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The water and ethanol extracts of Lao Gua Tou (Cynanchum komarovii) is effective on relieving cough caused by the irritation of ammonnia water in mice. The extract can increase the secretion of repiratory tract and promote expectoration, also alleviate asthma induced by histamine and acetylcholing chloride in guinea pigs.
Previously, we reported that psychotic and behavioral disorders induced by repeated abuse of a commercial preparation of antitussive and expectorant (BRON-W Solution, SS Pharmaceut.) was mainly due to caffeine (CAF). In order to reduce such problem, we assessed effects of a preparation containing theophylline (THEO) as the substitution of CAF, and dihydrocodeine (2HCOD), methylephedrine (MEPH) and chlorpheniramine (CPA) on ambulatory activity and discrete lever-press avoidance response in mice. It is well known that THEO is less potent in the central action than CAF, but its relaxant action on smooth muscle is about 2 times as potent as that of CAF. Therefore, the dose of THEO administered was half of that of CAF. A significant increase in the ambulatory activity was produced by the administration of CAF and/or mixed preparations, in which CAF was contained with 2HCOD, MEPH and CPA at the same doses with those in BRON 10 ml/kg. The ambulation-increasing effects of THEO and THEO-containing preparations were less potent than those of CAP and CAF-containing preparations. Furthermore, repeated 5 times administration of CAF-containing 4-drug preparation (CAF + 2HCOD+MEPH+CPA) elicited a progressive enhancement of the ambulation-increasing effect. Whereas, almost the same effect was reproduced throughout the 5 times administration of THEO-containing 4-drug preparation (THEO + 2HCOD+MEPH+CPA). The discrete lever-press avoidance response was disrupted (i.e., decrease in the avoidance rate) by CAF-containing preparations. However, THEO-containing preparations did not induce such disruption of the avoidance response, but rather improved the avoidance response (i.e., increase in the avoidance rate).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A randomised double-blind crossover study compared the clinical effectiveness of a 21-day treatment with 600 mg per day of sodium thiophene carboxylate and placebo in 33 patients with stable chronic bronchial disease. During the seven week trial, subjective symptoms and findings were recorded, pulmonary function tests performed and sputum physical characteristics determined. Side-effects were closely monitored. Both subjective assessment of overall clinical efficacy and statistical analysis of the above mentioned factors failed to show any significant advantage of sodium thiophene carboxylate to placebo. Sodium thiophene carboxylate appears to be an expectorant and mucoregulatory drug, lacking evidence of clinical effectiveness in the treatment of patients with stable chronic bronchitis.
The paper reports a method for studying mucosecretolytic drugs in the mouse. After i.p. application of phenol red, part of the dye is secreted in the tracheobronchial tract and collected by lung washings with saline. The concentration of secreted phenol red is measured photometrically at 546 nm. All the most important expectorant drugs increase the tracheobronchial secretion of phenol red in the mouse. The ED50 values, calculated as mg/kg, show practically the same activity for N-acetylcysteine, Tiopronine, SF-1284 and S-carboxymethylcysteine, and a lower activity for Ambroxol and Sobrerol. The method was validated for reproducibility utilizing Tiopronine in many experiments performed over twelve months.
A randomized double-blind cross-over study compared the clinical effectiveness of a 14-day treatment with 400 mg X day-1 of sobrerol and placebo in 23 patients with stable chronic bronchial disease. During the seven week trial, subjective symptoms and findings (cough frequency and severity, difficulty in raising sputum, dyspnoea) were recorded, pulmonary function tests performed and sputum physical characteristics (24-h sputum volume, purulence, cell concentration, protein, sputum dry weight and "apparent" viscosity) determined on a regular basis. Side-effects were closely monitored. Both subjective assessment of overall clinical efficacy as well as statistical analysis of the above mentioned factors failed to show any significant advantage of sobrerol to placebo--except for a transient decrease of the 24-h sputum volume. Sobrerol appears to be another example of an expectorant lacking evidence of clinical effectiveness in the management of chronic bronchial secretions.
New 2,4-dibromo-6-(N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl)aminomethylanilides of N-acetylcysteine and N-acetyl-S-carboxymethylcisteine derivatives, N-benzyloxycarbonylcysteine and N,N'-bisbenzyloxycarbonylcystine were synthesized. The compounds were tested for the expectorant activity in rabbit and mouse. N,N'-Bisbenzyloxycarbonylcystin-bis [2,4-dibromo-6-(N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl]anilide (XIX) was selected for further investigations.
A randomized double-blind crossover study compared the clinical effectiveness of 14-day treatment with 400 mg/day of sobrerol and placebo in 23 patients with stable chronic bronchial disease. In a further open trial phase all patients received 2.0 g glyceringuaiacol per day. During the 9-week trial, subjective symptoms and findings were recorded by numerical code, side-effects listed, pulmonary function tests performed and sputum physical characteristics determined on a weekly basis. Data was statistically analyzed using an analysis of variance adapted from HILLS and ARMITAGE, the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, the paired t-test and the %2 test. Both subjective assessment of overall clinical efficacy and statistical analysis of the above factors failed to show any significant advantage of sobrerol over placebo. Sputum physical characteristics failed to reveal a significant difference between sobrerol and placebo, with the exception of a temporary reduction in sputum volume (p less than 0.05) on the fourth day of therapy with sobrerol. Similarly, 2.0 g glyceringuaiacol for 14 days failed to influence subjective symptoms, pulmonary function tests or sputum physical characteristics. In conclusion, sobrerol is a further example of an expectorant lacking evidence of clinical effectiveness in the management of bronchial secretions in patients with stable chronic bronchial disease.
Using our new method described in a preceding paper, in vivo effects of two proteolytic enzymes such as serratiopeptidase (SER) and seaprose (SAP) on sputa collected from bronchitis rabbits were examined. SER (20 mg/kg) and SAP (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the viscosity of sputum (P less than 0.05) at the 1-3-h periods and the 4-6-h periods, respectively, after intraduodenal administration. 50 mg/kg of SER also significantly decreased not only viscosity (P less than 0.001) but also amount of freeze-dried substance (P less than 0.05) of sputum at the 1-3-h periods, but SAP did not affect the amount of dried substance. Both enzymes significantly increased the volume of sputum, probably as the result of liquefaction. Thus, mucolytic expectorant activity of both enzymes can be demonstrated first by the reduction in viscosity and next of the increase in volume of sputa. However, the decrease in amount of freeze-dried substance is not always in accord with the reduction viscosity.
The water, ethanol and ether extracts from Cynanchum glaucescems administrated orally showed significant antitussive effect in ammonia-induced cough model in mice. The water and ethanol extracts had obvious expectorant effect. The filtered solution of water decoction injected intraperitoneally could effectively prevent guinea pigs from asthma induced by acetulcholine and histamine mixture, and also inhibit the ear inflammation in mice caused by croton oil. All these effects showed close dose-effect relationship.
The case report of a patient known to have metastatic renal cancer and right main bronchus obstruction is presented. During an episode of haemoptysis, the patient expectorated a large fragment of tissue, which proved to be metastatic renal cell cancer. This event produced a right-sided hydropneumothorax with partial re-expansion of the previously collapsed right lung. A chest tube was inserted producing a full re-expansion, following which pleurodesis with tetracycline was performed. To our knowledge, this is the first ever description of spontaneous clearance of a malignant bronchial obstruction.
Metastatic tumour to the tongue is extremely rare. We report a case of renal adenocarcinoma metastasis involving the right side of the base of the tongue with extension to the right vallecula in a 59-year-old man in which a piece of the metastatic lesion in the tongue was expectorated and was the first evidence of the primary tumour in the right kidney. Previously reported cases are reviewed.
The presence of pneumococcal capsular antigen (PCA) in the oropharynx was sought in subjects without respiratory tract infection. Saliva specimens from 239 subjects were analysed by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis using 'Omniserum'. 15.5% gave positive reactions but only 24% of positive samples were typable and therefore due to pneumococcal or pneumococcal-like antigens. Given that oropharyngeal production of antigens occurs we investigated whether PCA in expectorated sputum arose from oropharyngeal contamination. Sixteen patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, and with sputum positive for PCA, were investigated in detail. On the basis of serotyping and concentration the PCA in sputum was thought to arise from the lower respiratory tract in all cases. This was confirmed by a simple, novel approach involving the comparison of concentrations in concomitant samples of saliva and sputum. Thus while oropharyngeal production of antigens poses a potential diagnostic problem the latter approach can be used to exclude contamination.
Benign cystic teratomas of the lung are extremely rare. Up to the present time, around 30 cases have been reported in the literature. We report an additional case, a 28-year-old woman, admitted with the complaint of expectoration of hair. Histopathological, clinical, and Ct features are presented.
Scintigraphic detection of infectious foci with In-111 labeled granulocytes or leukocytes is a well-established technique in nuclear medicine. The technique is commonly used to demonstrate inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Its application, however, may be influenced by infectious expectoration located within the gastrointestinal tract. In performing this technique, it is important to have this differential diagnostic possibility in mind; it can be clarified by repeated imaging.
In all four previously reported cases of endobronchial erosion from retained intrathoracic foreign objects, the object eventually required surgical removal. We report the case of a patient with a bullet in the left hemithorax who developed bronchial erosion and hemoptysis 3 months after the injury, with subsequent expectoration of the bullet. Although most foreign bodies within the thorax pose no special problems, migration of the object or the development of symptoms warrants investigation and possibly subsequent surgical removal of the object.
Secretory IgA is usually found in high concentrations in the mucin layer of the oral mucosa. Chlorhexidine (CH) has been shown to precipitate mucin and may thus reduce the amount of IgA available in the oral cavity. Two human experiments were performed using single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) for quantitation of IgA in expectorates after mouthrinses. CH mouthrinses eluted significantly more IgA from the oral cavity than did water. However, regular CH rinses for 1 week did not seem to reduce significantly the amount of IgA the could be extracted by water of CH. The present study did not support the suggestion that CH mouthrinses may reduce the IgA dependent defence mechanisms in the oral cavity.
A five-center study was conducted with the aim of determining how reproducibly expectorated sputa and tracheal aspirates could be sampled when preparing Gram-stained smears and inoculating cultures. With both specimen types, excessive variation was noted among Gram stain results obtained from replicate smears. Less variation was noted among culture results, especially with tracheal aspirates.
Three patients are described who presented to their doctors with a history of coughing up pieces of tissue. These took the form of large bronchial casts and consisted of intrabronchial deposits of clear cell carcinoma. In one patient the pulmonary symptoms preceded the finding of a primary renal carcinoma by four years. The other two patients had undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma 13 and four years previously. Expectoration of intrabronchial tumour should alert the physician to the possibility of metastasis from clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.