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PubMed2003

Paper critique as an educational method in epidemiology.

A common method in the teaching of epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is 'paper critique'. This refers to a close reading of published research articles, in which students are asked to assess their coherence and validity. The intention is to improve the students' analytic and writing skills, as well as acting as a form of summative assessment. In this paper, the author links his experience of this method to concepts such as rhetoric, myth and semiology, and uses them to try to develop paper critique as an educational method.

Comprehension↗
PubMed2000

A feminist critique of research on women's work and health.

Research on women's work and health largely has failed to incorporate gender into the models of the processes through which work influences well-being. In this article, the research on women's work and health is critiqued from a feminist perspective; male-oriented and ethnocentric views on women's work are negated, and gender and socioeconomic issues are highlighted and included in the picture of women's work. Male-centered and ethnocentric views and assumptions on women's work are prevalent in the whole research process, and methodological limitations due to the distorted views are indicated. Based on the critique, some implications for future research on women's work and health are proposed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Medical Critique [Krytyka Lekarska]: a journal of medicine and philosophy-1897-1907.

Medico-philosophical reflections were developed in the 19th and the 20th centuries by three consecutive generations of Polish physicians, active in what was later named the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. The second generation of this school published its own journal, Medical Critique [Krytika Lekarska], from 1897 to 1907. Medical Critique included numerous articles on the nature of medical knowledge, the reductionism versus holism debate in biology and medicine, the importance of teleologically-oriented approaches in medicine, the influence of theories and of a priori ideas on clinical observations and on 'clinical facts', the problem of classification of diseases, the normative and ethical dimension of medicine, and the ion relationships between philosophy, history and medicine. The existence of a journal dealing specifically with theoretical reflections on medicine undoubtedly contributed to the propagation of original work in the philosophy of medicine in Poland.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1979

Recurrent themes in ambulance critique review sessions over eight years.

For 8 years biweekly ambulance critique review sessions have evaluated performance and discussed management of cases brought to our hospital by ambulance. Over 500 cases reviewed have centered primarily on evaluation and care at the scene and its possible relation to outcome. Problems which have recurred on the scene include whether the patient would have benefited from less time in stabilization and immobilization; manipulation of deformed fractures for splinting; use of tourniquets; techniques of airway maintenance; and management of infrequently seen problems such as hypothermia and drowning. Interaction problems with physicians on the scene and in the Emergency Room (ER) come from questioning physician authority even without specific knowledge of the appropriate techniques of emergency care. A related problem is lack of ER staff familiarity with Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) procedures and ambulance equipment. The value of critique review sessions has been seen in improved rapport and interaction among ER staff and ambulance personnel. Improved outcome needs to be assessed in a carefully controlled study. The enthusiasm and attendance of ER staff and ambulance personnel has grown and endured over 8 years. The review sessions have spread to other area hospitals with some success.

Ambulances↗
PubMed1999

A review and methodologic critique of the literature refuting whiplash syndrome.

The validity of whiplash syndrome has been a source of debate in the medical literature for many years. Some authors have published articles suggesting that whiplash injuries are impossible at certain collision speeds; others have stated that the problem is psychological, or is feigned as a means to obtain secondary financial gain. These articles contradict the majority of the literature, which shows that whiplash injuries and their sequelae are a highly prevalent problem that affects a significant proportion of the population. The authors of the current literature critique reviewed the biomedical and engineering literature relating to whiplash syndrome, searching for articles that refuted the validity of whiplash injuries. Twenty articles containing nine distinct statements refuting the validity of whiplash syndrome were found that fit the inclusion criteria. The methodology described in these articles was evaluated critically to determine if the authors' observations regarding the validity of whiplash syndrome were scientifically sound. The authors of the current critique found that all of the articles contained significant methodologic flaws with regard to their respective authors' statements refuting the validity of whiplash syndrome. The most frequently found flaws were inadequate study size, nonrepresentative study sample, nonrepresentative crash conditions (for crash tests), and inappropriate study design. As a result of the current literature review, it was determined that there is no epidemiologic or scientific basis in the literature for the following statements: whiplash injuries do not lead to chronic pain, rear impact collisions that do not result in vehicle damage are unlikely to cause injury, and whiplash trauma is biomechanically comparable with common movements of daily living.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Basics of critiquing a research article.

Critiquing research papers helps a nurse remain current in the scientific literature. The critic examines the paper for components of the research process, i.e., literature review, methodology, results, and discussions. Nurses can enhance their reading of research by reading more research papers, participating in group critique sessions, participating in the research process, and contacting the researcher with questions as necessary.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

A critique of the methodology of research studies evaluating massage.

This review examines 14 research studies which have been undertaken to evaluate massage. The review offers a critique of the methodology of these studies, and issues relating to the research design, samples, measurement tools, analysis and the massage intervention are discussed. The critique highlights several key issues relating to the design of the studies and concludes with some recommendations for future research studies evaluating massage.

Bias↗
PubMed1994

Discharge planning: issues and challenges for gerontological nursing. A critique of the literature.

Families are rapidly becoming unpaid givers of complex care. Using McKeehan & Coulton's systems model, this critique reviews the evolution of the structure and processes of discharge planning programmes. It explores three common assumptions: discharge planning programmes are cost-effective, allow for enhancement of patients' and families' quality of life, and ensure continuity of care between hospital and community. Funds are saved due to decreased lengths of initial hospital admissions and readmission rates. However, the cost of additional hospital and community resources is rarely considered. Little evidence supports the concept that discharge planning directly affects a patient's health status. Patients and families often do not perceive the same level of benefit from discharge planning as do health professionals. Several issues surrounding research methodologies used in the reviewed studies are identified. Of particular concern is the lack of qualitative research into patients' and families' experiences. The critique concludes with an exploration of ethical issues and challenges arising from increased emphasis on cost-effective discharge planning. These include patients' rights, provision of sufficient human, social and financial resources, improved hospital-community communications, and control over hospital-developed but community-implemented programmes.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Critical bioethics: beyond the social science critique of applied ethics.

This article attempts to show a way in which social science research can contribute in a meaningful and equitable way to philosophical bioethics. It builds on the social science critique of bioethics present in the work of authors such as Renee Fox, Barry Hoffmaster and Charles Bosk, proposing the characteristics of a critical bioethics that would take social science seriously. The social science critique claims that traditional philosophical bioethics gives a dominant role to idealised, rational thought, and tends to exclude social and cultural factors, relegating them to the status of irrelevancies. Another problem is they way in which bioethics assumes social reality divides down the same lines/categories as philosophical theories. Critical bioethics requires bioethicists to root their enquiries in empirical research, to challenge theories using evidence, to be reflexive and to be sceptical about the claims of other bioethicists, scientists and clinicians. The aim is to produce a rigorous normative analysis of lived moral experience.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speech perception deficits in poor readers: a reply to Denenberg's critique.

We reply to Denenberg's (1999) recent critique of our work (Mody, Studdert-Kennedy, & Brady, 1997). Denenberg mounted two main lines of criticism, one concerning characteristics of the population sampled for the experimental group, and the other a statistical critique, concerning (a) violation of parametric assumptions for use of the F distribution and (b) our supposed acceptance of the null hypothesis of no differences between experimental and control groups. We show that the first criticism stemmed from a misunderstanding of the experimental hypothesis and that the second can be answered by both parametric and nonparametric comparisons across conditions within the experimental group, without reference to the control group. Thus, our original conclusion stands: The difficulty with rapid /ba/-/da/ discrimination that some children with reading impairment may experience does not stem from difficulty in discriminating the rapid spectral transitions at stop-vowel syllable onsets.

Child↗
PubMed2000

A feminist critique of breast cancer research among Korean women.

Studies indicate ethnic differences in incidence, mortality, and survival rate of breast cancer. Despite the low incidence rate of breast cancer among the Korean population, Koreans are reported to be less likely to survive breast cancer. In this article, using a feminist perspective, the reasons why Korean women have been reported to be less likely to survive breast cancer are analyzed through a critical review of research among Korean women. A total of 469 studies (145 unpublished master's theses and doctoral dissertations and 324 articles published in South Korea and in the United States) were reviewed, analyzed, and critiqued in terms of biases present in the research process. Through a feminist critique of the literature, four possible reasons are proposed: androcentric views and assumptions underlying the research, modesty issues imbedded in Korean culture, the victim-blaming tendency of Korean culture, and intense emotions without adequate support.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2002

Managed care or managed inequality? A call for critiques of market-based medicine.

This review article critiques the growing dominance of market-based medicine in the United States against the background of existing problems with quality of care, rising costs, devaluation of doctor-patient relationships, and, especially, persistent inequalities of access and outcomes. It summarizes the present state of health care delivery by focusing on the concurrent trends of growth in managed care, expanding profits, increasing proportion of those uninsured, and widening racial, ethnic, and class disparities in access to care. Allowing market forces to dictate the shape of health care delivery in this country ensures that inequalities will continue to grow and modern medicine will become increasingly adept at managing inequality rather than managing (providing) care. The article challenges anthropology to become more involved in critiquing these developments and suggests how anthropologists can expand on and contextualize debates surrounding the market's role in medicine, here and abroad.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2002

A critique of social capital.

This article critiques the concepts of communitarianism and social capital as used in the United States and in Europe. For the United States, the author focuses on Robert Putnam's understanding of both concepts, showing that the apolitical analysis of the Progressive Era, of the progressive developments in Northern Italy, and of the situation of labor unions in the United States is not only insufficient but wrong. The critique also includes the difference between U.S. communitarianism and its European versions, Christian democracy and New Labour, and the limitations of both approaches. The uses and misuses of these concepts in the political debate are discussed.

Capitalism↗
PubMed1988

Three-dimensional imaging in medicine. A response to a critique by surgeons.

In a recent article in this Journal (Vol. 20:1) two surgeons gave a critique in which they discussed the relative merits and disadvantages of three-dimensional presentation based on CT scan data. While most of their critique is unarguable, there are some aspects of it which are overstated and possibly misleading. This is a response of a computer scientist, which attempts to present the somewhat different perception of one who is involved in the development of the three-dimensional imaging methodology in medicine.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Making sense of research: A guide for critiquing a paper.

Learning how to critique research articles is one of the fundamental skills of scholarship in any discipline. The range, quantity and quality of publications available today via print, electronic and Internet databases means it has become essential to equip students and practitioners with the prerequisites to judge the integrity and usefulness of published research. Finding, understanding and critiquing quality articles can be a difficult process. This article sets out some helpful indicators to assist the novice to make sense of research.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2001

Don Jackson's "A critique of the literature on the genetics of schizophrenia": a reappraisal after 40 years.

In 1960, Don Jackson published "A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia." Jackson's critique nearly relegated the classical twin method to obscurity as being hopelessly confounded by environmental factors. Jackson noted several trends in the schizophrenia twin data that were difficult to explain on genetic grounds. In fact, none of Jackson's 12 major points, examined in this article, have been satisfactorily answered by proponents of the twin method. The evidence in support of Jackson's most controversial claim-that the psychology of twinship itself might lead to a greater rate of schizophrenia among twins when compared with the single-born population--is inconclusive. However, although several leading twin researchers have dismissed Jackson's entire thesis on the basis of the inconclusiveness of this one claim, this idea was not central to Jackson's basic argument. The research undertaken for this article appears to confirm the validity of the most important points of Jackson's analysis and that therefore the classical twin method is of doubtful value as an indicator of genetic influences on schizophrenia and other diagnoses or psychological trait differences. Jackson's article demonstrated the implausibility of what came to be known as the MZ/DZ "equal environment assumption" of the twin method, implying that the twin method records nothing more than environmental differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Environment↗
PubMed2003

A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting 'chronic whiplash injury': part I - research articles.

The existence of a 'chronic whiplash injury' has been a source of debate in the medical literature for many years. Some authors have published articles suggesting that chronic whiplash syndrome is the result of chronic pathology (injury), and that this injury may occur at any collision speed; others have stated that any psychological factors are secondary rather than primary (etiologic) to the problem of chronic pain, or that secondary gain is a rare or uncommon phenomenon. These articles contradict scientific measures and efforts which show that for Quebec Task Force Grade 1 and 2 whiplash-associated disorders, the highly prevalent problem of chronic pain may be a culturally and psychosocially determined phenomenon, in which confounding psychosocial variables determine the behaviour and outcome following an otherwise benign acute injury. The authors of the current literature critique reviewed the biomedical and engineering literature relating to whiplash syndrome, searching for articles that supported the construct of 'chronic whiplash injuries'. Thirty seven articles containing fourteen distinct statements supporting the construct of 'chronic whiplash injuries' were found that fit the inclusion criteria. The methodology described in these articles was evaluated critically to determine if the authors' conclusions regarding 'chronic whiplash injuries' were scientifically sound. The authors of the current critique found that all of the articles contained significant methodologic errors relative to their respective authors' statements regarding chronic whiplash. The most frequent concerns reside with sampling, experimental design and interpretation of data.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Nursing contributions to the elimination of health disparities among African-Americans: review and critique of a decade of research.

The excessive burden of disease experienced by African-Americans has long been described by authorities in the public, private, and professional sector as a national health concern. Several reports have been published in the peer-reviewed literature that describe the outcomes of nurse-directed studies aimed at addressing the factors associated with the disparities experienced by African-Americans and these reports were also aimed toward the design of interventions to reduce and/or eliminate them. However, little is known about the scope, quality, and impact of these efforts relative to the promotion of health and the prevention of disease among African-American population groups. This report presents the results of a review, analysis, and critique of reports of outcomes of nursing research aimed toward reducing health-related disparities among African-Americans. These reports were described in a selected group of African-American nursing organizations and journals dedicated to providing a fonrum for the discussion of issues focused on cultual diversity, transcultural nursing, and multicultural health care issues. Included among the journals were the Journal of the National Black Nurses Association, the Journal of the Association of Black Nursing Faculty, the Journal of Chi Eta Phi Sorority, the Journal of Cultural Diversity, the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, and the Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health. Results of the review, reported in two parts, the later of which will be reported in an upcoming edition, revealed that this body of nursing research provides the profession with a broad base of knowledge and insights. This knowledge is relative to the individual and familial impact of cardiovascular disease, cancer diabetes, HIV/AIDS, mental health and mental illness, and sickle cell disease within the African-American community. Knowledge and insights relative to the concerns and needs of childbearing, parenting, the elderly, caregivers and caregiving in African-American population groups is essential if health care disparities are to be truly eliminated. This review, analysis, and critique also revealed several gaps and limitations within this body of nursing research.

Black or African American↗