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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Airbag-induced eye injuries: experiments with in situ cadaver eyes.

In an attempt to investigate eye injuries from airbags, a set of experiments was performed that involved the deployment of several types of airbags onto thirteen unembalmed, previously frozen cadaver heads. The airbags differed in the material, coating, presence of a tether, and folding pattern, and were deployed via a pneumatic deployment system. The eyes were impacted in situ after being repressureized with saline injected through a 30-gauge needle. Injury determination was achieved by ophthalmic ultrasound imaging, staining with fluorescein dye, and dissection. All twenty-six eyes revealed detached retinas, as shown by the ultrasound, before impact as a result of decaying tissue and the freezing process. High speed video and film were used to capture the events. The impact velocities of the airbags were recorded from the digitized film at the first contact location with the eye and ranged from 30 m/s to 66 m/s. Eyeglasses were placed on four of the specimens, and the presence of eyeglasses seemed to provide protection to the eye because of the lack of contact between the airbag and ocular region. Minimal ocular damage was recorded for all experiments.

Air Bags↗
PubMed1997

Eye injuries: a review of the literature with nursing implications.

Eye injuries from blunt forces, penetrating objects, burns, or irritating substances cause morbidity, disability, and blindness worldwide. Most of these injuries are preventable. Throughout the lifespan males have more eye injuries than females. Nurses can help prevent eye injuries by teaching and advocating for safer practices. The goal of treating eye injuries is to preserve remaining sight and prevent further injury. Nurses can help in the rehabilitation of patients with eye injuries by working as part of the interdisciplinary team.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eye injuries in sports.

Of the 3,500 sports and recreational eye injuries reported in Canada over the past 15 years, 400 eyes remain legally blind. Most of the eye injuries could have been prevented. The activity causing most sports eye injuries varies from country to country. The sport causing most eye injuries in Canada is ice hockey. A study done in the 1970s by the Canadian Ophthalmological Society resulted in high stick rules and the wearing of certified face protectors by hockey players. The availability of certified eye protectors for racquet sports players has greatly reduced the incidence of eye injuries in racquetball and squash. Probably 90% of sports injuries can be prevented by modifying and enforcing game rules and by wearing certified eye protection.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1995

The National Basketball Association eye injury study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology of eye injuries sustained by professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). METHODS: A prospective study involving all NBA athletes who sustained eye injuries between February 1, 1992, and June 20, 1993, was conducted. Twenty-seven NBA team athletic trainers, physicians, and ophthalmologists were provided data forms to complete for any player examined for an eye injury. Practice and game exposures during the preseason, regular season, playoffs, and championships were included. RESULTS: Of the 1092 injuries sustained by NBA players during the 17-month period, 59 (5.4%) involved the eye and adnexa. Eighteen (30.5%) of the injuries occurred while the player was in the act of rebounding, and 16 (27.1%) while the player was on offense. The most common diagnoses included 30 abrasions or lacerations to the eyelid (50.9%), 17 contusions (edema and/or ecchymosis) to the eyelid or periorbital region (28.8%), and seven corneal abrasions (11.9%). There were three orbital fractures (5.1%). Most injuries were caused by fingers (35.6%) or elbows (28.8%). Nine players (15.3%) missed subsequent games because of their injury. Fifty-seven players (96.6%) were not wearing protective eyewear at the time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of eye injuries in NBA players during the 17-month period was 1.44 per 1000 game exposures. Frequent physical contact in professional basketball players leaves them at great risk for sustaining eye injuries. To prevent these injuries, protective eyewear is recommended.

Anterior Eye Segment↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiology of adult eye injuries in Split-Dalmatian county.

AIM: To determine the incidence of eye injuries, population groups at risk, circumstances and activities at the time of accident, causes, mechanism, type and severity of injury, therapeutic procedures, final outcome, and the incidence of blindness in patients over 18 years of age. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on 383 patients with eye injuries (397 eyes) hospitalized at Split University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, between January 1998 and December 2002. Standardized international classification of ocular trauma (Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology) and eye injury score were used for eye injury categorization. RESULTS: The incidence of ocular injuries requiring hospitalization in Split-Dalmatian County was 23.9 per 100,000 population and the incidence of monocular blindness caused by injuries was 4.1 per 100,000 population. The male to female ratio was 5.4 to 1. Forty-one percent of injuries occurred at home, 27.7% at work, 13.8% in agriculture, 7.0% during assault or scuffle, 5.2% in traffic, 3.7% during sports activities, and 1.6% at school. Among 397 injuries, 86.4% were mechanical and 13.6% chemical. Out of 343 mechanical injuries, 67.3% were closed globe and 32.7% were open globe injuries. The most frequent objects causing mechanical injuries were tree branch or wood (15.9%) causing 26.3% of ruptures and 21.4% of contusions; pieces of metal or stone (13.9%) causing 80.8% of intraocular foreign body lacerations; and nails, wire, or scissors (8.8%) causing 26.7% of lamellar and 23.9% of penetrating lacerations. Closed globe injuries were less severe and had better final visual outcome than open globe injuries. Final visual acuity was 0.4 or better in 91.4% of mild vs 13.9% of severe injuries. Injuries resulted in monocular blindness (visual acuity <0.1) in 71 (17.9%) patients: 35.2% were due to penetrating lacerations, 23.9% to ruptures, 21.1% to contusions, 16.9% to intraocular foreign body lacerations, and 1.4% due to burns as well as lamellar lacerations. CONCLUSION: There was a high incidence of ocular trauma and consequent blindness in Split-Dalmatian County. For the prevention of serious eye injuries, health education and safety strategies should be applied both at home and place of work, where blinding injuries most often occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Work-related penetrating eye injuries.

A review of all penetrating eye injuries treated at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital over 5 years (January 1st 1982 to December 31st 1986) was undertaken. There were 258 penetrating eye injuries of which 69 (26.7%) were due to work-related accidents. All were men and 52 (75.4%) of them were under the age of 40 years. Hammering and chiselling were the commonest activities at the time of the injury and accounted for 25 cases (36.2%). Thirty-six patient (52.1%) had intraocular foreign bodies. Thirty-six patients (52.1%) achieved a good visual result (6/12 or better) and 9 had no perception of light, 7 of whom had enucleations. The period of inpatient treatment ranged from 1 to 26 days. From the analysis of the activities at the time of the injury, 61 injuries (88.4%) may be considered to be preventable with appropriate eye protection.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT): terminology and classification of mechanical eye injuries.

Lacking a standardized terminology of eye injury types, it is impossible to fulfill a very basic requirement in medicine: that all communications be unambiguous. Accurate interpretation of published research results, which plays an absolutely crucial role in determining how an individual patient with an eye injury is treated, becomes difficult. This article presents an internationally standardized system that finally allows accurate description of eye injuries of all types.

Alabama↗
PubMed1979

Perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1970--1977.

This study concerns perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in the years 1970--1977. These injuries represented 40% of all perforations treated during this period at Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital for the years 1950--1951 and 1930--1939. Of the patients 92% were males, a slight percentage decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16--25 years, was also the largest (30%). Earlier the next age group, 26--35 years, was largest. The proportion of workers in building construction with eye injuries increased remarkably to 26.6%. Metal workers made up another large group affected by eye perforations (24.5%). Agricultural work lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades. The commonest cause of eye accidents was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes now as well as in the previous series. Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier: 60% of patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

Eye injuries in indoor cricket at Wellington Hospital: a survey January 1987 to June 1989.

About 30% of all sports injuries to the eye seen at Wellington Hospital are due to indoor cricket. An analysis of 29 eye injuries, January 1987 to June 1989 was carried out. Traumatic iritis, mydriasis and commotio retinae were the common injuries. There were eight blow out fractures of the orbit. Only two patients had permanent loss of vision due to choroidal tears with best vision in the damaged eye reduced to 6/9. A total of 88 eye clinic visits and 24 inpatient days were involved. The incidence of these injuries could be reduced by wearing eye and/or facial protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Eye injuries in the U.S. Armed Forces.

OBJECTIVE: To develop prevention and treatment modalities for eye injuries, ophthalmologists require epidemiological data on the various types of eye injuries. This study sought to define eye injury patterns in the U.S. armed forces. METHOD: Data on patterns of eye injury in the armed forces were obtained through voluntary reporting by U.S. military ophthalmologists throughout the world. The reporting format was standardized with the U.S. Eye Injury Registry initial and follow-up report forms. The data were analyzed for significant injury patterns. RESULTS: Data on 112 patients were submitted, representing a broad range of the military population. Data on a total of 96 patients with a 6-month follow-up were analyzed in this study. Immediately after injury, 43% of the patients were noted to have poor vision (worse than 20/200). After treatment, only 20% were noted to have poor vision. Patients lost an average of 21.6 days of work after a severe eye injury. CONCLUSION: An eye injury is a traumatic and potentially debilitating event. The loss of visual acuity can be drastic, resulting in an extensive recovery period.

Absenteeism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pattern of perforating eye injuries in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Almost all perforating eye injuries present to dedicated eye units. Data from eye units are therefore reliable indicators of the incidence of perforating injuries. AIMS: To establish the aetiology and visual outcome of perforating eye injuries presenting to one unit over a twelve-month period. METHODS: Patients with eye injury were identified from the operating room register. Case-notes were reviewed and eye examinations were performed to determine current level of vision. RESULTS: A total of 37 perforating eye injuries were operated on in the 12-month period from January to December 1995. Thirty one patients (83.8%) were male. The mean age was 33.9 years. The chief causes were work related or do-it-yourself (DIY) in 32.4%, miscellaneous accidents in 27.0%, assault in 16.2%, road traffic accidents in 10.8%. Twenty eyes (54.1%) were blind with acuity < 6/60 at their most recent review. CONCLUSION: Work-related and DIY injuries are the most common causes of eye perforation. Many of these injuries are easily preventable with appropriate eye protection. The proportion of injuries resulting from road traffic accidents was low. Injuries due to assault are becoming more prevalent and carry a poor visual prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The epidemiology and diagnosis of penetrating eye injuries.

UNLABELLED: It is estimated that there are 3.1 penetrating eye injuries per 100,000 person-years in the United States. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the epidemiology of penetrating eye injuries and to identify physical examination findings that facilitate the diagnosis and ophthalmologic referral of patients with these injuries. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of emergency department patients with penetrating eye injuries seen for evaluation from July 1987 to January 1999. The setting was a tertiary referral, university hospital. Three hundred eighty-four patients with 390 penetrating eye injuries were enrolled; 56% were transferred from outlying hospitals. RESULTS: Penetrating eye injuries were seen almost three times per month. Eighty percent of the injuries occurred in males, and the mean age was 29 years. Twenty-five percent of the patients had used alcohol in the period immediately preceding the injury. Final visual outcome was 28% with enucleation, "no light perception" (NLP) in 10%, light perception to 20/200 in 24%, and light perception of 20/200 or better in 38%. Poor visual outcome was associated with poor initial visual acuity, alcohol use, and delayed presentation (p = 0.036, 0.025, 0.036, respectively). Gun-related injuries caused 33% and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) caused 21% of the worst outcomes (enucleation or NLP). In MVCs where seat belt use was reported, 71% of injured patients were unrestrained. The most common initial physical findings were hyphema (76%), abnormality of the pupil or uvea (94%), and initial visual acuity worse than 20/200 (77%). All patients had at least one of these findings. Complications occurred in 25% of cases, most commonly traumatic cataract or infection. Complications occurred more commonly in those patients transferred than in those presenting directly (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating eye injuries are relatively common, occur predominantly in young males, and often result in poor visual outcome in the affected eye. Motor vehicle crashes, alcohol use, and fire-arm use are associated with more severe injuries.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eye injuries in twentieth century warfare: a historical perspective.

With successive wars in the twentieth century, there has been a relative increase in injuries to the eye compared to injuries of other parts of the body. The main causes of eye injury have changed with advances in techniques and weaponry of warfare, with blast fragmentation injuries accounting for 50-80% of cases. Penetrating and perforating injuries are most common, and injuries associated with intraocular foreign bodies pose special diagnostic and management problems. Injuries are bilateral in 15-25% of cases. Injuries associated with chemical, nuclear, and laser weapons have distinct characteristics and epidemiology. Enucleation was commonly performed at the turn of the century, but incidence has declined with better understanding of the pathophysiology of ocular trauma, improved surgical techniques and sepsis control with antibiotics. Sympathetic ophthalmia appears to be uncommon and earlier fears of this complication seem to have been exaggerated. Timely evacuation to a surgical facility is important for a good visual prognosis and preservation of the globe. However, prevention of injuries with eye armor is ultimately the best management, and the need for a comprehensive eye protection program in the military cannot be overemphasized, especially since eye injuries pose important socioeconomic, as well as medical, problems.

Eye Injuries↗
PubMed1997

Endophthalmitis following penetrating eye injuries.

Postinjury endophthalmitis is the eye infection with the worst prognosis. A retrospective 9-year study was made of penetrating eye injuries, with an analysis of the incidence of infection and its relation to the type of wound and the presence of intraocular foreign bodies. There were 403 cases of penetrating eye injury; of these, 233 affected the cornea and 170 involved the posterior pole. Intraocular foreign bodies were present in 40 cases. Endophthalmitis developed in 4.2% of cases (17/403), and was more common in patients with posterior pole involvement (7%) than in purely corneal trauma (2.1%) (p = 0.03, Chi-square). Infection was in turn more frequent in the presence of intraocular foreign bodies (15%) (p = 0.17, Chi-square). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common cause (23.4%), while in three cases (17.6%) mixed infection was detected. The visual results were evisceration or non-perception of light in 82.3% of cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Occupational eye injuries in soldiers.

Soldiers have occupational exposure to eye hazards that in many ways are comparable to those in civilian industry. We conducted a prospective, community based, case-control study at three large troop installations of an infantry division to characterize nonmilitary-unique, occupational eye injuries and associated risk factors and to assess current occupational health practice in eye injury prevention in the division. The findings indicate that the most important risk factors are youth, a history of an eye injury in the preceding two years, and, paradoxically, the perception that supervisors are concerned and well informed about eye injury prevention. Injury severities were mild resulting in an average of 1 day of lost employment per injury. The economic impact for the entire US Army Europe is estimated to approximate $1,100,000 per year.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Does occupation explain gender and other differences in work-related eye injury hospitalization rates?

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether demographic differences in eye injury rates persist after adjusting for occupational exposure. METHODS: On-duty eye injury hospitalizations were linked to occupation among active-duty US Army personnel. RESULTS: Eye injury rates were higher for white soldiers, men, and for younger soldiers, even after adjusting for occupational group and specific job titles using multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: This finding contrasts with studies of other injuries, suggesting that occupation does not fully account for variations in eye injury risk. Because protective eye-wear can prevent most serious eye injuries, we hypothesize that differences in protective eye-wear use between men and women may contribute to differences in eye injury rates, although follow-up studies are needed to confirm this. Prevention efforts should consider targeting high-risk demographic groups in addition to high-risk occupations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries.

Little information is available on the incidence and severity of eye injuries despite the disfigurement and vision loss they cause. From a population-based study in Dane County, Wisconsin, the incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries was 423/100,000 residents in 1979. The most common causes of eye injuries were assaults, work-related events, sports and recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, and falls. Consumer products were involved in almost 70% (9/13) of severe eye injuries classified as severe. Injuries from fireworks were not found at all in this population. Implementing known strategies for eye injury prevention would substantially reduce their incidence. These include requiring certified eye protectors at workplaces and in sports activities whenever possible rather than making their use voluntary. For the preponderance of eye injuries, however, modifying potentially hazardous consumer products, including the interior of passenger cars, will be necessary.

Acute Disease↗