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PubMed1990

Minimal inhibitory concentrations of five antimicrobials against Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbadox, dimetridazole, lincomycin, ronidazole, and tiamulin against isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens were determined by an agar-dilution method. The results obtained indicated that tiamulin was the most effective antimicrobial in vitro against T. hyodysenteriae, followed by carbadox. Dimetridazole, lincomycin, and ronidazole had poor efficacy in vitro against the T. hyodysenteriae isolates. Isolates of T. innocens were more sensitive to the various antimicrobials. Carbadox and tiamulin were the most effective in vitro, followed by ronidazole, dimetridazole, and lincomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of three nitroimidazole residues in royal jelly by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

A method for analysis of trace metronidazole (MTZ), dimetridazole (DMZ) and ronidazole (RNZ) residues in royal jelly was developed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). After samples were dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution to disassociate target analytes from matrix, liquid-liquid extraction methods by ethyl acetate solvent were used. Matrix effects were minimized and good quantitation results were obtained by using highly-selective reaction monitoring (H-SRM) technology when deuterated dimetridazole (dimetridazole-D3) was selected as internal standard. Limits of detection (LODs) were 1.0 microg/kg for DMZ, 0.5 microg/kg for MTZ and RNZ (S/N > 5). Limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 2.0 microg/kg for DMZ, 1.0 microg/kg for MTZ and RNZ (S/N > 10). The linear ranges were 2.0 - 200 microg/L for all target analytes. Recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the ranges of 96.6% - 110.6% and 2.1% -7.4%, respectively. This method is suitable for statutory residue testing in the National Residue Surveillance Plan in China and meets the requirement for export.

China↗
PubMed1981

Isolation of mycobacteria from contaminated material on selective media.

A procedure more efficient than the earlier ones was developed for the isolation of mycobacteria from heavily contaminated materials. The contaminating microbes were killed by acid decontamination preceded by an incubation of 1 g sample in 5 ml nutrient broth at 33 degrees C for 4 h. The efficiency of isolation was examined using culture media containing varying concentrations of dimetridazole and/or clotrimazole (Canesten Bayer). None of 40 mycobacterial strains representing all 4 Runyon groups was inhibited by 80 micrograms/ml of either of the inhibitors. From the sediment of acid-decontaminated samples, Löwenstein-Jensen medium containing 10 micrograms/ml of both dimetridazole and clotrimazole as well as Petragnani medium with and without glycerol and Sula media were inoculated. Model experiments and processing of 44 routine samples have made likely that aerobic sporeformers on the one hand and fungi and anaerobes on the other are killed, or at least depressed in growth, by pre-incubation combined with the addition of clotrimazole and dimetridazole to the culture medium. Thus, the isolation rate of mycobacteria can be improved.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1996

High-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the fluorescence detection of three nitroimidazole residues in pork and poultry tissue.

A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed for the qualitative determination of ronidazole, dimetridazole and their major metabolite, hydroxydimetridazole, in pork and poultry muscle. After extraction with dichloromethane and evaporation, the nitroimidazoles are redissolved in ammonium acetate buffer. The buffer phase is washed with hexane. The sample is cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction and the eluate evaporated. The final extract is resuspended in methanol and then spotted on an HPTLC plate. After multiple development with methanol and ethylacetate, the plate is dried, sprayed with pyridine and observed on an UV box (312 nm). The detection limits of this method are about 2 micrograms/kg for ronidazole, 5 micrograms/kg for dimetridazole and less than 5 micrograms/kg for hydroxydimetridazole. Validation was performed to levels of 10 micrograms/kg for dimetridazole, 5 micrograms/kg for ronidazole and 5 micrograms/kg for hydroxydimetridazole.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The efficacy of some drugs with known antiprotozoal activity against Histomonas meleagridis in chickens.

Nine drugs with known or suspected antiprotozoal activity were tested in vitro, and in vivo for activity against Histomonas meleagridis. The nitroimidazoles dimetridazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole suppressed growth of H. meleagridis in vitro at 10 microg/ml or higher. Paromomycin sulfate, and carbadox were weakly effective at high levels. Quinolinol, mebendazole, diloxanide furoate, and albendazole had no demonstrable efficacy in vitro. Drugs showing some activity in vitro were tested in young chickens inoculated intracloacally with 2 x 10(5) H. meleagridis/bird. Dimetridazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole were highly effective at 200 ppm in feed. Paromomycin sulfate, and carbadox were ineffective in vivo, with no improvement in liver or cecal lesion scores compared to that of infected controls. Thus, the only new entities with efficacy against blackhead disease in vivo were nitroimidazoles, related to the positive control dimetridazole.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Trichomonas gallinae to some nitroimidazole drugs.

A study was carried out in order to establish the in vivo efficacy of two nitroimidazole drugs against the flagellate Trichomonas gallinae. The results obtained showed a high proportion of therapeutic failures. Thus, carnidazole and dimetridazole failed to eliminate infection in 13 of 17 and 20 of 21 racing pigeons, respectively. The in vitro susceptibility of four T. gallinae isolates to five nitroimidazolic drugs, that is, carnidazole, dimetridazole, metronidazole, ornidazole and ronidazole, was also determined. Minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs) of these drugs were obtained. One of the isolates tested had already proved to be resistant in the first in vivo tests, while the other three had been obtained from wild birds. We were able to confirm in vitro the resistance of the racing pigeon isolate to all the nitroimidazole drugs tested. For carnidazole, dimetridazole, metronidazole and ornidazole the MLC ranged between 93.75-500 microg ml. Although ronidazole showed a greater potency than the other nitroimidazole derivatives against this isolate (MLC: 15.62-31.25 microg ml), 8-22 times more drug was necessary for efficacy against this isolate compared to the others. These other three parasite isolates proved to be sensitive to the five drugs tested (MLC: 0.97-7.81 microg ml).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food. Part 9. Nitroimidazoles.

Most food containing drug residues is consumed after cooking or processing, yet surveillance for these residues is almost always conducted on raw tissue. This investigation was to establish the effect of cooking on residues of the nitroimidazole drugs dimetridazole and ronidazole in chicken muscle and egg, to enable dietary intake calculations based on surveillance results. In model aqueous and lipid solutions, dimetridazole and its 2-hydroxy metabolite, which is usually found when residues are present, were relatively stable for times and temperatures normally encountered during standard cooking methods. Ronidazole in hot aqueous solutions, except at acidic pH, was converted into the 2-hydroxy metabolite. Chicken meat and eggs from birds treated with dimetridazole or ronidazole were used to investigate the effects of cooking on food containing these residues. It was apparent that these residues were not destroyed by cooking chicken meat although some of the residue leached from the sample with juices which exuded as it cooked. Residue concentration in egg reduced during cooking by between 14% and 32% of the original concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Increased mutagenicity of some nitroimidazoles by non-mutagenic nitrotoluene on Klebsiella pneumoniae (fluctuation test).

In the fluctuation test the mutation frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae by the 5-nitroimidazoles panidazole and dimetridazole was increased by adding the non-mutagenic substances 4-nitrotoluene or toluene-4-sulfonamide. This effect was not found with 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, ronidazole, nimorazole and 1-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole. It is suggested that the molecules of panidazole or dimetridazole form some association, which is destroyed by 4-nitrotoluene or toluene-4-sulfonamide, thus increasing the concentration of mutagenic particles.

Dimetridazole↗
PubMed1978

The effect of antimicrobial feed additives on the colonization of the alimentary tract of chickens by Salmonella typhimurium.

Groups of 33 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing feed additives that are employed commercially for a variety of purposes, and were infected orally when 4 days old with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at intervals and in a standard manner on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate; when the chickens were killed their caecal contents were examined by the same technique.Avoparcin and lincomycin, like nitrovin and tylosin (Smith & Tucker, 1975b), favoured colonization of the alimentary tract by the S. typhimurium organisms as shown by the fact that the chickens to which they were fed excreted these organisms in their faeces in higher concentration and for longer periods of time than did chickens fed on non-medicated diets. Amprolium, monensin, dimetridazole, arsenilic acid and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate had no obvious effect on the salmonella excretion pattern.When only five chickens in each group were experimentally infected so that the effect of the feed additives on infections acquired by contact could be monitored, avoparcin, lincomycin, nitrovin and tylosin again favoured colonization of the alimentary tract with the S. typhimurium organisms and so did dimetridazole. Arsenilic acid, in contrast, hindered the development of infection. Amprolium, monensin and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate were without obvious effect.Many of the chickens that were fed on diets that favoured S. typhimurium colonization, but not those fed on non-medicated diets, were still excreting S. typhimurium organisms in their faeces when they were killed at 56 days of age, the age at which broiler chickens kept under commercial conditions are usually slaughtered.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1978

Resistance of faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris to some physical factors and chemical substances.

The effect of 5 disinfectants, and of saturated zinc chloride solution + sodium chloride solution, 2.5% potassium dichromate solution, and 0.12% dimetridazole on faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris were tested in vitro. The resistance of the cysts to high and low temperatures, low pH, high osmotic pressure, centrifugation and desiccation was also tested. After treatment the morphology of the cysts was observed microscopically and their infectivity tested in vivo on sensitive thymus-deficient nude mice. The cysts ceased to be infective after treatment with most of usual disinfectants and by high temperature (45 degrees C for 30 min). They resisted 0.12% dimetridazole, low temperature (-196 degrees C), low pH (2.2), high osmotic pressure (distilled water and 30% 'Ficoll'), centrifugation (1500 g/20 min) and desiccation (room temperature for 14 days). These data may be useful for the control of Spironucleus muris infection in rodents and for cryopreservation of the parasite for experimental purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Prophylactic use of drugs in sows in industrial swine breeding].

Four scientific-and-economic experiments were carried out with 4 groups of sows each, the animals being equated in terms of age and period of farrowing (+/- 4 days). Both test and control groups were offered rations of one and the same composition and amount. The feed of the test groups contained medicated premixes MNDm (neomycin and dimetridazol) or MODm (oxatetracyclin and dimetridazol) at the rate of 1 per cent. The medicated feed was fed to the sows 3 days prior to and 7 days after farrowing. At the time of weaning newborn pigs were given combined feed in the course of 5-6 days with the inclusion of medicated premixe MOSdf (oxatetracyclin, sulfadimezin, and furazolidan) also at the rate of 1 per cent. A total of 1774 pigs were obtained from all 182 test sows at an average fertility rate of 9.8 pigs per sow. The control of 182 cows yielded 1747 pigs (fertility rate of 9.7). The average weight gain of the test pigs during the suckling period amounted to 212 g against 197 g for the controls (an increase of 15 g -- 7.6 per cent). Mortality ranged from 78 pigs for the test groups to 101 pigs for the control ones. Up to 7 cases of diseased sows were established with the test animals against 24 ones with the controls. The number of impregnated sows up to the 20th day after weaning the newborns was 90 for the test animals against 77 for the control ones, and the number of returns was 27 and 34, respectively. Owing to sterility 5 sows of the test groups and 11 sows of the control groups were culled (4.2 vs. 9.0 per cent). Conclusions were drawn that the medicated premixes MNDm and MODm, used in amounts of 1 per cent with the combined feed prevented endometritis, mastitis, agalaxia, enteritis, and other diseases in sows. The treated animals exhibited joint estrus by groups after weaning the newborns, manifesting a higher conception rate. Parallel to this, the weight development of newborn pigs was improved, and mortality during the sucking period was reduced.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric determination of five coccidiostats in poultry eggs and feed.

A method is described which permits the quantitative detection of the chemical coccidiostats halofuginone, robenidine, diclazuril, nicarbazin and dimetridazole and its main metabolite 2-hydroxydimetridazole in poultry eggs and feed. Sample preparations were kept very simple and are based upon extraction with an organic solvent. Sample extracts were injected into the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system on a C18 column and a gradient elution was performed. Dimetridazole-D3 and diclazuril-bis, a structural analogue of diclazuril, were used as internal standards. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring mode after ionisation in the positive or negative electrospray ionisation mode. Argon was applied as collision gas for collision induced dissociation. Validation of the methods was performed based on Commission Decision 2002/657/EC [Official Journal of the European Communities L221 (2002) 8].

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Oral pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. III. Ichthyobodo necator.

A total of 32 drugs were evaluated as regards their efficacy for oral treatment of Ichthyobodo necator infestation of rainbow trout. In preliminary trials, all drugs were supplied to infected fish at 40 g per kg of feed for 10 d. The majority of the drugs tested (1,3-di-6-quinolylurea, aminosidine, amprolium, benznidazole, bithionol, chloroquine, diethylcarbamazine, dimetridazole, diminazene aceturate, febantel, flubendazole, ketoconazole, levamisole, mebendazole, netobimin, niclosamide, niridazole, nitroscanate, nitroxynil, oxibendazole, parbendazole, piperazine, praziquantel, ronidazole, sulphaquinoxaline, tetramisole, thiophanate, toltrazuril and trichlorfon) were ineffectdive. Metronidazole and secnidazole were 100% effective (unlike the other nitroimidazoles tested, namely dimetridazole, benznidazole and ronidazole). The non-carbamate benzimidazole triclabendazole was likewise 100% effective.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Determination of three nitroimidazole residues in poultry meat by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.

A method was developed for the determination of the nitroimidazole compounds dimetridazole (DMZ), ronidazole (RNZ) and metronidazole (MNZ) by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Nitroimidazole compounds were extracted with acetonitrile, followed by acidification using acetic acid and cleanup using strong cation-exchange (SCX) SPE column. Validation in chicken muscle fortified at a concentration of 5 microg/kg gave mean recoveries of 85% DMZ, 90% RNZ, 80% MNZ with RSDs of 13.0, 14.3, 11.2%, respectively (n=6). The method is suitable for statutory residue testing and is used as a quick screening method in the National Residue Surveillance Plan in China.

Antiprotozoal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of four 5-nitroimidazoles and their corresponding hydroxylated metabolites in egg, processed egg, and chicken meat by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

An isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method is presented for the simultaneous analysis of several 5-nitroimidazole-based veterinary drugs, which are dimetridazole (DMZ), ronidazole (RNZ), metronidazole (MNZ), ipronidazole (IPZ), and their hydroxylated metabolites (DMZOH, MNZOH, and IPZOH), in egg (fresh egg, whole egg powder, and egg yolk powder) and chicken meat. Data acquisition was achieved by applying multiple reaction monitoring, and quantitation was performed by means of five deuterated internal standards (ISs), namely, DMZ-d3, RNZ-d3, IPZ-d3, DMZOH-d3, and IPZOH-d3, whereas MNZ and MNZOH were quantitated using DMZOH-d3. At the lowest fortification levels (i.e., 0.5 microg/kg for fresh egg and chicken meat and 1.0 microg/kg for other egg-based matrices) and for compounds having their own corresponding deuterated analogue used as an IS, acceptable performance data were obtained (corrected recoveries, 88-111%; decision limits, 0.07-0.36 microg/kg; detection capabilities, 0.11-0.60 microg/kg; and within-lab precision, < or = 15%). The method failed to give acceptable quantitative results for MNZ and MNZOH due to the unavailability of the corresponding deuterated ISs. Nevertheless, a reliable identification of these two analytes at levels < or = 1 microg/kg was still feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Serpulina hyodysenteriae.

The macrobroth dilution technique was used to test the in-vitro effectiveness of 4 commonly used antimicrobial agents against 23 Australian isolates and 7 overseas strains of Serpulina hyodysenteriae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined. The growth of 90% of isolates was inhibited by dimetridazole at a concentration of 4 micrograms/mL, and by tiamulin at 8 micrograms/mL. Australian isolates resistant to both antimicrobial agents were identified. Lincomycin was less effective than these antimicrobial agents, with 90% of isolates requiring a concentration of 128 micrograms/mL for inhibition of growth, and 54% being susceptible at 64 micrograms/mL. Tylosin did not prevent the growth of the majority of S hyodysenteriae isolates tested, and 90% were resistant to concentrations of > or = 128 micrograms/mL. Resistant isolates came from different geographical areas. Resistance was not related to overall genetic background of the spirochaetes, and was not correlated with the presence of plasmids or the serogroup of the isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of infection with Trichomonas gallinae and other parasites of the alimentary tract in psittacine and columbid birds in Perth and to determine in vitro the effectiveness of drugs commonly recommended for treating trichomoniasis. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES: Samples of crop contents were collected from aviary flocks of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and other psittacine and columbid birds in both private and commercial collections in Perth. Similar samples from wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) also were collected. Crop contents were examined and cultured for Trichomonas gallinae and in vitro studies were conducted on the susceptibility of isolates to several drugs used commonly. Other parasites also were detected by faecal examination and/or necropsy. RESULTS: T gallinae was recovered from birds in 1 of 13 private collections of budgerigars (2/289 birds in total). Direct wet-mount examination of crop fluid identified 36.4% of samples at four commercial bird dealers which were later determined by culture to contain T gallinae. The prevalence of T gallinae infection range from 0 to 11.4% in budgerigars. The prevalence of T gallinae infection of wild Senegal doves was 46% and from one flock of racing pigeons was 59%. The in vitro minimum lethal concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ronidazole ranged from 40 to 96, 30 to 80 and 40 to 92 micrograms/mL respectively for six isolates of T gallinae. Other alimentary parasites detected during the survey included Spironucleus sp (syn. Hexamita sp), coccidia, Ascaridia platycerci and Raillietina sp. CONCLUSIONS: Thirteen budgerigar flocks belonging to members of avicultural societies in Perth had a low prevalence of trichomoniasis and other parasitic infections. The dose rate currently recommended for ronidazole may not result in complete protozoacidal activity against T gallinae infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cryptosporidium muris infection in bilbies (Macrotis lagotis).

Cryptosporidiosis is an enteric disease of animals and humans that can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals. There is no known effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis. Bilbies are threatened marsupials and are bred in captivity as part of a recovery program to re-introduce this species to the southwest of Western Australia. Cryptosporidium muris infection was detected in the faeces of bilbies at a captive breeding colony. Stress associated with a high density of bilbies in enclosures may have predisposed some of the bilbies to infection with C. muris. C. muris has been described in mice and was found in the faeces of one mouse trapped in the breeding enclosures. It is likely the bilbies acquired the infection from mice by faecal contamination of food and water. The infection cleared within 2 months from some bilbies, however others remained infected for 6 months and treatment was attempted with dimetridazole. Subsequently the parasite was no longer be detectable in the faeces.

Animals↗