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The present study investigated the frequency of cognitive activities such as writing, reading, and using a computer in comparison to activities like walking or talking with friends. Analysis indicated that focused thinking activity occurs rarely in dreams. The findings, thus, are consistent with the theory which holds that dreams reflect emotional concerns of the dreamer.
Our Series of 24 dreams can be used for validating hostility scales. Nocturnal migraine represents an ideal archimedian point (C. G. Jung) from which psychology can reach certainties comparable to those of physics. By Pearsons Phi coefficient psychological findings can be solidly moored to the "non-psychical", the somatic sphere. Revalidation of the Dream-Hostility-Count lead us to a higher degree of significance (p < 0.005 instead of p < 0.01) than that reached by Saul and Sheppard who used hypertensives for a critical group.
The author reconsiders Erikson's 'Dream specimen' paper as a forerunner of subsequent reader-response criticism, constructive writings on the exploration of countertransference and our contemporary debates about the constructions of meaning in the analytic and literary situations. He regards Erikson as deconstructing our interpretive efforts with texts and with patients; we are to move away from an interpretive process in which we pin down meanings towards opening up the ongoing exploration of multiple meanings. By emphasising self-reflexive questioning and joyful play between texts and readers and analysands and analysts, Erikson contributed to opening up the pleasures of both psychoanalysis and literary criticism. Although he wonders whether Erikson may have wished to move his own creativity beyond conflict, the author heartily endorses his encouraging us to enjoy playing with our materials--texts, dreams and analyses.
This article focuses attention on the perennial issue of home versus laboratory recording situations for the garnering of dream reports. Studies into the experimental control over procedures for both waking and interviewing are reviewed. Against this background, an experiment into the relationship between REM/NREM sleep and visual imagery is reported. We found that, having corrected for total word count, visual imagery still made an independent contribution to REM reports. This finding is evaluated in the light of differential cognitive mechanisms underlying dream formation during sleep.
It is adaptive for individuals to be continuously alert and responsive to external stimuli (such as the sound and odor of an approaching predator or the cry of an infant), even during sleep. Natural selection thus has disfavored the occurrence during sleep of hallucinations that compromise external vigilance. In the great majority of mammalian species, including Homo sapiens, closed eyes and immobility are basic aspects of sleep. Therefore, (a) visual and movement sensory modalities (except kinesthesis) do not provide the sleeper with accurate information about the external environment or the sleeper's relationship to that environment; (b) the sleeper's forebrain "vigilance mechanism" does not monitor these modalities; hence (c) visual and movement hallucinations--similar or identical to percepts--can occur during sleep without compromising vigilance. In contrast, the other sensory modalities do provide the sleeper with a continuous flow of information about the external environment or the sleeper's relationship to that environment, and these modalities are monitored by the vigilance mechanism. Hallucinations of kinesthesis, pain, touch, warmth, cold, odor, and sound thus would compromise vigilance, and their occurrence during sleep has been disfavored by natural selection. This vigilance hypothesis generates novel predictions about dream phenomenology and REM-state neurophysiology and has implications for the general study of imagery.
The study of sleep and dreams has enjoyed a major breakthrough with recent findings from brain imaging studies in humans. Several independent groups have shown global deactivation of the brain during non rapid eye movement sleep and a regionally selective reactivation during rapid eye movement sleep. These results are complemented by new brain lesion and electrophysiological recording data to give a detailed picture of the brain dynamics of changes in conscious state.
A new sleep research paradigm, the Narcoleptic Approach Paradigm (NAP), was developed to enable direct psychological and physiological investigations of isolated dream sleep (also called rapid eye movement or REM sleep) and nondream sleep (non-REM or NREM). Essential to NAP is the cooperation of individuals with narcolepsy, who frequently have REM sleep onset. Narcoleptic animals may also be used for more convenient and extensive physiological NAP investigations. Several cogent psychological and physiological design variations of the general NAP model are outlined and one investigation successfully utilizing NAP is described to illustrate its power, sensitivity and broad use in neuroscientific sleep research.
This article describes six major contemporary methods of interpretation, each requiring different behaviors on the part of the interpreter. These methods are the cultural formulation method, the psychotheoretical formulation method, the associative approach, the catharsis method, the personal projection method, and the phenomenological method. Workers with dreams appear frequently to be far more authoritarian than they think themselves to be. A review of ones own work through transcripts can be revealing and beneficial.
A two-stage model is presented to account for the difficulties found in sleep learning and dream recall. The model assumes that information processing in a short-term memory store facilitates subsequent retrieval from long-term storage and that such processing is impaired during sleep. As a result, it is suggested that information confronting the sleeping person very likely can only be retrieved if an awakening occurs during the life of the short-term memory trace. However, it is proposed that material occurring during or shortly after awakening, competes with information occurring during sleep for space in the limited capacity processing system, with the most important being favored for processing. Interference and repression are included as additional factors affecting retrieval from longterm storage.
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