[On the lipids of pteridophytes, II. Fatty acids of some lipids from leaves of Dryopteris filix-mas].
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Chromatography↗
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Phloroglucinol derivatives in Dryopteris ferns.
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Phloroglucinol↗
Effect of storage method on spore viability in five globally threatened fern species.
Spore germination of five globally threatened fern species [Culcita macrocarpa C. Presl, Dryopteris aemula (Aiton) O. Kuntze, D. corleyi Fraser-Jenkins, D. guanchica Gibby and Jermy and Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm.] was determined after 1, 6 or 12 months of storage in glass vials (dry storage) or on agar (wet storage) at -20, 5 or 20 degrees C. In all species, storage technique, storage temperature and the technique-temperature interaction all had a significant effect on germination percentage. In most cases, the germination percentage was best maintained by wet storage at 5 or 20 degrees C. In the case of the hygrophilous species C. macrocarpa and W. radicans, 6 or 12 months' dry storage killed most spores. Only Woodwardia radicans germinated in the dark during wet storage at 20 degrees C. Wet storage at 5 degrees C prevented dark germination, and reduced bacterial and fungal contamination. Wet storage at -20 degrees C killed all or most spores in all species. In the three Dryopteris species, the differences among the storage conditions tested were smaller than in C. macrocarpa and W. radicans, and the decline in spore viability during storage was less marked, with high germination percentages being observed after 12 months of dry storage at all three temperatures. Dry storage, which has lower preparation time and space requirements than wet storage, was generally more effective at the lower temperatures (-20 or 5 degrees C).
Acclimatization↗
Pronounced cytoplasmic pH gradients are not required for tip growth in plant and fungal cells.
The existence of pronounced cytoplasmic pH gradients within the apices of tip-growing cells, and the role of cytoplasmic pH in regulating tip growth, were investigated in three different cell types: vegetative hyphae of Neurospora crassa; pollen tubes of Agapanthus umbellatus; and rhizoids of Dryopteris affinis gametophytes. Examination of cytoplasmic pH in growing cells was performed by simultaneous, dual emission confocal ratio imaging of the pH-sensitive probe carboxy SNARF-1. Considerable attention was paid to the fine tuning of dye loading and imaging parameters to minimise cellular perturbation and assess the extent of dye partitioning into organelles. With optimal conditions, cytoplasmic pH was measured routinely with a precision of between +/-0.03 and +/-0.06 of a pH unit and a spatial resolution of 2.3 microm2. Based on in vitro calibration, estimated values of mean cytoplasmic pH for cells loaded with dye-ester were between 7.15 and 7.25 for the three cell types. After pressure injecting Neurospora hyphae with dextran-conjugated dye, however, the mean cytoplasmic pH was estimated to be 7.57. Dextran dyes are believed to give a better estimate of cytoplasmic pH because of their superior localisation and retention within the cytosol. No significant cytoplasmic pH gradient (delta pH of >0.1 unit) was observed within the apical 50 microm in growing cells of any of the three cell types. Acidification or alkalinisation of the cytoplasm in Neurospora hyphae, using a cell permeant weak acid (propionic acid at pH 7.0) or weak base (trimethylamine at pH 8.0), slowed down but did not abolish growth. However, similar manipulation of the cytoplasmic pH of Agapanthus pollen tubes and Dryopteris rhizoids completely inhibited growth. Modification of external pH affected the growth pattern of all cell types. In hyphae and pollen tubes, changes in external pH were found to have a small transient effect on cytoplasmic pH but the cells rapidly readjusted towards their original pH. Our results suggest that pronounced longitudinal gradients in cytoplasmic pH are not essential for the regulation of tip growth.
Benzopyrans↗
Preprophase band loses its function as a cytokinetic apparatus in mitosis of neck canal mother cell.
Preprophase bands in the neck canal mother cell and the central cell of the archegonium of the fern Dryopteris crassirhizoma are observed with immunofluorescence microscopy. No phragmoplast is found during mitosis of the neck canal mother cell; however, the phragmoplast develops very well in the central cell. The neck canal mother cell undergoes karyokinesis but not cytokinesis and finally produces only one binucleate neck canal cell. However, the central cell undergoes cytokinesis and produces an egg cell and a ventral canal cell. These observations suggest that the preprophase band in the neck canal mother cell loses its function as a cytokinetic apparatus and becomes an evolutionary vestige in the development of the archegonium.
Cell Nucleus↗
Active-site structure and electron-transfer reactivity of plastocyanins.
The active-site structures of Cu(II) plastocyanins (PCu's) from a higher plant (parsley), a seedless vascular plant (fern, Dryopteris crassirhizoma), a green alga (Ulva pertusa), and cyanobacteria (Anabaena variabilis and Synechococcus) have been investigated by paramagnetic (1)H NMR spectroscopy. In all cases the spectra are similar, indicating that the structures of the cupric sites, and the spin density distributions onto the ligands, do not differ greatly between the proteins. The active-site structure of PCu has remained unaltered during the evolutionary process. The electron transfer (et) reactivity of these PCu's is compared utilizing the electron self-exchange (ESE) reaction. At moderate ionic strength (0.10 M) the ESE rate constant is dictated by the distribution of charged amino acid residues on the surface of the PCu's. Most higher plant and the seedless vascular plant PCu's, which have a large number of acidic residues close to the hydrophobic patch surrounding the exposed His87 ligand (the proposed recognition patch for the self-exchange process), have ESE rate constants of approximately 10(3) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). Removal of some of these acidic residues, as in the parsley and green algal PCu's, results in more favorable protein-protein association and an ESE rate constant of approximately 10(4) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). Complete removal of the acidic patch, as in the cyanobacterial PCu's, leads to ESE rate constants of approximately 10(5)-10(6) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). The ESE rate constants of the PCu's with an acidic patch also tend toward approximately 10(5)-10(6) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at higher ionic strength, thus indicating that once the influence of charged residues has been minimized the et capabilities of the PCu's are comparable. The cytochromes and Fe-S proteins, two other classes of redox metalloproteins, also possess ESE rate constants of approximately 10(5)-10(6) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at high ionic strength. The effect of the protonation of the His87 ligand in PCu(I) on the ESE reactivity has been investigated. When the influence of the acidic patch is minimized, the ESE rate constant decreases at high [H(+)].
Binding Sites↗
Development of primer sets for PCR amplification of the PgiC gene in ferns.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based nuclear DNA markers were developed for fern species. We first determined the partial nucleotide sequence of cDNA of the pgiC gene encoding cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase from Dryopteris caudipinna, and then PCR primers for exon-primed, intron-crossing (EPIC) amplifications were designed. The EPIC primers are universally applicable to the most derived indusiate fern families such as Dryopteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae, and Woodsiaceae. The PCR products of primers 14F/16R containing two introns are moderate in size (534 bp-ca.1000 bp) and are possibly of value in phylogenetic reconstruction at specific and generic levels. Codominant nuclear DNA markers applicable to the estimation of mating systems and other population genetic studies were also developed by a combination of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and EPIC amplification using primers 14F/15R and 15F/16R. In order to provide a case study using these markers, allelic variation of PCR products using 15F/16R was examined in populations of Arachniodes standishii (Dryopteridaceae).
Journal Article↗
Effects of nitrogen dioxide pollution on the growth of three fern species.
The effects of exposing plants of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman and Polypodium vulgare L. to 60 nl litre(-1) (122 microg m(-3)) NO(2) for 37 weeks were investigated in a closed chamber fumigation system. There was no effect of NO(2) on the numbers of fronds produced for any species at any time during the exposure period. However, at the end of the study, there was a lower dry weight yield of green shoots of D. filix-mas and P. scolopendrium and a higher yield of green shoots of P. vulgare for plants in the NO(2) treatment as compared to control plants. These differences in shoot dry weights were not accompanied by an effect of NO(2) exposure on total plant dry weights.
Journal Article↗
Effects of acidic gases and mists on the reproductive capability of three fern species.
The effects of exposure to 40 nl litre(-1) SO2 + 40 nl litre(-1) NO2 on the reproductive biology of Polypodium interjectum (Shivas), Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenkins and Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman were investigated after 14 weeks exposure in a closed chamber fumigation system. The numbers of sori per pinna were reduced in response to SO2 and NO2 for D. affinis but were unaffected for the other species. Numbers of sporangia in sori and spore viability were reduced in P. interjectum and P. scolopendrium but not in D. affinis in response to the SO2 and NO2 treatment. Spore size was not affected by the pollution treatment. A separate experiment tested viabilities of spores collected from the three species in response to daily spraying with simulated mists at pHs of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.6. For all three species, there was little or no spore germination in the pH 2.5 treatment and significantly reduced germination in response to the pH 3.5 as compared to the pH 4.5 and pH 5.6 treatments.
Journal Article↗
Effect of Mongolian plants on in vivo insulin action in diabetic rats.
In the present study, we firstly performed a preliminary investigation on the acute effect of Mongolian medicinal plant extracts (Dryopteris species, Aspidiaceae) on the glucose tolerance in rats, evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Then, we investigated the effect of the same extracts on in vivo insulin action in streptozotocin (50 mg kg(-1) BW, i.v.)-induced diabetic rats by means of the euglycemic clamp. In diabetic rats, the glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR) during 3.0 (low-dose) and 30.0 mU kg(-1)min(-1) (high-dose) insulin infusion was significantly higher in animals administered with plant extracts (500 mg kg(-1) BW, p.o.), compared with saline-administered animals (low-dose--normal control: 16.3+/-0.7 ml kg(-1)min(-1) versus plant extract 1: 15.8+/-0.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1) and plant extract 2: 14.0+/-0.5 ml kg(-1)min(-1), diabetic control: 10.9+/-0.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1) versus plant extract 1: 19.3+/-1.4 ml kg(-1)min(-1) and plant extract 2: 20.5+/-1.5 ml kg(-1)min(-1); high-dose-normal control: 50.9+/-2.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1) versus plant extract 1: 49.8+/-2.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1) and plant extract 2: 48.4+/-2.4 ml kg(-1)min(-1), diabetic control: 26.9+/-1.6 ml kg(-1)min(-1) versus plant extract 1: 33.5+/-1.7 ml kg(-1)min(-1) and plant extract 2: 37.2+/-1.9 ml kg(-1)min(-1); P<0.05, respectively). These results suggest that a single administration of the two Mongolian plant extracts can improve glucose utilization and insulin resistance in diabetic rats.
Animals↗
Fern L-methionine decarboxylase: kinetics and mechanism of decarboxylation and abortive transamination.
L-Methionine decarboxylase from Dryopteris filix-mas catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-methionine and a range of straight- and branched-chain L-amino acids to give the corresponding amine products. The deuterium solvent isotope effects for the decarboxylation of (2S)-methionine are D(V/K) = 6.5 and DV = 2.3, for (2S)-valine are D(V/K) = 1.9 and DV = 2.6, and for (2S)-leucine are D(V/K) = 2.5 and DV = 1.0 at pL 5.5. At pL 6.0 and above, where the value of kcat for all of the substrates is low, the solvent isotope effects on Vmax for methionine are 1.1-1.2 whereas the effects on V/K remain unchanged, indicating that the solvent-sensitive transition state occurs before the first irreversible step, carbon dioxide desorption. The enzyme also catalyzes an abortive decarboxylation-transamination reaction in which the coenzyme is converted to pyridoxamine phosphate [Stevenson, D. E., Akhtar, M., & Gani, D. (1990a) Biochemistry (first paper of three in this issue)]. At very high concentration, the product amine can promote transamination of the coenzyme. However, the reaction occurs infrequently and does not influence the partitioning between decarboxylation and substrate-mediated abortive transamination under steady-state turnover conditions. The partition ratio, normal catalytic versus abortive events, can be determined from the amount of substrate consumed by a known amount of enzyme at infinite time, and the rate of inactivation can be determined by measuring the decrease in enzyme activity with respect to time. For methionine, the values of Km as determined from double-reciprocal plots of concentration versus inactivation rate are the same as those calculated from initial catalytic (decarboxylation) rate data, indicating that a single common intermediate partitions between product formation and slow transamination. The partition ratio is sensitive to changes in pH and is also dependent upon the structure of the substrate; methionine causes less frequent inactivation than either valine or leucine. The pH dependence of the partition ratio with methionine as substrate is very similar to that for V/K. Both curves show a sharp increase at approximately pH 6.25, indicating that a catalytic group on the enzyme simultaneously suppresses the abortive reaction and enhances physiological reaction in its unprotonated state. Experiments conducted in deuterium oxide allowed the solvent isotope effects for the partition ratio and the abortive reaction to be determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Amines↗
Streptomyces L-methionine decarboxylase: purification and properties of the enzyme and stereochemical course of substrate decarboxylation.
L-Methionine decarboxylase from Streptomyces species ATCC 21020 has been purified to near homogeneity, characterized, and compared to the enzyme from the fern Dryopteris filix-mas [Stevenson, D.E., Akhtar, M., & Gani, D. (1990) Biochemistry (first paper of three in this issue)]. The enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of a range of alkylamino acid substrates, but the substrate specificity is different from that for the fern enzyme. In accord with the properties of the fern enzyme, the Streptomyces enzyme is also a homodimer of Mr 100,000 +/- 5000 and requires PLP for activity. At low pH where the value of Vmax for both enzymes is maximal and essentially pH independent, kcat for the Streptomyces enzyme with (2S)-methionine as substrate is slightly higher (60 s-1) than the value for the eukaryotic protein (50 s-1). The pH optimum for V/K is much higher than that for the fern enzyme although many features of the pH dependence are similar, including the shape of the curve for the pH dependence of Km. When the decarboxylations of (2S-methionine, (2S)-norleucine, and (2R)-S-ethyl-L-cysteine were conducted on a preparative scale in protium and deuterium oxide, unlabeled and deuteriated amines were formed. 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of the stereochemistry at C-1 of the camphanamide derivatives of the products [Stevenson, D. E., Akhtar, M., & Gani, D. (1990) Biochemistry (first paper of three in this issue)] indicated that each conversion was stereospecific and occurred with retention of configuration at C-2 of the substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carboxy-Lyases↗
Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary bladder in normal, fern fed and enzootic bovine haematuria-affected cattle.
A total of 19 adult hill cattle of both sexes were subjected to trans-rectal ultrasound scanning of urinary bladder to evaluate bladder wall thickness and the presence of space-occupying lesions. The animals were divided into four groups. Eight apparently healthy hill cattle maintained under standard ration served as control (group I) and the remaining II animals were divided into three groups (II, III and IV). Group II animals (n = 8) were fed with different type of ferns which were further divided into subgroups II-P, -D and -B and fed with Polystichum squarrosom (n = 2). Dryopteris juxtaposita (n = 2) and Pteridium aquilinum (n = 4) ferns, respectively. The one animal in group III was a natural case of enzootic bovine haematuria (EBH) and the two animals in group IV were natural cases of microscopic EBH fed with Polystichum squarrosum fern. In group I animals, the average bladder wall thickness was 1.45 mm. The delineation of the bladder wall was uniformly smooth and the echo pattern of the bladder was homogeneously black, which was suggestive of clear urine content. In group II (P, D and B) the average bladder wall thickness of the six animals was 1.87 mm and the sonographic features were within normal limit when compared with controls. In two of the animals of group II-B, the bladder wall was apparently thick (4.36 mm) and there was no intraluminal mass except at one or two focal elevated points. Animals of groups III and IV showed the average bladder wall thickness of 4.86 mm and were characterized by the presence of irregular sessile masses extending into the bladder lumen. The homogeneous anechoic area was reduced centrally due to the presence of a hypoechoic soft tissue mass all around the bladder wall. Post-sonographic urinalysis, biopsy and necropsy of selected cases further confirmed the sonographic findings.
Animal Feed↗
Evolution of green plants as deduced from 5S rRNA sequences.
We have constructed a phylogenic tree for green plants by comparing 5S rRNA sequences. The tree suggests that the emergence of most of the uni- and multicellular green algae such as Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulva, and Chlorella occurred in the early stage of green plant evolution. The branching point of Nitella is a little earlier than that of land plants and much later than that of the above green algae, supporting the view that Nitella-like green algae may be the direct precursor to land plants. The Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta separated from each other after emergence of the Spermatophyta. The result is consistent with the view that the Bryophyta evolved from ferns by degeneration. In the Pteridophyta, Psilotum (whisk fern) separated first, and a little later Lycopodium (club moss) separated from the ancestor common to Equisetum (horsetail) and Dryopteris (fern). This order is in accordance with the classical view. During the Spermatophyta evolution, the gymnosperms (Cycas, Ginkgo, and Metasequoia have been studied here) and the angiosperms (flowering plants) separated, and this was followed by the separation of Metasequoia and Cycas (cycad)/Ginkgo (maidenhair tree) on one branch and various flowering plants on the other.
Journal Article↗
Transient homodimer interactions studied using the electron self-exchange reaction.
Transient homodimer protein interactions have been investigated by analyzing the influence of ionic strength (NaCl) on the electron self-exchange (the bimolecular reaction whereby the two oxidation states of a redox protein interconvert) rate constant (k(ese)) of four plastocyanins. The k(ese) values for the plastocyanins from spinach, Dryopteris crassirhizoma (a fern), and the green alga Ulva pertusa, which possess acidic patches of varying size and locations, increase 190-, 29-, and 21-fold, respectively, at elevated ionic strength (I = 2.03 M). In contrast, the k(ese) for the almost neutral cyanobacterial plastocyanin from Anabaena variabilis exhibits very little dependence on ionic strength. The temperature dependence of the k(ese) for spinach plastocyanin (I = 0.28 M) provides evidence for poor packing at the homodimer interface. Representative structures of the transient homodimers involved in electron self-exchange, which are consistent with fits of the ionic strength dependence of k(ese) to van Leeuwen theory, have been obtained from protein modeling and docking simulations. The Coulombic energy of the docked homodimers follows the order spinach > D. crassirhizoma > U. pertusa > A. variabilis, which matches that of the overall influence of ionic strength on k(ese). Analysis of the homodimer structures indicates that poor packing and high planarity are features of the interface that favor transient interactions. The physiologically relevant Mg2+ ion has a much more pronounced influence on the k(ese) of spinach plastocyanin, which along with the known properties of the thylakoid lumen suggests a biological role for electron self-exchange.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Uptake and distribution of selenium in different fern species.
There has been an interest in using hyperaccumulating plants for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids. High selenium (Se) concentrations in the environment are detrimental to animals, humans, and sustainable agriculture, yet selenium is also an essential nutrient for humans. This experiment was conducted to screen fern plants for their potential to accumulate selenium. Eleven fern species, Pteris vittata, P. quadriaurita, P. dentata, P. ensiformis, P. cretica, Dryopteris erythrosora, Didymochlaena truncatula, Adiantum hispidulum, Actiniopteris radiata, Davallia griffithiana, and Cyrtomium fulcatum, were grown under hydroponic conditions for one week at 20 mg L(-1) selenate or selenite. Root Se concentrations reached 245-731 and 516-1082 mg kg(-1) when treated with selenate and selenite, respectively. The corresponding numbers in the fronds were 153-745 and 74-1,028 mg kg(-1) with no visible toxicity symptoms. Only three fern species were able to accumulate more Se in the fronds than the roots, which were D. griffithiana when treated with selenate, P. vittata when treated with selenite, and A. radiata regardless of the forms of Se. A. radiata was the best species overall for Se accumulation. More research is needed to further determine the potential of the fern species identified in this study for phytoremediation of the Se contaminated soils and water.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S ribosomal RNA from cell suspension cultures of the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha and Jungermannia subulata.
The nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S rRNAs from cell suspension cultures of the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha and Jungermannia subulata were determined. Their nucleotide sequences, 119 nucleotides long, were highly homologous to each other (96% identity) and had high homology with those from chloroplast 5S rRNAs of two higher plants, tobacco (92% identity) and spinach (92-91% identity), but less homology (87-85% identity) with that from a lower plant, the fern Dryopteris acuminata.
Base Sequence↗
The induction of biplanar growth in fern gametophytes in the presence of RNA base analogues.
The RNA base analogues, 5-fluorouracil, 2-thiouracil, and 8-azaguanine, inhibit the growth of Dryopteris borreri, but do not prevent the transition from filamentous to biplanar growth. Transition, which occurs only when the filament has developed to 4 or 5 cells, may be considerably delayed, due to inhibition of filamentous growth, but it always occurs when the critical cell number of the filament is reached. Furthermore, the inhibitors show only a marginal differential effect on biplanar compared to filamentous growth when the growth rates are determined from kinetic studies. It is suggested that the selective effects previously reported may result from the experimental techniques used, coupled with the actual growth characteristics of the gametophyte.
Journal Article↗