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PubMed1996

Deception in intimate relationships: a comparison of heterosexuals and homosexuals/bisexuals.

This study attempted to determine (a) if there is a difference in the degree to which deception occurs in heterosexual versus homosexual/bisexual intimate relationships and (b) if the degree to which homosexuals/bisexuals are open about their sexual orientation affects the degree to which they engage in deceptive behavior with their intimate partners. A group of 41 heterosexual males, 52 heterosexual females, 32 gay and bisexual males, and 34 lesbian and bisexual females completed a survey consisting of three scenarios describing ordinary situations which might arise in an intimate relationship. Findings support the hypothesis that heterosexuals engage in deceptive behavior more than homosexuals/bisexuals. However, the degree of openness about their homosexuality is unrelated to deceptive behavior among homosexuals/bisexuals. The less normative nature of homosexual/bisexual intimate relationships and the degree to which individuals have control over situations and are willing to accept responsibility for their behavior are discussed. It is suggested that future research focus further on these factors as well as on attempting to replicate these findings in non-intimate relationship contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of deceptive packaging and product involvement on purchase intention: an elaboration likelihood model perspective.

From an Elaboration Likelihood Model perspective, it was hypothesized that postexposure awareness of deceptive packaging claims would have a greater negative effect on scores for purchase intention by consumers lowly involved rather than highly involved with a product (n = 40). Undergraduates who were classified as either highly or lowly (ns = 20 and 20) involved with M&Ms examined either a deceptive or non-deceptive package design for M&Ms candy and were subsequently informed of the deception employed in the packaging before finally rating their intention to purchase. As anticipated, highly deceived subjects who were low in involvement rated intention to purchase lower than their highly involved peers. Overall, the results attest to the robustness of the model and suggest that the model has implications beyond advertising effects and into packaging effects.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Deception by applicants to family practice residencies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our residency program experienced applicants who actively misrepresented qualifications, background, or abilities. The experiences of other family practice residencies were unknown. This study 1) determined what information family practice residency directors required from applicants, 2) assessed whether this information was confirmed or verified, and 3) describes the deceptive application information discovered by program directors. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to directors of all accredited family practice residencies. Information was collected about required information, data confirmation, and the deception and misrepresentation perceived. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent of the directors responded. Eight of 13 items on the Electronic Residency Application System were designated as required by more than half of responding directors. Only two of the items (licensure and certain facts in the personal statement) were confirmed by a majority of directors who required them. Deception was recognized by nearly half of respondents within the past 5 years. Most cases involved specialty choice or the personal statement of candidates and were recognized during the interview or by direct confirmation of data. CONCLUSIONS: Most directors appear to accept application information at face value. Recognition of deception about application information was reported. Misrepresentation by applicants may be a more common event than previously realized and may require more thorough verification of application credentials.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Provoking nonepileptic seizures: the ethics of deceptive diagnostic testing.

The use of deception in medical care is highly suspect in this country. Yet there is one condition for which deception is often used as a diagnostic tool. Nonepileptic seizures, a psychiatric condition in which emotional or psychological conflicts manifest themselves unconsciously through bodily symptoms, are currently diagnosed by a procedure called "provocative saline infusion." The test is fundamentally deceptive, requiring the physician to intentionally and directly lie to the patient, causing the patient to believe that the administered solution caused his seizures. Without such deception, the test might be useless.

Conversion Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence.

Deception detection research has largely neglected an important aspect of many investigations, namely that there often exists evidence against a suspect. This study examined the potentials of timing of evidence disclosure as a deception detection tool. The main prediction was that observers (N = 116) would obtain higher accuracy rates if the evidence against the suspects (N = 58) was presented in a late rather than early stage of the interrogation. This prediction was based on the idea that late evidence disclosure would trigger lack of consistencies between the liars' stories and the evidence; this could be used as a cue to deception. The main prediction received support. Late disclosure observers obtained an overall accuracy of 61.7%, compared to 42.9% of Early disclosure observers. Deceptive statements were identified with high accuracy (67.6%) in Late disclosure, indicating that the technique in this form is beneficial mainly for pinpointing lies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for enhanced bioavailability of trace elements in the marine ecosystem of Deception Island, a volcano in Antarctica.

This study assessed whether trace elements present at Deception Island, an active submarine volcano in the Antarctic Peninsula, show enhanced biological availability to the local marine community. Using a weak acid extraction method to dissolve organic material and leach associated but not constitutive trace elements of sediments, fifteen elements were measured from seafloor sediment, seawater particulates, and tissues of benthic (bivalves, brittlestars, sea urchins) and pelagic (demersal and pelagic fishes, krill) organisms collected in the flooded caldera. The highest element concentrations were associated with seafloor sediment, the lowest with seawater particulates and organism tissues. In the case of Ag and Se, concentrations were highest in organism tissue, indicating contamination through the food chain and biomagnification of those elements. The elements Al, Fe, Mn, Sr, Ti, and to a lesser extent Zn, were the most concentrated of the trace elements for all sample types. This indicates that the whole ecosystem of Deception Island is contaminated with trace elements from local geothermal activity, which is also reflected in the pattern of element contamination in organisms. Accordingly, element concentrations were higher in organisms collected at Deception Island compared to those from the neighboring non-active volcanic King George Island, suggesting that volcanic activity enhances bioavailability of trace elements to marine organisms. Trace element concentrations were highest in digestive tissue of organisms, suggesting that elements at Deception Island are incorporated into the marine food web mainly through a dietary route.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Cross-modal physiological effects of electrodermal lability in the detection of deception.

This study examined the effects of individual differences in electrodermal lability on cardiovascular, respiratory, and electrodermal responses (EDRs) in the detection of deception. One Day 1 each of 74 subjects rested quietly for 3 min. while skin conductance was recorded. Electrodermal lability was scored for each subject, those giving frequent nonspecific EDRs being labiles and those giving few being stabiles. On Day 2, usually 1 week later, 40 of the subjects attempted to deceive a professional polygraph examiner in a field-type test. The 34 remaining subjects attempted to convince the examiner, who was blind as to each subject's condition, that they were indeed being truthful. Deception by stabile subjects was detected less frequently than was deception by labile subjects. Among truthful subjects, the more labile were falsely detected as deceptive on more questions than were their stabile counterparts. Although accuracy of detection was greatest with the EDR, the effects of lability on detection were similar for electrodermal, cardiovascular, and respiratory measures. Labiles also had a higher heart rate during the polygraph test than did stabiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Costs of deception: cheaters are punished in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

From a functional perspective, deception can evolve in animal populations but should be constrained by the costs associated with detection. It then follows that withholding information should be more prevalent as a form of deception than active falsification of information because of the relative difficulties associated with detecting cheaters. Empirical studies of deception have focused on the benefits of cheating but have provided no data on the costs associated with being detected as a cheater. I present results from field experiments on rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) which show that individuals discovering food announce their discoveries by calling on 45% of all trials. Discoverers who failed to call, but were detected with food by other group members, received significantly more aggression than vocal discoverers. Moreover, silent female discoverers ate significantly less food than vocal females. This demonstrates that there are significant costs to withholding information. Such costs may constrain the frequency with which deception occurs in this and other populations.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Brain mapping of deception and truth telling about an ecologically valid situation: functional MR imaging and polygraph investigation--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To examine the neural correlates during deception and truth telling by using a functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique and an ecologically valid task and to compare the results with those of a standard polygraph examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All subjects gave written informed consent for this HIPAA-approved study, which was approved by the institutional review board of Drexel University. Eleven healthy subjects (five female and six male subjects; mean age, 28.9 years) were randomly assigned to the group of guilty subjects or the group of nonguilty subjects. Each group consisted of two separate functional MR imaging conditions: "lie-only condition" and "truth-only condition." The lie-only condition was used to compare brain activity during a known lie to control questions and a subjective lie to relevant questions. The truth-only condition was used to compare brain activity during a known truthful response to control questions and a subjective truthful response to relevant questions. Functional MR images were acquired with an echo-planar sequence, and statistical analysis was performed. Physiologic responses were measured with a standard four-channel polygraph instrument. RESULTS: During the deception process, specific areas of the frontal lobe (left medial and left inferior frontal lobes), temporal lobe (right hippocampus and right middle temporal gyrus), occipital lobe (left lingual gyrus), anterior cingulate, right fusiform gyrus, and right sublobar insula were significantly active. During the truth telling process, specific areas of the frontal (left subcallosal gyrus or lentiform nucleus) and temporal (left inferior temporal gyrus) lobes were significantly active. The polygraph examination revealed 92% accuracy in deceptive subjects and 70% accuracy in truthful subjects. CONCLUSION: Specific areas of the brain involved in deception or truth telling can be depicted with functional MR imaging.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Executive control within strategic deception: a window on early cognitive development?

Recently it has been claimed that the difficulty young children have with tests of strategic deception may be due to limitations in executive control rather than lack of insight into mental concepts. In the studies reported here we asked how reducing the executive demands of one measure of strategic deception, the windows task (J. Russell, N. Mauthner, S. Sharpe, & T. Tidswell, 1991), would affect performance. Study 1 demonstrated that both providing an artificial response medium and having children play in partnership enabled 3-year-olds to adopt a successful strategy. Study 2 examined whether social or executive factors accounted for the good performance of children when they played in partnership. Study 3 ruled out the possibility that the effectiveness of the artificial media was a result of reducing social intimidation-the manipulations were effective even in the presence the opponent. These results argue for executive factors playing a substantial role in the development of strategic deception.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Strategic use of evidence during police interviews: when training to detect deception works.

Research on deception detection in legal contexts has neglected the question of how the use of evidence can affect deception detection accuracy. In this study, police trainees (N=82) either were or were not trained in strategically using the evidence when interviewing lying or truth telling mock suspects (N=82). The trainees' strategies as well as liars' and truth tellers' counter-strategies were analyzed. Trained interviewers applied different strategies than did untrained. As a consequence of this, liars interviewed by trained interviewers were more inconsistent with the evidence compared to liars interviewed by untrained interviewers. Trained interviewers created and utilized the statement-evidence consistency cue, and obtained a considerably higher deception detection accuracy rate (85.4%) than untrained interviewers (56.1%).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

'Bending the truth': professionals' narratives about lying and deception in nursing practice.

The purpose of this study was to capture an insight into the phenomenon of lying as part of the deception employed by a group of practising nurses from a variety of clinical settings. The importance of this research is that it adds to the limited knowledge of the range of situations in which nurses use deception. A case study research approach was utilised. The findings presented in this article emphasise the complexity of the subject within a dynamic social context. The article describes the nurses' intention, role, the nature of relationships and context and how institutional culture impacts on disclosure to clients. Additionally, it describes how nurses' distinguish lying from other deceptive practices. These findings have relevance for clinical practice and continuing applied ethics research.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Use of deceptive tactics in physician practices: are there differences between international and US medical graduates?

Concerns have been raised about the medical practices of international medical graduates (IMGs) in the United States. This study examined the differences between IMGs and US-trained medical graduates (USMGs) in their attitude toward and utilization of deception in medical practices. A random sample of physicians practicing in the US was surveyed by mail in 1998. The dependent variables of interest included 11 attitudinal and behavioral indicators of deceptive tactics in medical practice. IMGs and USMGs displayed limited difference in their attitudes but some differences in their self-reported use of deceptive tactics in medical practice. IMGs were less likely than USMGs to change the patient's official diagnosis (OR, 0.557; 95% CI, 0.344-0.902) or to withhold a useful service because of utilization rules (OR, 0.612; 95% CI, 0.382-0.979). The hypothesis that IMGs have less appropriate professional standards than USMGs is not supported by this study. Alternative hypotheses, such as IMG familiarity with US health care and legal systems, warrant investigation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of anxiety sensitivity in relation to repressive and self-deceptive coping styles.

Levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS) were investigated in relation to self-deception and repression in 296 university students. It was hypothesized that a low level of AS, rather than constituting "normal" functioning, would be associated with more general response biases. Scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Peterson & Reiss, 1987, 1992) were negatively and significantly correlated with measures of self-deception and denial. Individuals with low AS were significantly more likely to meet an operational definition of repression (i.e., low anxiety and high defensiveness), compared to mid AS and high AS groups. When confronted with a hypothetical health problem, individuals with low AS were less likely to choose a task-oriented response and more likely to choose denial and self-deceptive responses, compared to the other groups. These findings support the observations of Shostak and Peterson (1990) that low AS represents an extreme group that may not be indicative of normal functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Unawareness of illness and its relationship with depression and self-deception in schizophrenia.

Both poor insight and depressive symptomatology are common features of schizophrenia that may be independent of positive and negative symptoms. Forty-six patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia were evaluated for level of insight (schedule for unawareness of mental disorder), depression (Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia, Beck depression inventory), and self-deception or denial (balanced inventory of desirable responding). Patients with a greater unawareness of their illness had relatively less depressive symptomatology and relatively greater self-deception. This relationship was particularly strong for unawareness of the social consequences of having a mental disorder. These results suggest that the presence of depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia is related to the level of insight, and contingent at least in part on the absence of self-deception as a denial defense.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cues to deception.

Do people behave differently when they are lying compared with when they are telling the truth? The combined results of 1,338 estimates of 158 cues to deception are reported. Results show that in some ways, liars are less forthcoming than truth tellers, and they tell less compelling tales. They also make a more negative impression and are more tense. Their stories include fewer ordinary imperfections and unusual contents. However, many behaviors showed no discernible links, or only weak links, to deceit. Cues to deception were more pronounced when people were motivated to succeed, especially when the motivations were identity relevant rather than monetary or material. Cues to deception were also stronger when lies were about transgressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A replication study of the neural correlates of deception.

The authors attempted to replicate prior group brain correlates of deception and improve on the consistency of individual results. Healthy, right-handed adults were instructed to tell the truth or to lie while being imaged in a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI significance maps were generated for subjects giving a deceptive answer minus a truthful answer (lie minus true) and the reverse (true minus lie). The lie minus true group analysis (n = 10) revealed significant activation in 5 regions, consistent with a previous study (right orbitofrontal, inferior frontal, middle frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and left middle frontal), with no significant activation for true minus lie. Individual results of the lie minus true condition were variable. Results show that functional MRI is a reasonable tool with which to study deception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Vulnerability of older adults to deception in prison and nonprison contexts.

Media reports frequently depict older adults as victims of deception. The public perceives these stories as particularly salient because older adults are seen as fragile victims taken advantage of because of trusting behaviors. This developmental investigation of deception detection examines older and younger adults interacting in 2 contexts, prison and the "free world," to discover whether older adults are vulnerable to deception. Younger prisoners were found to be lie biased. Older adults were better able to discriminate lies than younger adults, and this effect was localized primarily to older female adults. Findings indicate that discriminability strongly increases from younger to older age for women, whereas men do not show an improvement, as age increases, in making decisions about statement veracity.

Adult↗