SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The current position in the European Community concerning bluetongue (BT) is briefly explained. Mention is made of legislation covering this disease and the application of such legislation within the Community.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
"Methods and results of different population projections for the countries of the European Community [EC] are...presented. First of all the aims and contents of population projections are discussed. Secondly the methods and assumptions of different population projections for the countries of the EC are compared. Finally the results of such projections are shown and discussed."
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The underlying principles of current European Community legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles are reviewed, and the prospects for extension to new areas are assessed. Future Directives are broadly described although it is not possible to timetable the programme for ultimate agreement and implementation. To assist in understanding Directives and for the practical purposes of enforcement Commission documents are outlined covering a 'Compendium of Methods of Analysis', a 'Practical Guide for users of EEC Directives on Food Packaging' and a 'Framework Document for Research Requirements in Support of Regulations'. Finally procedures for authorization of new substances at Community and national levels are described.
Animal welfare is of increasing importance for the European Community, which is reinforced by the Protocol to the EC Treaty on protection and welfare of animals. After the recent improvements to the legislation on the protection of pigs, the next priority for the Commission is the further development of the standards of animal transportation, particularly since a report of the Commission pointed out shortcomings in the enforcement of the existing rules in this area.
The history of the European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death" is given. Data from the second Atlas are presented. For all causes of death except asthma there was a decrease in mortality in the period 1980-1984 with respect to 1974-1978. Taking the EC as a whole as the standard (100) population the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) in Ireland in the period 1980-1984 for tuberculosis was 160, for asthma 180 and maternal mortality 58. Ireland had the highest mortality for tuberculosis in both time periods. Asthma mortality increased in all countries except Scotland between 1974-1978 and 1980-1984. Ireland had one of the highest declines in maternal mortality over the two time periods. Within Ireland tuberculosis mortality was highest in the Mid-Western Health Board and lowest in the North-Western Health Board. Asthma mortality was highest in the Western Health Board and lowest in the Mid-Western Health Board. Maternal mortality was highest in the Midland Health board and lowest in the Southern Health Board.
This paper addresses the question whether within the European Community a higher national level of health care expenditure is associated with a larger degree of success in eliminating mortality from preventable and curable conditions. An aggregate measure of mortality from 12 amenable conditions was derived, incorporating an adjustment for the level of socio-economic development. In 1980-84, between country variation in this measure was almost 2-fold and showed surprising patterns. Rates are relatively low in Greece, The Netherlands and Denmark, and relatively high in Portugal, Italy and Germany. There was no association at all between this measure and the level of health care expenditure. These disturbing findings, which suggest substantial variation in the cost-effectiveness of different health service systems, warrant further investigation.
OBJECTIVES: As part of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) in 1992-1993 we assessed management practices and treatment perceptions among young asthmatic adults in Melbourne, Australia. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a postal questionnaire survey of 4500 randomly selected adults (aged 20-44 years), drawn from three electoral districts, of whom 3200 (71%) subjects responded. A randomly selected sample of 1642 respondents, 'enriched' by a further 433 symptomatic subjects, was invited to complete a second phase respiratory questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 757 subjects who underwent laboratory testing. A further 119 subjects who were unable to attend the laboratory completed an identical questionnaire by telephone interview (42% response rate). In the second phase, 16% of subjects reported 'current asthma' (group I) as defined by physician confirmation and a recent attack (within 1 year), 10% had confirmed asthma but reported no recent attack (group II) and 74% did not have asthma (group III). Inhaled corticosteroid use was significantly higher in group I than in group II subjects (45% vs 24%, P<0.01), but only 11% of asthmatic subjects overall reported daily prophylactic use. Regular treatment in any form was considered to be 'bad' by 65% of asthmatic subjects and only 43% took medication as prescribed all of the time. CONCLUSION: Despite national education campaigns, the majority of young asthmatic adults in Melbourne did not adhere to prescribed treatment, but continued to rely upon beta2-agonists alone with neglect of regular inhaled corticosteroid which has probably contributed to Australia's continued high asthma morbidity and mortality rates.
Within the European Community (EC) drinking patterns in the southern countries can be characterised by daily consumption of wine at meals, and in the northern countries by less frequent consumption of beer outside meals. Yet, as in past decades in the southern countries beer consumption and in the northern countries wine consumption strongly increased, the question is whether the distinction in drinking patterns still applies. This paper (1) describes for each country of the EC total alcohol consumption, (2) examines the frequency and the context of consumption of the new beverage type and (3) analyses whether subpopulations, defined by sex, age and educational level, differ in the adoption of the new beverage type. In all countries wine is consumed more often at meals compared to beer. Older people consume wine in greater numbers and more frequently than younger people, who consume beer in greater numbers. People of higher educational level consume the new beverage type more often compared to people of lower educational level, who consume the traditional beverage type more frequently. Finally, males and females differ less in the frequency of consumption of the new beverage type than in the frequency of the traditional beverage type.
The first survey on adolescent drinking in the European Community in 1990 showed that differences in the prevalences of weekly drinkers by country are large. Prevalences in Italy and Greece are more than twice the average on the one hand, and hardly any child drinks weekly in Ireland on the other. Explanatory variables from three scientific domains, i.e., drinking among friends, drinking by parents, alcohol permissiveness by parents, pocket money, weekly smoking, and disco visits, are related with weekly drinking, confirming the theory of different mechanisms.
Given the limited competencies of the European Community (EC) in this respect, harmonization of rehabilitation at the level and within the framework of the EC is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future even after completion of the EC internal market. There will however be increased efforts to coordinate existing systems. Moreover, decisions and measures in other fields, with broader competencies on the part of the EC, may affect the field of integration of disabled persons (e.g., transportation, vocational education). In the same manner, the harmonization of technical standards applicable for medical equipment may influence the field of rehabilitation. If, after completion of the internal market, rehabilitative services were sought abroad in countries of the EC, refusal to accept the costs incurred on territorial grounds alone would not seem to be considered admissible any longer.
A second edition of the European Community Atlas of Avoidable Death, 1980-84, has recently been published. The data in relation to Scotland are reviewed in detail.
The imminent birth of a United Europe has called forth a survey of national 'drug' legislations in the twelve member countries of the European Community. Chapters of possible interest and concern to the professions addressed by Drug and Alcohol Dependence are reproduced, the permission for which is gratefully acknowledged. The divergence of concepts and measures embodied in national legislations is staggering--not the least in the light of results of scientific research. The original document CEC/LUX/V/E/1/28/91 is obtainable from the Commission of the European Community, DG V. Building Jean Monet, L-2920 Luxembourg.
This article deals with the rights that community law gives to the medical and allied professions to exercise their professional activities in a member state other than their state of origin. Firstly, the scope of the general economic provisions of the European Community (EC) Treaty is broadly described. Secondly, the specific rules of the EC secondary legislation concerning the harmonization of the national legislations on professional qualifications in the health care sector are reviewed. Lastly, an example is given of the application of these rules in the health care sector by the Court of Justice of the European Community. It is submitted that the exercise of these rights can contribute to transboundary cooperation within the EC in the rendering of health care services to patients in the member states. This is specially relevant in frontier areas.
An advisory committee, comprising the twelve members of the European Community, has prepared a report on training in oral cancer and precancer. Recommendations have been made for both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programs. The dental curriculum should equip the general practitioner to play a major role in the prevention and early detection and diagnosis of oral malignancies. Furthermore, emphasis is placed upon the necessity of clinical experience during basic training.