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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Popular weight loss diets. Health and exercise implications.

Obesity is a serious problem in the United States. More than 50% of adult Americans have body mass indices equal to or greater than 25--the new criteria for being overweight. US Government health organizations have recently issued clinical guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of obesity, and criteria for evaluating weight loss programs. Despite all this, overweight individuals often turn for guidance to weight loss books and programs promoted in the popular press rather than healthcare professionals. A review of some of the most popular diet programs reveals that they fall along a continuum from "anticarbohydrate" to "anti-fat." Several of these diets are discussed and evaluated based on the criteria proposed by obesity experts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Control of mRNA translation preserves endoplasmic reticulum function in beta cells and maintains glucose homeostasis.

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder of hyperglycemia resulting from failure of beta cells to produce adequate insulin to accommodate an increased metabolic demand. Here we show that regulation of mRNA translation through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) is essential to preserve the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to increase insulin production to meet the demand imposed by a high-fat diet. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER activates phosphorylation of eIF2alpha at Ser51 and inhibits translation. To elucidate the role of this pathway in beta-cell function we studied glucose homeostasis in Eif2s1(tm1Rjk) mutant mice, which have an alanine substitution at Ser51. Heterozygous (Eif2s1(+/tm1Rjk)) mice became obese and diabetic on a high-fat diet. Profound glucose intolerance resulted from reduced insulin secretion accompanied by abnormal distension of the ER lumen, defective trafficking of proinsulin, and a reduced number of insulin granules in beta cells. We propose that translational control couples insulin synthesis with folding capacity to maintain ER integrity and that this signal is essential to prevent diet-induced type 2 diabetes.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1979

Health foods.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Food faddism in pediatrics.

An understanding of the nutritional requirements of healthy, growing infants and children is required to guide parents in appropriate feeding practices which are consistent with their chosen life styles. Among the several prevalent types of food faddism are some that are not harmful or can beneficial, such as breast-feeding, others than can be of long-term benefit but that have limitations in infants and children, and others that can affect infants and children adversely. Those wishing to feed their children unconventional diets should have such diets carefully evaluated to avoid deficiencies of essential nutrients.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome.

Meal replacements are widely used as a weight-loss strategy; however, their effectiveness outside controlled clinical trial environments is unknown. We compared meal replacements with a structured weight-reduction diet in overweight/obese Australians with raised triglycerides. In a randomized parallel design, 2 groups [meal replacement (MR) and control (C)] of 66 matched subjects underwent a 6000 kJ intervention for 3 mo (stage 1) and a further 3 mo (stage 2). The groups were provided oral and written information. The C group was supplied with shopping vouchers and followed a low fat/energy diet. The MR group was supplied with Slim-Fast trade mark products for 2 meals (1800 kJ) and consumed a low-fat evening meal. Clients were weighed every 2 wk and received structured supervision without professional dietary input, with compliance assessed by 3-d weighed food records. Blood biomarkers were used to assess fruit/vegetable intake and a questionnaire was used to assess attitudes to treatment. Fifty-five subjects completed stage 1 (withdrawals: 7 in the MR group, 4 in the C group) and 42 subjects completed stage 2. Weight loss was 6.0 +/- 4.2 kg (6.3%) for the MR group and 6.6 +/- 3.4 kg (6.9%) for the C group at 3 mo, and 9.0 +/- 6.9 kg (9.4%) for the MR group and 9.2 +/- 5.1 kg (9.3%) for the C group at 6 mo (different over time within but not between treatments). Serum folate and plasma beta-carotene were higher in the MR group. Plasma homocysteine fell in both groups (P < 0.005). Dietary fiber intake was higher in the C group (P < 0.02) and calcium was higher in the MR group (P < 0.001). We concluded meal replacement is equally effective for losing weight compared with conventional but structured weight-loss diets. Dietary compliance and convenience were viewed more favorably by participants who consumed meal replacements than by those in a conventional weight-loss program.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight loss and diet plans.

This article examines popular diet plans for weight loss and provides information about their efficacy. Diets covered include: very-low-calorie and low-calorie diets; low-fat and very-low-fat diets; moderate-fat, low-calorie diets; and low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets. The importance of portion size and behavioral change is also discussed.

Caloric Restriction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A brief overview of bariatric surgical procedures currently being used to treat the obese patient.

Obesity has reached an overwhelming high in the United States as well as other developing countries around the world. Alone, approximately 60 million Americans are characterized as obese, and 10 million of them are considered morbidly obese. Many have tried and failed not only to lose the excess weight through fad diets, medically supervised diets, exercise programs, and athletic club memberships, but also to maintain a healthy weight. As a result, weight gain and loss has become a way of life, an unhealthy way of life. This often results in a weight gain of a greater number of pounds than where they started. As a result, many patients and their physicians are looking to weight loss surgery as a permanent solution to the problem of yo-yo dieting. Along with the surgical alterations to the digestive system, nutrition counseling with portion control and regular exercise are part of a comprehensive program for successful long-term weight maintenance. It is the intent of this article to provide the reader with the basic understanding of the normal anatomy of the digestive tract. Then, each surgical procedure will be discussed, enabling the reader to visualize the changes in the digestion and absorption of food. It is these changes in absorption of vitamins and minerals, fats and carbohydrates, and proteins that lead to the various medical complications seen in patients after bariatric surgery.

Digestive System↗
PubMed2006

Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?

The use of complementary or alternative treatment approaches in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is increasing, and the most popular of such approaches are diets that eliminate either gluten or casein, or both. The popularity of these diets indicates a need for more rigorous research into their efficacy. Owing to significant methodological flaws, the currently available data are inadequate to guide treatment recommendations. The purpose of this review is to examine the available trials of gluten/casein diets in children with ASDs regarding the strength of their findings and also concerning points that may be useful in the design of future studies. Seven trials of these diets in ASD are critically reviewed; 6 of these were uncontrolled trials and 1 used a single-blind design. All reported efficacy in reducing some autism symptoms, and 2 groups of investigators also reported improvement in nonverbal cognition. Design flaws in all of the studies weaken the confidence that can be placed in their findings. Careful double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to evaluate whether actual benefit undergirds the diets' popularity and to provide better guidance to clinicians and caregivers. The literature currently available suggests that diets eliminating both gluten and casein (rather than either alone) should be studied first and that outcome measures should include assessments of nonverbal cognition.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Popular weight reduction diets.

The percentage of people who are overweight and obese has increased tremendously over the last 30 years. It has become a worldwide epidemic. This is evident by the number of children are being diagnosed with a body mass index >85th percentile, and the number of children begin diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease previously reserved for adults. The weight loss industry has also gained from this epidemic; it is a billion dollar industry. People pay large sums of money on diet pills, remedies, and books, with the hope of losing weight permanently. Despite these efforts, the number of individuals who are overweight or obese continues to increase. Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disorder. It would be impossible to address all aspects of diet, exercise, and weight loss in this review. Therefore, this article will review popular weight loss diets, with particular attention given to comparing low fat diets with low carbohydrate diets. In addition, the role that the environment plays on both diet and exercise and how they impact obesity will be addressed. Finally, the National Weight Control Registry will be discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1980

Trace elements: implications for nursing.

Although most were unknown a few years ago, present evidence indicates that at least 25 trace elements have some pertinence to health. Unlike vitamins, they cannot be synthesized. Some trace elements are now considered important only because of their harmful effects but traces of them may be essential. Zinc is especially important during puberty, pregnancy and menopause and is related to protein metabolism. Both fluoride and cadmium accumulate in the body year after year. Cadmium is positively correlated with several chronic diseases, especially hypertension. It is obtained from smoking and drinking soft water. Silicon, generally associated with silicosis, may be necessary for healthy bone and connective tissue. Chromium, believed to be the glucose tolerance factor, is obtained from brewer's yeast, spices, and whole wheat products. Copper deficiency may be implicated in a wide range of cardiovascular and blood related disorders. Either marginal deficiencies or slight excesses of most trace elements are harmful. Nurses should instruct patients to avoid highly refined foods, fad diets, or synthetic and fabricated foods. A well balanced and varied diet is the best safeguard against trace element excesses or deficiencies.

Cadmium↗