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PubMed1976

IgE antibodies to house dust, mite, animal allergens and moulds in house dust hypersensitivity.

Fifty-three patients were investigated by intradermal tests and Phadebas RAST and, in most cases, the serum IgE level was determined. They were tested for sensitivity to house dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat, dog, horse and mould allergens. All cases with IgE antibodies to house dust were found to have specific IgE to other tested allergens as well. Eighty-nine per cent of the patients being RAST positive for house dust were also positive for D. pteronyssinus and in the majority of those cases IgE antibodies to other allergens were detected. The results reaffirm previous findings that the mite is not the only allergen in house dust and that extract of house dust is a mixture of several allergenic substances, which make it less suitable for differential testing. It is concluded that serum IgE determination is of value as a screening procedure in the diagnosis and that the use of a number of specific allergens in RAST is valuable in pinpointing the offending allergen in house dust hypersensitivity.

Allergens↗
PubMed1989

Dust from carpeted and smooth floors. I. Comparative measurements of antigenic and allergenic proteins in dust vacuumed from carpeted and non-carpeted classrooms in Norwegian schools.

Dust samples from fitted-carpets and linoleum floors in 12 schools in Norway were collected by vacuum cleaning. The presence of antigens and allergens of alder (Alnus incana), birch (Betula verrucosa), timothy (Phleum pratense), mould (Cladosporium herbarum), house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae), cat and dog dander, codfish, hen egg white and human dander were investigated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. No qualitative differences in allergen contents of dust from both types of floor tested were noted. Similarly, no relationship could be demonstrated between floor-type and allergen concentration under identical experimental conditions. Antigens and allergens of both cat and dog were frequently demonstrated in dust extracts. All extracts included human dander and mould allergens. In addition, most dust samples from both carpeted and smooth floors contained hen egg white and codfish allergens. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that dust from smooth floors and fitted-carpets was relatively free of mite and pollen from alder, birch and timothy.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Agricultural seed dust as a potential cause of organic dust toxic syndrome.

AIMS: Episodes of serious work related health problems resembling organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) in workers of a grass seed quality inspection laboratory prompted the authors to study personal endotoxin exposure levels in this facility and in the agricultural seed processing industry. In addition, microbial and inflammatory characteristics of agricultural seeds were studied. METHODS: The authors assessed inhalable dust and endotoxin levels in 101 samples from 57 workers in grass, cereal, and vegetable seed plants who were handling mainly grass seeds as bulk product, and horticulture seeds in smaller quantities. Additionally, real-time dust exposure was measured using a DataRAM monitor in 12 grass seed workers to obtain more information on exposure patterns during specific tasks. Endotoxin concentrations in seed extracts were determined by LAL assay and seed samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Release of inflammatory cytokines was measured in supernatants of whole blood samples stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or agricultural seed extracts in a human whole blood assay (WBA). RESULTS: Endotoxin concentrations in personal samples were high (geometric mean 1800 EU/m3), particularly in the grass seed quality inspection lab where endotoxin levels up to 274 000 EU/m3 were measured. The recommended health based endotoxin exposure limit of 50 EU/m3 was amply exceeded in almost all personal samples. Job tasks dumping and mixing were associated with highest dust and endotoxin exposures, which was confirmed by real-time measurements. Microbial infestation was found in almost all seed samples. WBA results showed that most seed extracts were capable of inducing a pronounced dose dependent cytokine release. CONCLUSIONS: Workers handling grass, cereal, or vegetable seeds are at risk of exposure to high levels of endotoxin containing seed dust. Occupational exposure to inhalable agricultural seed dust can induce inflammatory responses, and is a potential cause of ODTS.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of aqueous grain dusts, cotton dusts, and mold extracts by crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques.

To evaluate the possibility that an immune response is involved in the pathogenesis of grain dust or cotton dust induced respiratory disease, 1 grain dust extract (A) was compared with 4 similar grain dust extracts, a cotton dust extract, and a mixture of fungal preparations, using crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques and rabbit anti-A sera. All extracts demonstrated a significant number of shared antigenic determinants. These data suggest that grain and cotton dust may induce disease via a common pathogenic mechanism and putative agent(s).

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of an electrostatic space charge system on airborne dust and subsequent potential transmission of microorganisms to broiler breeder pullets by airborne dust.

High levels of dust and microorganisms are known to be associated with animal confinement rearing facilities. Many of the microorganisms are carried by dust particles, thus providing an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds. Two environmentally controlled rooms containing female broiler breeder pullets (n = 300) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of an electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) in reducing airborne dust and gram-negative bacteria levels over an 8-wk period (starting when the birds were 10 wk old). The ESCS was used to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing airborne microorganism levels by charging airborne dust particles and causing the particles to be attracted to grounded surfaces (i.e., walls, floor, equipment). The use of the ESCS resulted in a 64% mean reduction in gram-negative bacteria. Airborne dust levels were reduced an average of 37% over a 1-wk period in the experimental room compared with the control room on the basis of samples taken every 10 min. The reductions of airborne dust and bacteria in this study are comparable with earlier results obtained with the ESCS in commercial hatching cabinets and experimental caged layer rooms, suggesting the system could also be applied to other types of enclosed animal housing.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2003

Quantitation of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens in the microenvironment of dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the density of Dermatophagoides farinae and D pteronyssinus and concentrations of house dust mite (HDM) allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Group 2 allergens) in the indoor microenvironment of dogs. Sample Population-50 homes in Columbus, Ohio. PROCEDURES: n each home, samples of dust were collected from 3 locations in which dogs spent most time. Whenever possible, the species of mites collected was identified. Mite density (mites/g of dust) was assessed, and allergen concentrations were assayed by standardized ELISAs. Relative humidity and temperature in each home were monitored during a 5-day period. Characteristics of homes and sample sources were evaluated. RESULTS: Dust samples from all 50 homes contained > or = 1 HDM allergen; Der f 1 and Der p 1 were detected in 100 and 74% of homes, respectively. Fifteen homes had HDMs; compared with D pteronyssinus, D farinae was found more commonly (14/15 homes) and at a higher density. Basements, homes without central air-conditioning, and dog beds that were > or = 1 year old had high HDM allergen concentrations. Homes with > or = 2 microg of Der f 1 or Group 2 allergens/g of dust or > or = 100 mites/g of dust were significantly more likely to have a maximum relative humidity > or = 75%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate the presence of HDMs and HDM allergens in the specific microenvironment of dogs in homes. Factors associated with high levels of exposure were identified, which may be associated with increased risk for sensitization and development of atopic diseases.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Quantitation of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens in the microenvironment of dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the density of Dermatophagoides farinae and D pteronyssinus and concentrations of house dust mite (HDM) allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Group 2 allergens) in the indoor microenvironment of dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 50 homes in Columbus, Ohio. PROCEDURES: In each home, samples of dust were collected from 3 locations in which dogs spent most time. Whenever possible, the species of mites collected was identified. Mite density (mites/g of dust) was assessed, and allergen concentrations were assayed by standardized ELISAs. Relative humidity and temperature in each home were monitored during a 5-day period. Characteristics of homes and sample sources were evaluated. RESULTS: Dust samples from all 50 homes contained > or = 1 HDM allergen; Der f 1 and Der p 1 were detected in 100 and 74% of homes, respectively. Fifteen homes had HDMs; compared with D pteronyssinus, D farinae was found more commonly (14/15 homes) and at a higher density. Basements, homes without central air-conditioning, and dog beds that were > or = 1 year old had high HDM allergen concentrations. Homes with > or = 2 microg of Der f 1 or Group 2 allergens/g of dust or > or = 100 mites/g of dust were significantly more likely to have a maximum relative humidity > or = 75%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated the presence of HDMs and HDM allergens in the specific microenvironment of dogs in homes. Factors associated with high levels of exposure were identified, which may be associated with increased risk for sensitization and development of atopic diseases.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[House-dust allergens. II. Correlations of intradermal reactions of house-dust extract and extract of "D. pteronyssinus"].

In a previous study we had found a high correlation between the positive reaction to standard house dust and to a mites pool extract of 0.86. The study had indicated that the dominant mite found in standard house dust in Barcelona seemed to be D. pteronyssinus. We wished to further confirm this finding by comparing skin reactions to an extract of this mite with skin reactions to the city's dust. A dust extract (HDS-B) was prepared according to the Spieksma technique in a proportion of W/V 1/10 and diluted to 1/1,000 with the liquid of the extract. Extracts of D. pteronyssinus were prepared with a culture medium (HDM), diluted to 1/1,000,000 and a control of thc culture medium at 1/100. A study was made of 56 children suffering from asthma due to house dust, their ages ranging from 4-14 years. 19 were eliminated due to positive reactions to the control. Among the remaining 37 a skin-reaction to histamine ratio was established. The correlation coefficient found was 0.91, which is significant at a level of P less than 0.001. It is also noteworthy that of the nineteen children (33.9%) who reacted to the control, 10 (17.85%) of them reacted positively with at least 2-3 crosses, which leads us to think that human dander may act as a lesser allergen. We therefore conclude that: 1. D. pteronyssinus is the principal source of allergen in domestic dust. 2. The precise role of human skin dander needs to be clarified.

Allergens↗
PubMed1990

[Occupational hygiene control of dust conditions in the working place using a 3-step dust measuring device].

Mineral dust originating at deep mining are polydisperse of a broad spectrum. The size of the largest particles is about 50 to 200 microns. At inspiration the particles undergo a selection according to their size: the particles exceeding 200 microns are not inhaled, particles exceeding a size of 15 to 20 microns remain in the tracheobronchial tract (NPL-fraction), granules smaller than 5 to 8 microns will be deposited in the alveolar region (A-fraction).-Selection of dust has been characterized by international conventions, i.e. the A-fraction by BMRC-characteristic. In the case of inert and fibrous mineral dust environment--from the five dust fractions--the A-fraction as the risk factor for pneumoconiosis and the TB-fraction as the risk factor for "dust bronchitis" may have an importance. Therefore concentration of these two fractions has to be systematically measured.--The paper presents a dust gravimeter--new in its structural composition--suitable for measuring concentration of the two fractions simultaneously and separately.

Dust↗
PubMed2002

Collisionless damping of nonlinear dust ion acoustic wave due to dust charge fluctuation.

A dissipation mechanism for the damping of the nonlinear dust ion acoustic wave in a collisionless dusty plasma consisting of nonthermal electrons, ions, and variable charge dust grains has been investigated. It is shown that the collisionless damping due to dust charge fluctuation causes the nonlinear dust ion acoustic wave propagation to be described by the damped Korteweg-de Vries equation. Due to the presence of nonthermal electrons, the dust ion acoustic wave admits both positive and negative potential and it suffers less damping than the dust acoustic wave, which admits only negative potential.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

A review of the effects of impermeable bedding encasements on dust-mite allergen exposure and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in dust-mite-sensitized patients.

BACKGROUND: Sensitization and exposure to dust-mite antigens are causative factors in the development and exacerbation of asthma. Impermeable bedding encasements are considered a first-line treatment to reduce dust-mite antigen exposure in clinical asthma-management guidelines. Public-health recommendations for environmental asthma treatments should be based on the weight of evidence supporting the reliability of environmental interventions so that uncertainties regarding their effectiveness can be accurately communicated to patients, and so that limited public-health resources can be most effectively utilized. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the strength of a clinical-trial evidence supporting the efficacy of bedding encasements as an asthma treatment. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted of all clinical trials involving bedding encasement for the treatment of asthma. Collective statistical analyses were also performed to characterize the quantitative effect of bedding encasement on dust-mite allergen exposure and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) when used by asthma patients. RESULTS: Over 30 clinical trials were reviewed. Of those studies reporting adequate exposure and BHR results, four reported significant reduction in dust-mite allergen exposure and concomitant BHR reduction in active-treatment groups using bedding encasements. In 10 studies, mite-allergen exposure was reportedly decreased during the study, but BHR was not changed in the active-treatment group or was reduced to a similar degree in the active-treatment and control groups. Five other studies reported a lack of significant effect of the intervention on exposure and BHR. Collective paired analyses found that the effect of bedding encasement on allergen exposure and BHR tended toward only a modest, non-significant improvement. Collectively, effects of bedding encasement on BHR and dust-mite allergen exposure were modestly correlated only when the baseline exposure was above 2 microg Type 1 antigen per gram settled dust. CONCLUSION: Although bedding encasement might be an effective asthma treatment under some conditions, when implemented in clinical trials by asthma patients, its effectiveness is inconsistent and appears to be, at best, modest. Therefore, its significance as a reliable asthma management modality for any individual asthma patient is uncertain. Where resource constraints are significant, targeting the use of variably effective interventions such as bedding encasements toward those patient sub-populations most likely to derive substantial benefit may gain the largest net public-health benefit.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between exposure to dust mite allergen and bronchial response to exercise in schoolchildren sensitized to dust mites.

We assessed the relationship between the exposure to dust mite allergens and a bronchial response to exercise in 8-year-old schoolchildren. Dust was collected from the mattresses of 1,291 children and the concentration of mite allergens was estimated by a commercially available ELISA test using monoclonal antibodies (ALK, Copenhagen) against the major allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der pt) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f). A positive bronchial response to exercise (decrease of peak expiratory flow > or = 15% after exercise) occurred in 21 (22.6%) of 101 children sensitized to mite allergens (wheal size > or = 4 mm) and in 51 (4.8%) of 1,070 nonsensitized children. In the highest exposure groups (> 10 micrograms allergen/g dust), 15% of children sensitized to Der f and 20% of children sensitized to Der pt were responsive to exercise. Corresponding figures for the lowest exposure groups (< 0.4 micrograms allergen/g dust) were 11 and 28%, respectively. This negative finding may indicate that measurement of allergen concentration in mattresses does not reflect true exposure or alternatively that at the age of 8 years high exposure to dust mite allergens does not affect bronchial response to exercise in sensitized children.

Allergens↗
PubMed1990

Respiratory tract responses to dust: relationships between dust burden, lung injury, alveolar macrophage fibronectin release, and the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the responses of the respiratory tract to silica (SiO2) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Rats were intratracheally instilled with 5-100 mg/kg of dust and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein (TP) and ex vivo alveolar macrophage (AM) fibronectin release assessed on Days 7, 14, and 28 after exposure. Lung dust burdens were determined on Days 1, 7, and 28 after instillation. Both dusts elicited dose-related increases in BALF LDH and TP, a response which was more pronounced and progressive with SiO2. All doses of SiO2 elicited persistent increases in AM fibronectin release. TiO2 stimulated persistent increases in AM fibronectin release at greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg, with transient or no effect at less than or equal to 10 mg/kg. Increased SiO2 retention was observed for all doses and TiO2 retention was increased only at doses greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg. In vitro exposure of naive AM to SiO2 or TiO2 did not stimulate AM fibronectin release. Histopathology demonstrated fibrosis at all SiO2 doses; only TiO2 doses greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg resulted in fibrosis. These results reveal an association between increased dust retention, lung injury, activation of AM fibronectin release, and the development of fibrosis. The magnitude and temporal pattern of responses clearly differentiated SiO2 from TiO2. The correlation of BALF markers of lung injury and increased AM fibronectin release with the development of fibrosis supports the use of these parameters as predictive biomarkers of dust-induced interstitial lung disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Platinum, palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tunnel dust and common grass in Białystok area (Poland): a pilot study.

Automobile traffic is the main source of Pt, Pd and Rh, i.e. platinum-group elements (PGEs), contamination in urban areas and there is growing concern about the effects of these emerging contaminants for people living in these areas. PGE contents were determined in samples of road dust, tunnel dust and common grass as well as pine needles collected from the residential areas of Białystok, northeast Poland. High resolution (HR) and quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were compared for their adequacy in the environmental analysis of Pt and Rh. Palladium was determined by total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and HR-ICP-MS after matrix separation by reductive co-precipitation with Hg. The highest PGEs concentration was found in road dust samples. Platinum content in road dust varied from 34.2 to 110.9 ng g(-1), while that of Rh from 6.0 to 19.7 ng g(-1). The mean concentration of Pd in this matrix was 32.8 ng g(-1) as determined by TXRF analysis and 42.2 ng g(-1) by HR-ICP-MS. The highest Pt concentration in tunnel dust was found in the size fraction below 75 microm (22.3-23.3 ng g(-1)). The mean concentrations of PGEs in grass were 8.63 ng g(-1) for Pt, 0.65 ng g(-1) for Rh and 3.2 ng g(-1) for Pd. The concentration of PGEs in pine needles was below the limits of detection of the methods used.

Dust↗
PubMed1996

Electret-based passive dust sampler: sampling of organic dusts.

Passive samplers are light, convenient and cheap. However, the sample size tends to be small and a correlation exercise between the results of a passive sampler and a conventional sampler must be carried out. The design principles and mode of action of an electret-based passive dust sampler are described. The device captures dust particles at a rate independent of the velocity of air except when this is very low but dependent on the electrical properties of the dust being sampled. Experimental results are presented of measurements made in bakeries, pig farms, a dairy farm, an arable farm and a rubber-manufacturing plant. Correlation between measurements made with the passive sampler and measurements of inhalable dust performed by other means are reasonable. The results are interpreted in terms of the physical properties of the dust being sampled.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

Dust from carpeted and smooth floors. II. Antigenic and allergenic content of dust vacuumed from carpeted and smooth floors in schools under routine cleaning schedules.

Dust samples were collected twice from smooth and carpeted floors in 10 Norwegian schools. The content of antigens and allergens of alder (Alnus incana), birch (Betula verrucosa), timothy (Phleum pratense), cat and dog dander, house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae), mould (Cladosporium herbarum), hen egg white and codfish (DIII) were investigated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), radio allergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition and quantitative precipitation inhibition analysis by laser nephelometry. Antigens and allergens of cat and dog dander and hen egg white were most prevalent in the dust samples investigated. With the exception of hen egg white and codfish allergens, no statistically significant differences in mean allergen content were shown in identical quantities of freeze-dried dust extracts from carpeted and smooth floors. RAST-inhibition analyses of identical amounts of dust from either floors showed higher content of allergens of cat, dog, hen egg white, codfish, mould and timothy pollen in classrooms with carpets.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Cat, dog, and house-dust-mite allergen levels of house dust in Finnish apartments.

The presence of indoor allergens in Finnish homes was studied for the first time. Dust samples (n = 30) were collected by vacuuming a 1 m2 area from a living-room carpet in 30 apartments divided into three groups: homes with cats (n = 10), homes with dogs (n = 10), and homes without pets (n = 10). The levels of major cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), and house-dust-mite (Der p 1) allergens were analyzed by two-site ELISA methods. Der p 1 levels were below the detection limit in all dust samples. In the homes with cats or dogs, Fel 1 d and Can f 1 levels ranged from 147 to 2800 micrograms/g (geometric mean 296 micrograms/g), respectively, 567 micrograms/g), and from 86 to 1400 micrograms/g (geometric mean 296 micrograms/g), respectively, being slightly higher than those reported elsewhere. Low allergen levels, mainly below 3 micrograms/g were also detected in the homes without pets, indicating the transfer of allergens from place to place. However, in 25% of these samples, allergen levels exceeded the proposed threshold levels for cat or dog sensitization. The presence of pets was the most significant factor affecting cat and dog allergen levels in the house dust, and other factors, such as the amount of dust collected, residential time, and cleaning habits, had no or only a weak effect on allergen levels.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

House-dust mites and asthma. A review on house-dust mites as a domestic risk factor for mite asthma.

Increased exposure to house-dust mites entails a greatly increased frequency of sensitization and increased frequency of mite asthma in the population. The available case-control studies demonstrate large variations worldwide in sensitization and disease risk dependent on the actual level of population exposure. In areas with comparatively low population exposure to house-dust mites, there is a strong association between exposure and effect, while other areas with a more or less uniformly high population exposure do not demonstrate significant differences between patients and controls because the unexposed groups are too small. As to the existence of a hygienic maximum threshold exposure level, current data all point to a single value of 100 mites/g of dust, corresponding to 2 microg allergen/g of dust. This applies to the risk of sensitization and risk of disease, and when programs of prevention imply exposure below this value, convincing clinical improvement is always observed. Today, the magnitude of the health problem related to population exposure to house-dust mites in many areas is comparable to the effects of active tobacco smoking and traffic accidents.

Animals↗