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PubMed1985

The use of salivary steroids to monitor circadian rhythmicity on expeditions in the arctic.

The circadian variation in salivary cortisol concentration was investigated in four men during a traverse on foot, of the Greenland ice cap and of salivary cortisol and testosterone on a summer expedition to Spitzbergen. In both instances circadian rhythmicity was demonstrated both before leaving the U.K. and throughout the expedition. The acrophase of the rhythms followed the changes in activity patterns on both expeditions although there was a dissociation between the cortisol and testosterone following an acute 8 hr phase shift in Spitzbergen. The mesor of cortisol in both instances tended to be higher than in the U.K. but the difference was never statistically significant. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using salivary steroid concentrations to investigate their circadian rhythmicity in circumstances where frequent blood sampling would be precluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

High-altitude mountaineering and brain function: neuropsychological testing of members of a Mount Everest expedition.

Concern has been raised regarding the possibility that hypoxic conditions encountered during high-altitude mountaineering may have lasting harmful effects on the human brain. Members of an expedition to Mount Everest completed a series of neuropsychological tests before and after the expedition. Exposure to altitudes above 7,200 m was limited to a maximum of four consecutive nights, separated by rest periods at lower altitudes. No significant decline in performance was observed on any test. The subjects also completed a short series of tests at different altitudes during the expedition. No significant deterioration was observed at altitudes up to 7,500 m. There do not appear to be lasting harmful effects on brain function under these conditions.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise and hypoxia after a high-altitude expedition.

Seven young, male subjects were tested before and immediately after 6 weeks high-mountain expedition. Cardio-respiratory measurements were performed at rest and during standard physical excercise (10 min, 100 W) when breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture (14% O2 in N2). After the expedition an increased V o2 max (16% an average) and diminished heart rate response to submaximal exercise were found. This was observed during air and hypoxic mixture breathing. There was significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output during the exercise. No significant differences in ventilatory parameters were found nor at rest or during exercise under condition of breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture. No changes in erythrocyte count or haemoglobin concentration in the blood were found. The physiological changes which developed during high-mountain expedition were more dependent on physical that hypoxic training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Psychological reactions during polar expeditions and isolation in hyperbaric chambers.

BACKGROUND: Psychological data from environments that are considered as analog to space was collected from 68 subjects; 18 in hyperbaric chambers, 16 in polar expeditions, and 34 on Arctic stations. The objective was to identify psychological reactions expected in different phases of spaceflights and examine personality variables associated with superior adaptation. METHOD: Helmreich Personality Characteristic Inventory was administered before the isolation. Adaptation to the environment was assessed through a questionnaire once a week. RESULTS: Crews in hyperbaric chambers indicated a steady increase in coping over the isolation. Polar expeditions members reported high aggressiveness and anxiety in the first quarter and an increase in homesickness over time. A personality characterized by strong expressiveness and instrumentality ("the right stuff") predicted superior adaptation in hyperbaric chambers. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that isolation in hyperbaric chambers and polar expeditions should be considered as models for different aspects of the space environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Dire straits: the divisive legacy of the 1898 Cambridge anthropological expedition.

Bartlett's claim that the Cambridge anthropological expedition of 1898 to the Torres Strait "put a social and ethnological stamp upon Cambridge psychology" does not bear close examination. Rivers pursued his interests in both anthropology and psychology but came to regard them as largely independent pursuits. Myers, through the influence of Rivers, came to identify himself primarily as a psychologist. McDougall was very quickly marginalized. There were two occasions when the promise of the Torres Strait began to be fulfilled: first, the reunion of Rivers, Myers, McDougall, and Seligman, all medically trained, at Maghull Hospital to help in the treatment of shell-shocked soldiers; second, Bartlett's attempt, early in his career, to establish a sociocultural psychology. However, the remarkable "academy" at Maghull was disbanded at the end of the war, and Bartlett, in his attempt to promote the "upstart subject" of psychology at Cambridge, increasingly came to distance his department from social and ethnological concerns. There is a neglected legacy of the Torres Strait expedition, the curious belief that the methods of experimental psychology, and indeed psychophysics, could (somehow) be foundational to the human sciences. This legacy has served both to suggest that psychology must have something to do with anthropology, while perpetually deferring any actual integration between the two disciplines.

Anthropology↗
PubMed2005

The accidental conservationist: William T. Hornaday, the Smithsonian bison expeditions and the US National Zoo.

In 1886 William T. Hornaday, the Chief Taxidermist of the US National Museum, led the "Smithsonian Institution Buffalo Outfit" to Montana. The American bison was fast heading toward extinction and the mission of the expedition was to locate those of the elusive animals that remained and obtain specimens for the scientific collection at the museum. The successful expedition produced the most complete scientific series, and the finest artistic grouping of taxidermied specimens of the American bison anywhere in the world. Haunted by the scattered skeletal remains of the millions of slaughtered bison that peppered the Eastern Montana Plains, Hornaday fought to establish the National Zoological Park, which would provide sanctuary for bison and other endangered species, and a captive breeding program, which would result in the eventual reintroduction of the American bison to the wild.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of psychological and physiological parameters during an Arctic ski expedition.

Considerable data (primarily physiological) have been collected during expeditions in extreme environments over the last century. Physiological measurements have only recently been examined in association with the emotional or behavioral state of the subject. Establishing this psychophysiological relationship is essential to understanding fully the adaptation of humans to the stresses of extreme environments. This pilot study investigated the simultaneous collection of physiological, psychological and behavioral data from a two-man Greenland expedition in order to model how specific relationships between physiological and psychological adaptation to a polar environment may be identified. The data collected describes changes in adrenal and other hormonal activity and psychological functioning. Levels of cortisol and testosterone were calculated. Factors influencing the plasma profiles of the aforementioned included 24-hour sunlight, high calorific intake of more than 28 000 kJ/day and extreme physical exercise. There was a difference between individual psychological profiles as well as self-report stress and physiological stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Rickettsia sibirica infection in members of scientific expeditions to northern Asia.

The risk of acquiring North Asian tick typhus (infection by Rickettsia sibirica) during travel to regions of Asia where this disease is endemic is unknown. We investigated prospectively 13 paleontologists on expedition to Mongolia. Four paleontologists had acute illness characterised by fever, rash, headache, and lymphadenopathy. All had IgM and IgG antibodies to R sibirica. Paleontologists with no illness and people who went on expeditions in other parts of the world did not have antibodies to R sibirica. Only two of the four infected persons were aware of tick bites. Travellers to regions endemic for R sibirica are at risk of contracting North Asian tick typhus even in the absence of recognised tick-bites.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2003

Polar poisons: did Botulism doom the Franklin expedition?

In 1845 the Franklin expedition left London with 2 ships and 134 men on board in an attempt to find the route through the Northwest Passage. The ships were built with state-of-the-art technology for their day, but provisioned with supplies from the lowest bidder. After taking on fresh provisions in the Whalefish Islands, off the coast of Greenland, the entire crew was never heard from again. Graves found on remote Beechey Island indicate that three able-bodied seamen died during the first winter. A note written on a ship's log, later found in a cairn, indicate that the expedition's leader, Sir John Franklin, died during the second winter entrapped on the ice, by which time 24 men had also perished. The remaining crew failed in their attempt to walk out of the Arctic by an overland route. In 1981 Owen Beattie, from the University of Alberta, exhumed the remains of the sailors from the three graves on Beechey Island. Elevated lead levels were found in all three sailors. While lead poisoning has been a leading theory of the cause of the crew's deaths, blamed on the crudely tinned provisions the ships carried with them from England, chronic lead exposure may only have weakened the crew, not necessarily killed them. One of three exhumed sailors also had in his intestine the spores of an unspecified Clostridium species. The theory put forth by this article is that Botulism, type E, which is endemic in the Arctic, may have been responsible for their deaths.

Botulism↗
PubMed2005

The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century.

The New World was ravaged by smallpox for several centuries after the Spanish conquest. Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine made possible the prevention and control of smallpox epidemics. In response to a large outbreak of smallpox in the Spanish colonies, King Charles IV appointed Francisco Xavier de Balmis to lead an expedition that would introduce Jenner's vaccine to these colonies. During the journey, the vaccine was kept viable by passing it from arm to arm in orphaned children, who were brought along expressly for that purpose and remained under the care of the orphanage's director. This expedition was the first large scale mass vaccination of its kind. The historic legacy of this pioneering event in international health should be revisited in the current era of persistent inequalities in global health.

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Emergency medicine expeditions to the developing world: the Loma Linda University experience in Papua New Guinea.

Emergency physicians (EPs) are increasingly participating in international medicine in regions that are chronically medically underserved. In August 1994, a ten-member emergency medicine team from the Loma Linda University School of Medicine staffed a 70-bed bush hospital in the primitive highlands of Papua New Guinea, providing both outpatient and inpatient medical care. Typhoid fever, malaria, polio, and numerous other infectious diseases were encountered. Rampant local tribal warfare resulted in regular penetrating injuries from arrows, spears, and machetes. The expedition was judged highly successful, in that 1) substantial medical service was provided to tribespeople accustomed to minimal care, 2) education was provided to local health care providers, and 3) team participants became adept at managing medical conditions uncommon in industrialized societies, and gained valuable ethical and utilitarian perspectives regarding health care delivery in underserved areas. In this article the objectives, organization, and experiences of the team members are described. This information may encourage other EPs to participate in medical expeditions to the developing world, and to provide general principles to assist in their organization and implementation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: Psychological aspects of acute mountain sickness.

In order to assess the importance of personality and expectations in the development of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), 3 standard personality questionnaires and a Mountain Sickness Anticipation Questionnaire were completed by all of the 17 BMRES expedition members before their departure for the Himalayas. AMS could not be predicted with these tests and its occurrence, when assessed either by clinical interview or by peer review, bore no significant relationship to personality. For comparison daily self-assessment of the signs and symptoms of AMS were also conducted throughout the expedition, using graduated and graphic rating scales. The results were found to be unreliable and dependent upon personality factors. These findings have implications for those assessing others at high altitude.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A 1-year, three-couple expedition as a crew analog for a Mars mission.

This study assessed the intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning of a three-couple expedition group that included a 2 1/2-year-old child which was ice-locked on a boat in the High Arctic during a major portion of the expedition. Personality assessment indicated that team members were generally well adjusted, scoring relatively higher on well-being and achievement and relatively lower on stress reactivity. Weekly mood ratings showed that the group exhibited significantly higher positive than negative affect. Reported negative events were relatively most frequent at the beginning of the Arctic stay and toward the end of the darkness period and were lowest during the initial darkness interval. The period of darkness had both a salutary and negative impact. A highly important means of coping with stress was seeking emotional support from one's partner. Selection of couples with strong bonds with their partner appears to be one viable approach for crew selection for long-duration missions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Harry Goodsir and the last Franklin Expedition, of 1845.

Henry Duncan Spens ("Harry") Goodsir was one of the younger brothers of John Goodsir, Professor of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh from 1846 to 1867. Harry Goodsir qualified with the LRCS Edinburgh diploma in 1840, and was an anatomist and naturalist of the highest promise. He was Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1843 until 1845, when he was appointed assistant surgeon and naturalist to the Franklin Expedition. This sailed to the Arctic seas under Sir John Franklin, to find the North-West Passage, but was lost. Its fate was never determined satisfactorily, although several subsequent expeditions attempted to do so.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Pattern of injury and illness during expedition-length adventure races.

OBJECTIVE: To describe injuries and illnesses treated during an expedition-length adventure race and combine the results with those from previous studies to identify common patterns of injury and illness during these events. METHODS: The 2003 Subaru Primal Quest Expedition Length Adventure Race was held in Lake Tahoe, CA, from September 5 to 14, 2003. Eighty teams of 4 individuals participated. During the event, medical volunteers providing on-site medical care recorded each medical encounter on a medical encounter form. This information was used to describe the injuries and illnesses treated and was combined with previous investigations to identify common patterns of injury and illness during these events. RESULTS: During the 10-day study period, 356 patient encounters and 406 injuries and illnesses were recorded. The most frequent reason to require on-site medical care was injury of the skin and soft tissue (70.4%), with blisters the single most common of these injuries (45.6%). Other reasons were orthopedic injury (14.8%), respiratory illness (3.7%), and heat illness or dehydration (3.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this and previous studies demonstrate a common pattern of injury and illness that includes a high frequency of skin and soft tissue injury, especially blisters. Injuries and illnesses such as altitude illness, contact dermatitis, and respiratory illness varied considerably among events. The number of patient encounters per athlete is similar among the studies, providing an approximation of the number of medical encounters expected given the number of participants. These results should assist medical providers for future events; however, it is imperative to carefully review the individual event to best predict the frequency of injury and illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Botany in Spanish scientific expeditions].

One of the most important contributions of the Spanish Enlightenment was the knowledge of the American flora. From the Royal Botanical Garden, the Cabinet of Natural History and the Marine, a plan of expeditions was expounded that would cover important floristic colonial areas. They wanted to know the wealth of those lands in the intent of getting species useful to different industries: alimentary, textile and sanitarian. There were highly varied kinds of expeditions, some of them were maritime journeys and some others colonial settlements; some times the initiative came from the Peninsula and other times from the American lands.

Americas↗
PubMed1995

[Natural resources of Central America: the origin of the botanical expedition to Guatemala].

The scientific commission to Central America originated like a continuation of the three big botanical Spanish expeditions being carried out during the reign of Carlos III through the American territories. The presence of the naturalists José Longinos Martínez and José Mociño, and the painter Vicente de la Cerda at the capital of Guatemala was reason of great interest in the "Capitanía General", and it caused great impact on the Enlightened institutions of the time. Friends' of the Country Economical Society and the Consulado of commerce supported the works of the members of the expedition contributing to the institutionalization of the Natural History in Central America.

Botany↗
PubMed1995

[The botanical project of the Malaspina expedition].

Concluding the XVIIIth century, the monarchy of Carlos III patronizes the expedition Malaspina with the goal of exploring the continents of America, Asia and Oceania. On their political aspect the journey persecuted the reformation of the obsolescent colonial Spanish model, and in their scientific facet the development of a project of investigation in agreement with the European interests. Our goal is to define the botanical studies accomplished by the naturalists of the expedition Malaspina in relationship with the scientific policy that from the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid the Spanish crown projected for their overseas territories.

Americas↗