygdala damage (HY). In Experiment 1, subjects matched the emotion of facial expressions with appropriate verbal labels, using standardized photographs of facial expressions illustrating six basic emotions. The performance of HY was compared with age-matched normal controls (n = 13) and brain-damaged controls (n = 9). HY was less able to recognize facial expressions showing fear than normal controls. In addition, the error pattern exhibited by HY for facial expressions of fear and anger were distinct from those exhibited by both control groups, and suggested that HY confused these emotions with happiness. In Experiment 2, subjects were presented with morphed facial expressions that blended happiness and fear, happiness and anger, or happiness and sadness. Subjects were requested to categorize these expressions by two-way forced-choice selection. The performance of HY was compared with age-matched normal controls (n = 8). HY categorized the morphed fearful and angry expressions blended with some happy content as happy facial expressions more frequently than normal controls. These findings support the idea that amygdala-damaged patients have impaired processing of facial expressions relating to certain negative emotions, particularly fear and anger. More specifically, amygdala-damaged patients seem to give positively biased evaluations for these negative facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Facial expressions in captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

The facial expressions of captive, group-living squirrel monkeys are described. Elements of facial expressions, the occurrence of these expressions and accompanying vocalizations are detailed. The range of facial expressions recorded for this species is similar to that previously reported for other simian primates.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

A real-time automated system for the recognition of human facial expressions.

A fully automated, multistage system for real-time recognition of facial expression is presented. The system uses facial motion to characterize monochrome frontal views of facial expressions and is able to operate effectively in cluttered and dynamic scenes, recognizing the six emotions universally associated with unique facial expressions, namely happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, and anger. Faces are located using a spatial ratio template tracker algorithm. Optical flow of the face is subsequently determined using a real-time implementation of a robust gradient model. The expression recognition system then averages facial velocity information over identified regions of the face and cancels out rigid head motion by taking ratios of this averaged motion. The motion signatures produced are then classified using Support Vector Machines as either nonexpressive or as one of the six basic emotions. The completed system is demonstrated in two simple affective computing applications that respond in real-time to the facial expressions of the user, thereby providing the potential for improvements in the interaction between a computer user and technology.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive set as a regulation factor in recognition of emotional facial expression].

Effect of previous experience on the function of recognition of emotional facial expression was studied with the model of an unconscious visual set. It was found that repeated perception of pictures of face with angry expression caused a substantial effect on subsequent recognition of emotional facial expression. Recognition could be distorted, and expression of the face with "neutral" expression could be erroneously perceived as emotionally negative. Both contrast and assimilative illusions were observed. Evidence is presented that the described effect is the result of the set formation to emotional facial expression. The involvement of the prefrontal cortex into the structural-functional system of facial expression recognition is discussed. Kettel's test revealed significant correlations between the factor of rigidity of the set to emotional facial expression and the scores of personality traits such as social boldness--shyness on the H Scale, on the one hand, and the level of anxiety on the other.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, with a comparison to lemuroidea.

Gross and histologic aspects of facial expression muscles are presented here for Otolemur spp. (suborder Prosimii, family Lorisidae) and are compared with those of lemuroids. Muscles of facial expression are involved in social signaling among primates, and are a primary means by which close-proximity nonverbal communication is achieved. These muscles have been well described in catarrhines and many of the lemuroids; however, their arrangement is not well known in the lorisids. In the present study we examined muscles of facial expression in Otolemur by dissecting preserved faces. The arrangement and appearance of the muscles were noted, and samples were gathered from each muscle for histologic processing. The results showed 17 muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, as compared to seven reported in previous studies. Histologically, muscles of the ear region were arranged in tight, dense fascicles, while muscles of the orbital region were arranged more loosely. Grossly, the facial expression muscles in Otolemur were very similar in morphology and attachments to those in the lemuroids, with some differences in the ear region. Otolemur garnettii had several muscles that appeared to be more robust than in the larger O. crassicaudatus. This may be due to dietary and/or social differences between the species. In previous studies it was concluded that, relative to lemuroids, Otolemur has a primitive arrangement of facial expression muscles. The current results do not support that conclusion, and in fact support a far greater similarity between Otolemur and lemuroids in general. These results underscore the need for a reexamination of facial musculature in prosimians in general, and may have taxonomic value as regards the position of Otolemur with lemuroids and other galagos.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Differential judgement of static facial expressions of emotions in three cultures.

Judging facial expressions of emotions has important clinical value in the assessment of psychiatric patients. Judging facial emotional expressions in foreign patients however, is not always easy. Controversy has existed in previous reports on cultural differences in identifying static facial expressions of emotions. While it has been argued that emotional expressions on the face are universally recognized, experimental data obtained were not necessarily totally supportive. Using the data reported in the literature, our previous pilot study showed that the Japanese interpreted many emotional expressions differently from USA viewers of the same emotions. In order to explore such discrepancies further, we conducted the same experiments on Chinese subjects residing in Beijing. The data showed that, similar to the Japanese viewers, Chinese viewers also judged many static facial emotional expressions differently from USA viewers. The combined results of the Chinese and the Japanese experiments suggest a major cross-cultural difference between American and Asian viewers in identifying some static facial emotional expressions, particularly when the posed emotion has negative connotations. The results have important implications for cross-cultural communications when facial emotional expressions are presented as static images.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Emotional experiencing in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: congruence between facial expressivity and self-report.

The congruence between facial expressivity and self-report of emotion was examined among 11 women with sexual assault-related PTSD and 8 women without PTSD, under both a neutral and a sexual assault prime condition. The PTSD group demonstrated some incongruities in emotional responding. Although the PTSD group was as facially expressive as the control group, they reported more arousal to the emotional stimuli. Further, an inverse relationship between negative facial expressivity and self-report to negative stimuli was found for some variables for the PTSD group only, such that the less expressions they showed facially, the more negative they reported feeling. However, the overall pattern of results suggests fewer significant relationships between expression and experience than predicted.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Rules versus prototype matching: strategies of perception of emotional facial expressions in the autism spectrum.

When perceiving emotional facial expressions, people with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) appear to focus on individual facial features rather than configurations. This paper tests whether individuals with ASD use these features in a rule-based strategy of emotional perception, rather than a typical, template-based strategy by considering outcome implications of these strategies. Rule-based strategies are more tolerant of extreme stimuli than are template-based ones. Tolerance for exaggerated emotional facial expressions in individuals with ASD compared to IQ and education matched controls was tested in a forced-choice paradigm. For five of six emotions, those with ASD were more likely to accept the most exaggerated images as most realistic. People with ASD appear to rely more heavily on a rule-based strategy than a template-based strategy in perceiving emotional facial expressions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Asymmetry in facial expression of emotions by chimpanzees.

Asymmetries in human facial expressions have long been documented and traditionally interpreted as evidence of brain laterality in emotional behavior. Recent findings in nonhuman primates suggest that this hemispheric specialization for emotional behavior may have precursors in primate evolution. In this study, we present the first data collected on our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Objective measures (hemimouth length and area) and subjective measures (human judgements of chimeric stimuli) indicate that chimpanzees' facial expressions are asymmetric, with a greater involvement of the left side of the face in the production of emotional responses. No effect of expression type (positive versus negative) on facial asymmetry was found. Thus, chimpanzees, like humans and some other nonhuman primates, show a right hemisphere specialization for facial expression of emotions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Alcoholics' deficits in the decoding of emotional facial expression.

The present study investigated emotional facial expression decoding in alcoholics. Twenty-five alcoholic patients at the end of the detoxification process were compared with 25 volunteers matched for age, sex, and education. They were presented with facial expressions of neutral, mild, moderate, or strong emotional intensity. Results indicate that alcoholics overestimate the intensity of emotional expressions and make more errors in their decoding with a special bias for anger and contempt. Moreover, this decoding deficit is not perceived by the alcoholic patients. A general model is proposed that links visuospatial deficits, abnormal processing of social information, interpersonal stress, and alcohol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hemiregional variations in facial expression of emotions.

This study examined expressiveness of facial regions during posed expressions of two basic emotions: happy and sad. Two types of composite photographs were prepared: hemifacial composites of left-left (LL) or right-right (RR); and hemiregional composites involving a left-left composite in the upper part and a right-right composite in the lower part (LL/RR) of the face or vice versa (RR/LL). Participants ranked photographs of an emotion expression: normal orientation (RL), mirror reversed (LR), left facial composite (LL), right facial composite (RR) and hemiregional composites (RR/LL; LL/RR), in order of expressiveness. The hemiregional composite RR/LL was judged as most expressive followed by LL. The findings are explained in terms of the neuroanatomy of fibre projections from the left and right cerebral hemispheres to the facial muscles.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of intelligence level and place of residence on the ability of individuals with mental retardation to identify facial expressions.

This study was designed to investigate the abilities of individuals with mental retardation to recognize and match emotional facial expressions from a series of photographs depicting various facial expressions. There were four groups of participants according to their place of residence (community or institution) and their intelligence level (mild or moderate). Each individual participated in two tasks: (1) recognizing a facial expression from an array of three pictures presented, and (2) matching a facial expression from one picture with a picture depicting a similar emotion from an array of three pictures. All information was presented to the participants in the native language, Hebrew. The six facial expressions used for the study included happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. The ability to recognize and match facial expressions was significantly higher for individuals with mild than moderate mental retardation. There was no significant difference for place of residence. Happiness was the easiest feeling to recognize and match for all groups. Fear and anger were the most difficult to recognize, while sadness and anger were most difficult to match.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A differential neural response to threatening and non-threatening negative facial expressions in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics.

Several studies have demonstrated impaired facial expression recognition in schizophrenia. Few have examined the neural basis for this; none have compared the neural correlates of facial expression perception in different schizophrenic patient subgroups. We compared neural responses to facial expressions in 10 right-handed schizophrenic patients (five paranoid and five non-paranoid) and five normal volunteers using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). In three 5-min experiments, subjects viewed alternating 30-s blocks of black-and-white facial expressions of either fear, anger or disgust contrasted with expressions of mild happiness. After scanning, subjects categorised each expression. All patients were less accurate in identifying expressions, and showed less activation to these stimuli than normals. Non-paranoids performed poorly in the identification task and failed to activate neural regions that are normally linked with perception of these stimuli. They categorised disgust as either anger or fear more frequently than paranoids, and demonstrated in response to disgust expressions activation in the amygdala, a region associated with perception of fearful faces. Paranoids were more accurate in recognising expressions, and demonstrated greater activation than non-paranoids to most stimuli. We provide the first evidence for a distinction between two schizophrenic patient subgroups on the basis of recognition of and neural response to different negative facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

On the relationship between self-report and facial expression of pain.

UNLABELLED: Several investigators have reported weak or no associations between self-report and facial expression of pain, concluding that both parameters appear to be unrelated. However, studies so far have only focused on an overall association, not considering psychophysical relationships between stimulus intensities and pain responses while computing correlations. In the present study these psychophysical relationships, between stimulus intensity on the one hand and response magnitudes (of self-report and facial expression) on the other hand, were described in terms of intercept and slope. Correlation analyses were conducted between intercept and slope parameters of self-report and facial expression of pain. Forty young, pain-free individuals were investigated for their responses to mechanically and electrically induced pain. Self-report was assessed by Visual Analog Scales. Facial expression was examined by using the Facial Action Coding System. There were significant correlations between the linear slopes of the psychophysical functions of self-report and facial expression in pressure pain. Neither the intercepts nor overall mean responses in the 2 pain-signaling systems were significantly correlated. These findings suggest that the facial expression of pain appears to mirror self-report ratings, when their increases over a range of increasing stimulus intensities are considered in parallel. PERSPECTIVE: In future studies, our psycho-physically derived observation that incremental changes in facial expression during developing pain are more characteristic for individuals than static levels needs further corroboration.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Masking the face: recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward masking.

Four experiments are reported investigating recognition of emotional expressions in very briefly presented facial stimulus. The faces were backwardly masked by neutral facial displays and recognition of facial expressions was analyzed as a function of the manipulation of different parameters in the masking procedure. The main conclusion was that stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask proved to be the principal factor influencing recognition of the masked expressions. In general, confident recognitions of facial expressions required about 100-150 msec, with shorter time for happy than for angry expressions. The manipulation of the duration of both the target and the mask, by itself, had only minimal effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emotional and nonemotional facial expressions in people with Parkinson's disease.

We investigated facial expressivity in 19 people with Parkinson's disease (PD; 14 men and 5 women) and 26 healthy controls (13 men and 13 women). Participants engaged in experimental situations that were designed to evoke emotional facial expressions, including watching video clips and holding conversations, and were asked to pose emotions and imitate nonemotional facial movements. Expressivity was measured with subjective rating scales, objective facial measurements (Facial Action Coding System), and self-report questionnaires. As expected, PD participants showed reduced spontaneous facial expressivity across experimental situations. PD participants also had more difficulty than controls posing emotional expressions and imitating nonemotional facial movements. Despite these difficulties, however, PD participants' overall level of expressivity was still tied to emotional experience and social context.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Relationship between anxiety and physical traits of facial expressions].

The purpose of this study is to investigate correlations between anxiety and physical traits of facial expressions. In this study, subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of MAS (manifest anxiety scale), and were taken pictures under three different conditions. In Analysis I, we examined how facial expressions differ between high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups. The results showed that facial expressions differed between two groups especially in mouth, left half of the face, and asymmetry of the face. In Experiment I and II, we investigated whether human beings could identify one's anxiety trait and apparent anxiety in facial expressions only on the basis of its facial expressions. The results showed that one's anxiety trait and apparent anxiety could be detected through the mouth. From these results, human beings can recognize one's anxiety through its facial expressions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Impaired categorical perception of facial expressions in high-functioning adolescents with autism.

Categorical perception of facial expressions is studied in high-functioning adolescents with autism, using three continua of facial expressions obtained by morphing. In contrast to the results of normal adults, the performance on the identification task in autistic subjects did not predict performance on the discrimination task, an indication that autistic individuals do not perceive facial expressions categorically. Performance of autistic subjects with low social intelligence was more impaired than that of subjects with higher social IQ scores on the expression recognition of unmanipulated photographs. It is suggested that autistic subjects with higher social intelligence may use compensatory strategies that they have acquired in social training programs This may camouflage the deficits of this subgroup in the perception of facial expressions.

Adolescent↗