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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of vasodilator agents on the electrolyte balance and the transmural potential difference in the wall of blood vessels].

It has been shown in experiments on adult cats that chronic treatment of normotensive animals with vasodilators leads to inconsistent changes in the transmural potential difference and electrolyte balance of the wall of blood vessels. A permanent correlation has been revealed to exist between vasodilation and increased electronegativity of the intima with regard to advention. Euphylline gives rise to potassium accumulation by the wall of blood vessels, whereas sodium nitrite produces no appreciable action on the electrolyte balance in the vascular wall. Angiotrophin and no-spa do not alter arterial pressure and transmural potential difference.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Changes in water and electrolyte balance, plasma volume and composition during pregnancy in the rat.

1. Daily changes in water and electrolyte balance during pregnancy were investigated in rats housed in metabolism cages. 2. Fluid intake was significantly elevated above control values from day 13 of pregnancy, with urine output failing to be raised to the same extent. This would result in an extensive fluid retention if extrarenal fluid losses were not substantially altered. 3. Electrolyte intake increased from as early as the third day after mating with an accompanying increase in renal ionic excretion. A net retention of Na, Cl and K did not occur until the final week of pregnancy when the urinary output of these ions was reduced. 4. In a parallel study, changes in plasma volume and composition throughout pregnancy were investigated. 5. A significant increase in plasma volume occurred from day 6 of pregnancy at a time well before fluid intake or urine output were altered. This indicates either an altered extrarenal output or a shift of fluid between body fluid compartments. 6. Maternal plasma sodium and total osmolality were reduced during the last week of pregnancy despite the salt retention, suggesting an increased fetal usage. 7. Such findings are related to the known renal and endocrine changes of rat pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of ambient temperature, arginine-to-lysine ratio, and electrolyte balance on performance, carcass, and blood parameters in commercial male turkeys.

The effects of ambient temperature (T; 15 C vs. 30 C from 6 wk of age onwards), dietary Arg:Lys ratio (Arg:Lys ratio; 1.00 vs. 1.25), dietary electrolyte balance (DEB: 164 vs. 254 meq/kg), and their interactions on growth performance and carcass yields of male turkeys were studied. The experiment was designed as a split plot, including T x DEB as the main plot and Arg:Lys ratio as the sub-plot, with 24 pens containing 35 male turkeys each. Feed consumption, BW gain, mortality, and processing yields were measured. Temperature had a clear effect on performance during all age periods. Feed intake was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (322.7 vs. 432.3 g/bird per day; P < 0.001). Consequently, BW gain during the experimental period (28 to 140 d of age) was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (14.54 vs. 18.74 kg; P < 0.001). Feed:gain during the period of 28 to 140 d of age was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (2.51 vs. 2.61; P < 0.001). The high dietary Arg:Lys ratio increased feed intake significantly until 56 d of age (200.6 vs. 197.6; P < or = 0.034). A high Arg:Lys ratio resulted in significantly higher BW gain until 98 d of age (10.03 vs. 9.84 kg; P < or = 0.024). The Arg:Lys ratio did not affect feed:gain throughout the experiment. Dietary electrolyte balance did not affect performance parameters. No consistent two- or three-way interactions were observed. Processing yields were only affected significantly by T, and not by Arg:Lys ratio or DEB main effects. High T resulted in lower cold carcass (73.2 vs. 74.9%) and breast meat yields (33.5 vs. 36.0%), and higher thigh (18.9 vs. 18.1%), drumstick (14.5 vs. 13.2%), and wing yields (11.7 vs. 10.6%) compared with low T. We concluded that growth performance is compromised by higher T, and altering the Arg:Lys ratio or DEB does not alleviate this impaired performance. Dietary Arg levels seem to be important when dietary Lys is marginal relative to the requirement.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

[Electrolyte balance in arterial hypertension (continuation)].

In patients with arterial hypertension as most frequent disturbance of the electrolyte balance a hypopotassaemia is observed. Examinations of our working team on 517 patients with hypertension exhibited a prevalence of the hypopotassaemia of 3%, in which case in the greater part of these patients (1.6%) a decrease of the serum potassium levels induced by diuretics was present. In the other patients in 1.2% of the cases a secondary and only in 0.2% of the patients a primary aldosteronism was diagnosed as underlying cause. The leading clinical symptom of the primary aldosteronism is a hypopotassaemic hypertension. The diagnosis of the disease is ascertained by the proof of a pathologically increased plasma aldosterone concentration and of a decreased and non-measurable renin activity, respectively. Since these peripheral hormone values do not allow a differential diagnosis between an adenoma producing aldosterone and an idiopathic hyperplasis of the adrenal cortex, further investigations for the differentiation of these two main forms of the primary aldosteronism must be performed. These investigations are: Phlebography of the suprarenal bodies, determination of the aldosterone concentration in the blood of the adrenal veins and iodine-131-cholesterol scintigraphy. Patients with an adenoma producing aldosterone are unilaterally adrenalectomized, while an operative intervention has no essential influence of the behaviour of the blood pressure in cases with idiopathic hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Therefore, these cases must be treated antihypertensively. A pseudo-primary aldosteronism, also shows a hypopotassaemic hypertension as leading symptom. In contrast to the genuine primary aldosteronism this disease, differs by the proof of low plasma aldosterone levels. A pseudo-primary aldosteronism is caused by the exogenic supply of mineralocorticoid-effective substances. A hypopotassaemia in patients with Cushing's syndrome should, above all when it is very expressed, attract the suspicion to a cortisol-producing carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. The hypopotassaemia in these patients is caused by additional abnormally high tumour production of mineralocorticoid-effective steroids.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disturbance of electrolyte balance in vitreous of chicks with form-deprivation myopia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in the electrolyte and protein concentrations in the vitreous of 3-week-old chicks with form-deprivation myopia (FDM). METHODS: FDM was induced in 2-day-old male white leghorn chicks by covering the left eye with a translucent plastic goggle and leaving the right eye uncovered to serve as control. After 19 days the animals were euthanized, and the axial dimensions of the eyes were measured with a caliper in an unfixed condition. The liquid vitreous and aqueous humor were removed by paracentesis, and blood was collected from the jugular vein. Sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were determined using ion-selective electrodes. Calcium and phosphate concentrations were determined by colorimetric assays using orthocresol phthalein complexone and bacterial xanthine oxidase, respectively. RESULTS: The concentrations of potassium and phosphate were decreased, whereas chloride concentration was increased in the vitreous of the FDM eyes (P < .01). Sodium and calcium concentrations were similar to those in the control eyes. No significant changes in the concentration of electrolytes were observed in the aqueous humor. No significant differences were found in the protein concentrations in the liquid vitreous, gel vitreous, and aqueous humor. CONCLUSIONS: Form-deprivation induced a significant increase of the volume of the liquid vitreous in the eye of the FDM chick. The increased liquid vitreous of the myopic eye was accompanied by an alteration of the electrolyte balance, by a mechanism that has not yet been clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Dietary arginine and lysine ratios in Large White toms. 2. Lack of interaction between arginine:lysine ratios and electrolyte balance.

The effect of dietary Arg:Lys ratios and dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth and carcass parameters of Large White toms was evaluated in one experiment from 8 to 20 wk of age. Growth, feed conversion, and carcass composition were measured. All toms received a common basal diet from 0 to 8 wk of age. At 8 wk of age, 600 toms were randomly placed into 40 pens (15 toms per pen). The corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets were fed from 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 wk of age and evaluated two Arg:Lys ratios (0.98 vs 1.22) and two DEB levels (148 vs 202 mEq/kg of diet) in a complete factorial arrangement. All experimental diets were pelleted. Composite samples of protein-contributing ingredients and complete experimental diets were analyzed for all amino acids, CP, DM, Cl, Na, and K. High and low average house temperature for the 8 to 20 wk period were 19 and 15 C, respectively. No interactions occurred between Arg:Lys ratios and DEB for any parameter measured except litter moisture. Increasing the Arg:Lys ratio improved 20-wk BW (P < or = 0.027) and 8 to 20 wk gain (P < or = 0.023). Feed:gain from 0 to 20 wk of age was decreased by increasing the Arg:Lys ratio (3.01 vs 2.94; P < or = 0.026) and by increasing the DEB (3.01 vs 2.95; P < or = 0.045). Dietary treatments did not affect mortality. Increasing DEB decreased cold carcass yield (P < or = 0.020). Total breast meat yield was increased (P < or = 0.076) by 1% in toms fed the diets containing the 1.22 Arg:Lys ratio vs toms fed diets containing the 0.98 Arg:Lys ratio. Toms responded favorably to increasing the Arg:Lys ratio for growth, feed conversion, and breast meat yield independent of DEB level.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance in thoroughbred racehorses following strenuous exercise during training.

Alterations of acid-base status, and fluid and electrolyte balance subsequent to exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses in North America have not been well-characterized. Des-cribed here are the results of an observational study conducted to characterize changes in fluid and electrolytes following strenuous exercise of 16 Thoroughbreds under routine training conditions. Changes following strenuous exercise were determined for the following variables: serum concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl) and protein; pH of blood; osmolality of plasma and urine; body weight; and, fractional urinary excretion (FE) of Na, K and Cl. The following changes occurred during exercise: increased concentration of Na in blood; increased FE of Na; decreased concentration of Cl in blood; decreased FE of Cl; increased urinary and plasmal osmolality; weight-loss; decreased pH of blood; and, increased concentration of lactic acid. The concurrent decreased concentration of chloride in plasma and acidemia in these horses differed from the hypochloremic, metabolic alkalosis previously described among endurance horses. Acidemia was attributed to production of lactic acid by anaerobic glycolysis.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses.

Alterations in electrolyte and acid-base balance were studied in 6 horses for 8 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM), and the results were compared with those for 5 healthy untreated horses (controls) kept under identical environmental conditions. In the treated group, decreases in plasma potassium, chloride, and calcium concentrations and increases in total plasma protein content persisted for the 8-hour observation period, whereas there was no change in plasma sodium concentration, osmolality, or packed cell volume. Plasma bicarbonate concentration and PCO2 remained high throughout the study, during which time venous blood pH was modestly increased only at the 6-hour sampling time. Furosemide treatment resulted in decreases in urine pH, specific gravity, osmolality, and potassium and calcium concentrations and increases in urine volume and total urine sodium, chloride, and calcium excretion. Body weight decreased 19.2 +/- 5.2 kg (mean +/- SD) in treated horses (4 +/- 1% of body weight), compared with a weight loss of 8 +/- 2.1 kg in untreated horses (1.5 +/- 0.4% of body weight) during the 8-hour experimental period. The increased fluid losses induced by the diuretic did not cause any obvious clinical signs in the horses. Pulse pressure, skin turgor, capillary refill time, and jugular distensibility remained unchanged throughout the experimental period.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1999

The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on water and electrolyte balance in water-restricted sheep.

The importance of angiotensin II in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in sheep is questionable. In this trial the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor were quantified in sheep on restricted water intake. Comparing the phase of water restriction only with that of water restriction plus ACE inhibition, significant increases were observed during the latter phase in urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion via the urine, sodium concentration in the plasma and osmolar clearance. Urine osmolarity decreased with inhibition of angiotensin II formation while variables such as water, sodium and potassium loss via the faeces were unaffected. Most of the renal effects of ACE inhibition, except the increase in urinary potassium excretion, were explicable in terms of the established functions of angiotensin II. Furthermore, results of this trial indicate that angiotensin II has no significant effect on the intestine in regulating water and electrolyte excretion via the faeces.

Angiotensin II↗