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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the hemodynamic responses to metrizamide and meglumine/sodium diatrizoate in canine renal angiography.

Selective renal angiography causes a biphasic change in renal blood flow and vascular resistance. In this study, 5 ml of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate (288 mg I/ml, 1455 mosm/kg), metrizamide (290 mg I/ml, 593 mosm/kg), isontonic saline (287 mosm/kg) and hypertonic saline (1500 mosm/kg) were injected into the renal arteries of seven adult mongrel dogs to determine whether the minimum flow (or maximum resistance) was related to the osmolality of the injected agent. The maximum resistance response was significantly smaller for metrizamide (20 +/- 4%) and isotonic saline (19 +/- 2%) than for diatrizoate (36 +/- 6%) or hypertonic saline (50 +/- 7%). Hypertonic saline produced two distinct types of responses: the typical biphasic response or a severe immediate drop in flow. Thus the maximum resistance response was related to agent osmolality. The "injection artifact," or flow changes occurring during the injection, were different for the four agents, and these differences appeared correlated to agent viscosity. Although both contrast media caused relatively small changes in renal hemodynamics, metrizamide caused significantly smaller changes than meglumine/sodium diatrizoate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coronary arteriography in canines with calcium-enriched ioxaglate and diatrizoate.

Ioxaglate, diatrizoate, and calcium-enriched solutions of these contrast agents were compared as to their effects on left ventricular pressure, the first derivative of this pressure, left ventricular stroke volume, stroke work, and mean aortic pressure during left coronary arteriography in dogs. Ioxaglate reduced these parameters significantly less than did diatrizoate. The calcium addition ameliorated the toxic effects of both ioxaglate and diatrizoate. There was an initial reduction of stroke work during and following the contrast injections, after which increased stroke work was observed. The calcium ions did not produce further augmentation of this increased stroke work.

Angiography↗
PubMed1989

Computed body tomography with a new nonionic contrast agent. Comparison of ioversol with sodium/meglumine diatrizoate.

The authors undertook a double-blind parallel group comparative study of 80 adult patients to examine the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of ioversol and sodium/meglumine diatrizoate in patients undergoing computed body tomography (CT). All procedures were considered diagnostic, although the scan quality of four procedures enhanced with sodium/meglumine diatrizoate was rated fair. Both contrast media induced clinically insignificant postprocedure decreases in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There were no statistically significant differences between the two contrast media in their effects on these or other vital signs. Ioversol was better tolerated, as evidenced by significantly lower pain and heat scores. There was a remarkable difference in adverse side effects induced by ioversol (n = 0) and sodium/meglumine diatrizoate (n = 14 [35%], including six of moderate severity). Ioversol is a safe and effective nonionic contrast agent for contrast-enhanced body CT.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of the excretion of sodium and meglumine diatrizoate at urography with simulated compression: an experimental study in the rat.

In the experimental model in the rabbit the excretion of sodium and meglumine diatrizoate, respectively, have been compared. Urographic density which was estimated through renal pelvic volume as calculated according to previous experiments (Owman 1978; Owman & Olin 1980) and urinary iodine concentration, is suggested to be more accurate than mere determination of urine iodine concentration and diuresis when evaluating and comparing urographic contrast media experimentally. More reliable dose optima are probably found when calculating density rather than determining urine concentrations. Of the examined media in this investigation, the sodium salt of diatrizoate was not superior to the meglumine salt in dose ranges up to 320 mg I/kg body weight, while at higher doses sodium diatrizoate gave higher urinary iodine concentrations and higher estimated density.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pulmonary arteriography: comparison of cough stimulation effects of diatrizoate and ioxaglate.

Twenty-five patients were observed in a prospective crossover study to determine whether the new low-osmolality contrast agents would be less prone than conventional agents to produce coughing during pulmonary arteriography. Selective left and right pulmonary arteriography (two views of each side) was performed with alternating administrations of diatrizoate sodium meglumine and ioxaglate sodium meglumine. Twenty-one patients had all four injections while four patients received injections on only one side. Sixteen of 25 patients coughed on at least one injection of diatrizoate, with three of these experiencing explosive coughing. One of 25 patients coughed with ioxaglate, and that was only minimally. This difference is statistically significant (P less than .001, on the basis of McNemar chi 2 test for paired data). When no coughing occurred, the quality of the diatrizoate and ioxaglate radiographs was indistinguishable. We conclude that ioxaglate is useful in pulmonary arteriography because of its lack of cough stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Intravenous bolus of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate. Early extravascular distribution.

A mixture of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate and 131I labeled human serum albumin was injected into the femoral vein of 26 anesthetized male rats. Measurements of the activities in cardiac blood and in different tissues of the lower extremity and in the testis were performed at time intervals ranging from 5 s to 5 min after injection. The determination of tissue uptake and distribution volumes of diatrizoate showed widely differing accumulation of contrast medium. Over 50 per cent of the intravenous bolus of diatrizoate was extravascular at 40 s.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Quality of urograms in infants: a comparison of sodium diatrizoate, metrizamide and iohexol.

A consecutive series of 314 intravenous urograms performed in infants were reviewed and assessed for quality. The first 106 examinations were performed using sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque 270) as the contrast medium, the next 98 patients received metrizamide (Amipaque 280) and the final 110 received iohexol (Omnipaque 300). Thirty-five patients had to be excluded from the study for a variety of reasons, after which there were totals of 98 in the diatrizoate, 90 in the metrizamide and 91 in the iohexol groups. Assessing quality in terms of nephrographic and pyelographic density, sodium diatrizoate was found to be better than the non-ionic agents. Although the differences reached statistical significance they are small and unlikely to affect the information obtained in clinical practice. There was no difference in overall quality between metrizamide and iohexol. Comparing the degree of pyelographic distension and ureteric visualization using the three agents, no difference was found between the groups.

Diatrizoate↗
PubMed1980

Influence of intracoronary meglumine diatrizoate on regional myocardial contractility and the protective effect of hydrocortisone.

The effects of direct intracoronary injection of meglumine diatrizoate (RENOGRAFIN) on regional myocardial contractility were studied in 11 open-chested dogs. The left anterior descending or circumflex artery was cannulated selectively from the ascending aorta and the changes in myocardial contractile force and its first derivative were measured by an epicardial strain gauge sutured to the myocardium supplied by the cannulated artery. The myocardium perfused by the non-cannulated artery served as the control area. Direct intracoronary injection of meglumine diatrizoate, 1 ml, caused regional depression of myocardial function, with a significant decrease in contractile force and its first derivative in the study area; there was no change in the control area, nor were there changes in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure, heart rate or systemic blood pressure. There was no additive depressant effect after multiple injections. Local pretreatment with hydrocortisone (4 mg/kg, by slow intracoronary infusion) ameliorated the myocardial depressant effect of meglumine diatrizoate so that there was a smaller decrease in contractile force and its first derivative. The results may have clinical significance in patients undergoing coronary arteriography.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of ioxaglate with diatrizoate in angiography of the internal mammary artery.

To compare ioxaglate with the traditional agent diatrizoate, 44 patients scheduled to undergo coronary angiography that included internal mammary artery (IMA) visualization were entered into a randomized double blind-parallel design protocol. Complete data were collected on 32 out of 44. Four patients were withdrawn because of angiographically normal coronary arteries; seven, because of unsuccessful IMA cannulation; and one, because of an anaphylaxis-like reaction to ioxaglate. No other serious adverse effects were seen with either agent. The major endpoints were patient and physician assessments of discomfort, rated independently on a 4-point scale. Ioxaglate caused significantly less discomfort (n = 17, median rating of "mild discomfort") than did diatrizoate (n = 15, median rating of "severe discomfort"; P less than 0.01); this effect was independent of patient sex, the number of injections, and the volume of dye injected. Radiographic quality was good with both agents. We conclude that ioxaglate is much better tolerated than diatrizoate during angiography of the IMA.

Diatrizoate↗
PubMed1997

Iopentol (Imagopaque 250) compared with diatrizoate (Urografin 219) in endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). A clinical trial assessing safety (adverse events and S-pancreatic iso-amylase) and diagnostic information (VAS).

The efficacy and safety of the non-ionic contrast medium iopentol, 250 mg I/ml (Imagopaque, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) were evaluated and compared to those of the ionic contrast medium diatrizoate 219 mg I/ml (Urografin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). The trial was carried out as a randomized, double-blind comparative two-group study. One hundred and sixteen patients completed the study: 59 received iopentol and 57 received diatrizoate, the contrast medium used according to routine hospital procedure for ERCP. Demographic data and details of the ERCP procedure were comparable for the two contrast medium groups. Safety was assessed by monitoring serum pancreatic iso-amylase and by recording adverse events. Efficacy was evaluated through assessment of the diagnostic information and the quality of radiographs. Twenty-one of the patients receiving iopentol and 27 of the patients receiving diatrizoate reported adverse events during the ERCP procedure. Pain was the kind of procedure-related event most frequently reported. Three patients experienced serious adverse events with a fatal outcome 2, 10 and 12 days after the ERCP procedure, respectively. The principal investigator concluded for all three serious adverse events that any causal relationship with the contrast medium injected was unlikely. A mean change in serum pancreatic iso-amylase after contrast medium injection was noted in both contrast medium groups. However, statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between mean changes for the two groups. The efficacy results, both in terms of diagnostic information and quality of radiographic visualisation, were comparable for the two contrast media. In conclusion, the study did not show any statistically significant differences between the two contrast media as regards safety or efficacy in ERCP.

Amylases↗
PubMed1991

Micronucleus assay in biomonitoring of patients undergoing excretory urography with diatrizoate and ioxaglate.

In order to perform biological monitoring of exposure to radiation and contrast media, we evaluated the micronucleus count (MN) and the mitotic index (MI) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients undergoing excretory urography with diatrizoate (20 patients) and ioxaglate (20 patients). Three samples were taken for each patient: A (before exploration), B (immediately after exploration) and C (7 days later). There were no significant differences in the radiation doses received, nor in the dose of contrast agent, between both groups. The micronucleus count increased significantly in sample B in both groups, the increase being more statistically significant in the diatrizoate group (p less than 0.01) than in the ioxaglate group (p less than 0.05). One week later, the MN were still slightly high (p less than 0.05) in the diatrizoate group only. These results suggest a clastogenic effect which depends, to a great extent, on the nature of the contrast medium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Randomised clinical trial investigating the effects of combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate in the older persons with adhesive small bowel obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate in the older persons with adhesive small bowel obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients who had suffered from adhesive intestinal obstruction without clinical evidence of strangulation or gangrene were randomised into two groups, a control group (treated conservatively, n=82) and a contrast group (treated with combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate, n=80). A laparotomy was performed in both the two groups if symptoms of strangulation developed or the obstruction did not resolve spontaneously after 72 h. RESULTS: Statistically significant rapid reduction in pain score, lower amount of nasogastric drainage, shorter hospital stay, lower operative rate and lower postoperative morbidity were observed in the contrast group. Among the non-operative patients, earlier passage of stool and gas, earlier first oral intake and shorter duration of nasogastric tube placement were significantly more frequently observed in the contrast group. No difference in the rate of readmission was found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate accelerates resolution of small bowel obstruction by a specific therapeutic effect and is safe for the older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Biodegradation of the iodinated X-ray contrast media diatrizoate and iopromide.

The degradation of the iodinated contrast media diatrizoate and iopromide was investigated in laboratory tests. With regard to the expected behaviour of the contrast media in the environment, test systems with activated sludge, river water and river water plus sediment were established. In some of the experiments 14C-labelled contrast media were used to study degradation at low concentrations and to detect the transformation products. Degradation by as well as binding to aerobic-activated sludge of diatrizoate was poor, suggesting that this substance is hardly retained in sewage treatment plants. In systems with river water and sediment deacetylation of diatrizoate started after a lag period of 3 weeks and followed first order kinetics with rate constants of approximately 0.15 day-1. Two metabolites were formed that were stable until day 200 of aerobic incubation. Finally, further transformation of the aerobic metabolites was observed under anoxic conditions. In activated sludge, approximately 85% of iopromide were transformed into two metabolites. Like the parent compound they were highly hydrophilic and less than 16% were bound to sludge solids. In water/sediment systems, disappearance of iopromide started spontaneously with a first order constant of 0.04 day-1. One metabolite that was stable throughout the incubation period was formed with a delay of 20 days. In river water the concentration-dependent disappearance of iopromide was studied. The shortest half-life was 3.1 days at a concentration of 16.0 mumol l-1 and increased at concentrations below and above this value. The metabolites of iopromide were not identified, but partial deiodination of iopromide was shown. Mineralisation of the two contrast media or their metabolites to carbon dioxide was not observed.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytogenetic effects of contrast material: diatrizoate versus iothalamate.

Acentric chromosome fragments produced in cells by irradiation or other agents give rise to micronuclei in daughter cells. The micronuclei can be readily counted in large numbers of cells thereby providing a sensitive measure of chromosome aberrations. Previous studies have shown a consistent elevation of micronuclei count following the use of diatrizoate contrast materials. This study was undertaken to compare the micronuclei counts of patients receiving sodium iothalamate with those receiving sodium diatrizoate. Our results indicate that sodium diatrizoate produced significantly greater cytogenetic damage than the sodium iothalamate agents.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of diatrizoate, iopamidol, and ioxaglate for arterial portography. An experimental study in normal dogs and dogs with portal hypertension.

Diatrizoate, iopamidol and ioxaglate were compared in five normal dogs and in five dogs with presinusoidal cirrhosis and portal hypertension for arterial portography. After selective injection of 40 ml of each contrast agent in iodine concentrations of 320 mg per ml into the superior mesenteric artery, portal vein blood samples were collected in 2-second intervals and the iodine concentrations determined using x-ray energy spectrometry. The highest iodine concentrations in the portal blood were found in both normal portal pressure and portal hypertension with ioxaglate, followed by iopamidol and diatrizoate in this order. Compared with diatrizoate, ioxaglate and iopamidol increased the peak portal blood iodine concentrations 45% and 22%, respectively. The use of ioxaglate in arterial portography should show the portal system at least as well as when a conventional contrast agent is used together with a vasodilator such as tolazoline.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Functional and morphologic effects of ioxilan, iohexol, and diatrizoate on endothelial cells.

The effects of a new contrast agent, ioxilan, on vascular endothelium were compared with those of iohexol and diatrizoate. Rabbit aortic rings were incubated in contrast medium (CM) (350 mgI/mL) or Krebs solution as a control agent, for 5 minutes. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showed that iohexol and ioxilan produced irregularities in the cell borders and in some vesicles, whereas diatrizoate produced intercellular gaps and numerous vesicles containing myelin figures. The ability of the endothelial cells to release endothelium-derived relaxing factor was tested by measuring the dilator response to acetylcholine. Incubation of aortic rings in CM for 5 minutes caused no changes in responses. However, 15-minute contact with diatrizoate irreversibly reduced the dilator response to 49%, and contact with sucrose (2100 mOsm/kg) reduced it to 9%. After incubation for 60 minutes, iohexol reduced the dilator response to 43%, while ioxilan caused no change. Since the hydrophilicity of the nonionic compounds, ioxilan and iohexol, is similar, while ioxilan's osmolality is substantially lower, the endothelial changes detected by electron microscopy and induced by the CM are attributable to their chemical properties, whereas the loss of dilator response appears to be mediated by high osmolality.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Urine profiles following intravenous diatrizoate, iohexol, or ioxilan in rats.

The effects of intravenous diatrizoate, iohexol, ioxilan, or saline on albumin, glucose, sodium and the enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and L-gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the urine of 24 normal Wistar rats were followed for seven days. During the first two hours after administration of diatrizoate, all profile components changed markedly; the albumin excretion was significantly greater than following ioxilan and iohexol; glucose, LDH, and GGT excretions were significantly greater than following ioxilan. Iohexol and ioxilan caused a higher excretion of albumin, LDH, and GGT than saline. Iohexol also increased glucose and sodium levels. Glucose and GGT were significantly higher following iohexol than following ioxilan. Both high osmolar and low osmolar contrast media may cause temporary glomerular and tubular damage. Urine profile components are affected most by diatrizoate, less by iohexol, and least by ioxilan.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of the systemic responses to rapid intravenous injections of ioxilan, iohexol, and diatrizoate in rabbits.

Rapid intravenous injections of contrast media are used for angiocardiography, intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and rapid scan computed tomography procedures. These rapid intravenous injections have been shown to produce significant hemodynamic changes that appear related to contrast media osmolality. In this study the systemic responses to 2-second injections at a dose of 1.5 mL/kg were compared for a new nonionic agent, ioxilan (350 mgI/mL), and for iohexol (350 mgI/mL), meglumine/sodium diatrizoate (370 mgI/mL), and saline. Ioxilan has a lower osmolality and viscosity than iohexol and is formulated with a 3 mM sodium citrate as a buffer and anticoagulant. All of the test solutions produced statistically significant changes in arterial pressure and respiratory rate (P less than .05, Student's t-test). The decrease in arterial pressure seen with diatrizoate (20.1%) was significantly greater than the decrease seen with either ioxilan (10.2%) or iohexol (10.2%). All of the responses observed were transient and would not be of clinical concern in a healthy patient. Ioxilan, which contains the calcium binding agent, sodium citrate, and iohexol appear to cause less systemic effects then diatrizoate.

Animals↗