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PubMed2006

Pseudoretinoblastoma in enucleated eyes of Asian patients.

INTRODUCTION: Retinoblastomas of the eye are a cause of childhood blindness and have a high rate of mortality, as well as a hereditary mode of transmission. Other conditions that mimic retinoblastomas are known as pseudoretinoblastomas, and are managed differently. Although pseudoretinoblastoma and the accuracy of retinoblastoma diagnosis have been reviewed in Caucasian patients, published studies in Asian patients are lacking. The purpose of this article is to report our experience with pseudoretinoblastomas in two major ophthalmological centres in Asia. METHODS: A case series of 28 enucleations carried out for suspected retinoblastoma at the Singapore National Eye Centre and KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, between January 1991 and December 2002, is reported. All cases were subjected to a detailed history from parents, followed by external ocular examination, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Ancillary studies, such as B-scan ultrasonography and computed tomography, were employed as necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Histology was obtained on all cases. RESULTS: Of the 28 cases, 25 (89 percent) were found on histological analysis to be retinoblastomas. Three (11 percent) were pseudoretinoblastomas. There were two cases of Coat's disease and a case of presumed ocular toxocariasis. These three cases were described in detail. CONCLUSION: Although our sample size is small, the percentage of confirmed retinoblastomas was found to be only slightly higher than that found in western countries. Our findings are consistent with their findings that Coat's disease and presumed ocular toxocariasis are the more common causes of pseudoretinoblastoma.

Asian People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of the tumor regression rate of 127 uveal melanomas irradiated with 106 Ru/106 Rh. Attempted analysis of the correlations between per-operative cytology and histopathology of the enucleated eye and the tumoral regression on the one hand, and general prognosis on the other hand].

A study of the speed of tumor regression in 127 uveal melanomas treated with beta-rays brachyterapy, since June 1983, allows a division into 2 groups: radiosensitive forms with a volume less than 50% in the following year, and radioresistant forms. Correlation between radio sensitivity and tumor cell type were obtained with intraoperative cytopunction, and showed the prevalence of epithelioid type. The results of enucleation indicate the prevalence of fusiform type inside the radioresistant tumor group. No precise correlation could be brought between death and the previous data, the most important negative criteria being the level of initial tumor height equal or superior to 7 mm.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Eye enucleation alters intracellular distribution of NO synthase in the superior colliculus.

We investigated the role of retinotectal projections on the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the retinoceptive layers of the rat superior colliculus (SC) using histochemical methods. Rats enucleated at birth showed no alteration in the temporal pattern of NOS expression. There was, however, a dramatic change in the NADPH-diaphorase staining pattern of NOS-positive cells. NOS was absent from the distal portions of the dendritic trees of the deafferented SC. Nevertheless, staining the dendritic trees of these cells with Lucifer yellow showed that they were not morphologically different from those of the ipsilateral SC of monoenucleated animals. The same results were obtained when enucleation was performed in adult rats. We conclude that NOS intracellular distribution in the SC cells can be regulated by retinotectal projections in both developing and adult animals.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Effects of neonatal bilateral eye enucleation on postnatal development of the monoamines in posterior thalamus of the rat.

Levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and their metabolites, and the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) have been determined in the rat posterior thalamus after enucleation during postnatal development. DA and 5-HT turnover rate have been measured as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation rates after central decarboxylase inhibition by 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD-1015). The major changes were an increase in noradrenergic and serotoninergic metabolism in enucleated animals compared with control animals. A decrease of the MAO-A to MAO-B ratio during postnatal development was found.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2006

Differential regulation of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult rat brain following eye enucleation.

Nitric oxide has been shown to play various physiological and pathological roles in the visual system. We studied here the expression of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the rat superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after unilateral enucleation, by means of immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase of nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons in specific layers of the superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus between 1 and 30 days post-lesion. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed that the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase is upregulated in the superior colliculus and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after retinal removal. Diaminofluorescein histochemistry suggested that nitric oxide production was increased in both deafferented retinorecipient areas. Our real-time PCR results indicated that nitric oxide synthase transcript levels in the superior colliculus were not significantly altered after monocular enucleation, although an upregulation of the enzyme transcription was detected into the deafferented dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These findings indicated that neuronal nitric oxide synthase may undergo different forms of regulation in the adult deafferented visual system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

[Eye enucleation in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses].

During the years 1966-80 96 patients with malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were treated surgically in ENT Clinic of Medical Academy Cracow, Poland. Exenteration of the orbit was performed in 34 cases. 7 patients (20.6%) survived five years. In 15 with the orbit bone lesions but with intact periosteum the exenteration of the orbit was not performed and 80% of these patients survived five years.

Eye Enucleation↗
PubMed1991

Parvalbumin immunoreactivity of the lateral geniculate nucleus in adult rhesus monkeys after monocular eye enucleation.

Immunocytochemical methods with antiserum to the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) were used to examine the effects of monocular enucleation on parvalbuminergic neurons and processes in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of adult rhesus monkeys. In the LGN of normal monkeys, numerous PV-positive neurons, including the largest neurons in the nucleus, and many PV-positive processes occur in all six laminae. After monocular enucleation, PV immunoreactivity is reduced in the neuropil of the denervated laminae compared to adjacent nondenervated and to normal laminae. PV immunoreactivity of somata in denervated laminae, however, appears to be indistinguishable from that of somata in nondenervated laminae, although neurons in the denervated laminae are smaller in size. Since LGN neurons in denervated laminae have lost their visual input, the functional role of PV in this nucleus may not relate directly to visual information processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Possible induction of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity in neurons of the rat superior colliculus following eye enucleation.

The distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL)-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons and its modification after enucleation have been investigated in the rat superior colliculus. In normal rats and on the ipsilateral side of monocular-enucleated rats, small sized vertically elongated fusiform-shaped weakly immunostained neurons were dispersed throughout the sublamina of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). In bilaterally enucleated rats and on the contralateral side of monocular-enucleated rats, many small strongly immunoreactive MEAGL-containing neurons, projecting processes horizontally or obliquely toward the surface, appeared in the deepest part of the SGS and the superficial part of the stratum opticum (SO), in contrast to the disappearance of the fusiform-shaped weakly stained neurons in the SGS. MEAGL-IR fibers increased in density throughout the sublamina of the SGS, being densest in the deep SGS, accompanying their increase in the neighboring SO. Sporadically found MEAGL-IR neurons in the deep SO and the stratum griseum intermediale did not show the detectable change of immunoreactivity. These results indicate that enkephalin biosynthesis is undergone by different type of neurons in the normal and the ocular-derived superior colliculus, and suggest that some neurons in the adult superior colliculus have a potentiality to express the peptidergic phenotype.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of eye-enucleation on substance P-immunoreactive fibers of some retinorecipient nuclei of the rat in relation to their origin from the superior colliculus.

We have previously shown that retinal deafferentation causes a decrease in immunoreactive dendrites of substance P-positive neurons of the superficial superior colliculus of the rat. Since some retinorecipient thalamic and pretectal nuclei are putative targets for substance P-containing cells of the superior colliculus, the present study attempted to ascertain whether substance P-immunoreactive fibers in these nuclei are also affected by retinal denervation. We found that unilateral eye removal produced a progressive increase in fibrous substance P immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and lateral geniculate nucleus of the side contralateral to the enucleation. On the other hand, unilateral lesions to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus produced a dramatic reduction in substance P immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. In bilaterally enucleated animals, unilateral lesion to the superior colliculus produced, as expected, loss of immunoreactive fibers only in the lateral posterior nucleus and the retinorecipient nuclei ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that transneuronal changes in the distribution of substance P in collicular neurons observed after enucleation could be reflected in their projections to the other primary visual centers and to the lateral posterior nucleus.

Animals↗