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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Coffee consumption and human health--beneficial or detrimental?--Mechanisms for effects of coffee consumption on different risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Coffee is probably the most frequently ingested beverage worldwide. Especially Scandinavia has a high prevalence of coffee-drinkers, and they traditionally make their coffee by boiling ground coffee beans and water. Because of its consumption in most countries in the world, it is interesting, from both a public and a scientific perspective, to discuss its potential benefits or adverse aspects in relation to especially two main health problems, namely cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of boiled coffee is associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. This is mainly due to the two diterpenes identified in the lipid fraction of coffee grounds, cafestol and kahweol. These compounds promote increased plasma concentration of cholesterol in humans. Coffee is also a rich source of many other ingredients that may contribute to its biological activity, like heterocyclic compounds that exhibit strong antioxidant activity. Based on the literature reviewed, it is apparent that moderate daily filtered, coffee intake is not associated with any adverse effects on cardiovascular outcome. On the contrary, the data shows that coffee has a significant antioxidant activity, and may have an inverse association with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Nutritional condition, food consumption and nutritional intake in students in Saudi Arabia. II. Food consumption and nutritional intake].

In field surveys in 13 schools in different regions of Saudi-Arabia, energy expenditure, food consumption, and nutrient intake were studied. Cereal products, especially bread, have the greatest significance in nutrition. Many students do not eat other foodstuffs regularly. A certain dependency of food consumption from the region was found in regard to the schools. The frequency of foodstuffs was generally low, but lowest in remote villages. In some age groups, the sufficient energy intake leaves much to be desired, 70 % do not reach recommended dietary allowances of animal protein and 100 % in fat. Intake of carbohydrates was too high, while intake of linoleic acid, minerals and vitamins is too low of nearly all test persons. To secure regularly a sufficient intake of essential nutrients, a school lunch program for the Saudi-Arabian boys is to be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Pretreatment consumption as a predictor of posttreatment consumption in male alcoholics.

Pretreatment levels of alcohol consumption for 72 male alcoholics were found to be related statistically to posttreatment levels of consumption determined approximately 8 months after completion of an inpatient alcoholism treatment program. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used successfully to determine the risk of relapse. Increased risk was associated with excessive drinkers who were relatively early in their alcoholic careers as assessed by years of abusive drinking and lifetime gallons consumed. Logistic regression appears to be a clinically useful procedure that would allow individual treatment programs to set their own criteria of success and increase their treatment effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Safety aspects regarding the consumption of high-dose dietary diacylglycerol oil in men and women in a double-blind controlled trial in comparison with consumption of a triacylglycerol control oil.

With the approval for use in foods in Japan and the United States, the use of diacylglycerol (DAG) oil in fat-based products may become extensive due to equivalent physicochemical properties to conventional triacylglycerol (TAG) oil. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of high-dose consumption of DAG oil in humans with that of TAG oil. In a double-blind controlled parallel trial, moderately lean men (n=42) and women (n=39) consumed either DAG or TAG at a dose of approximately 0.5 g/kg body weight/day as part of their diet for 12 weeks. All subjects completing the study tolerated the test oils well and showed no overt effects. Total caloric and fat intake remained constant and showed no significant differences between the groups. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of clinical signs and physical complaints related to test oil consumption. Although some statistically significant effects were reported in hematological and serum chemistry parameters in both DAG and TAG groups, none of these reported changes were considered biologically significant. Overall, this 12-week clinical study revealed no significant or treatment-related adverse effects of DAG oil consumed at a dose of 0.5 g/kg of body weight/day as part of the diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Carotenoid bioavailability in humans from tomatoes processed in different ways determined from the carotenoid response in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction of plasma after a single consumption and in plasma after four days of consumption.

Tomatoes are the main dietary source of lycopene, and the bioavailability of lycopene from tomato paste is higher than that from fresh tomatoes. We investigated systematically the effect of mechanical homogenization and heating on the bioavailability of carotenoids from canned tomatoes. Further, we compared the carotenoid response in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) after single consumption with the change in fasting plasma carotenoid concentrations after 4 d of daily consumption. In a split plot design, 17 men and women consumed tomatoes which had received minimal additional heating and 16 others consumed extensively additionally heated tomatoes (1 h at 100 degrees C). These tomatoes were not, mildly or severely homogenized. The tomato products were consumed daily (ca. 22 mg/d lycopene) for 4 d. Eleven participants provided postprandial blood samples on the d 1 and all gave fasting blood samples on d 1 and 4. Homogenization enhanced the lycopene response significantly (P<0.05) both in TRL [mean areas under the curves: 54.9, 72.0 and 88.7 nmol. h/L (SE 11.0) for not, mildly and severely homogenized tomatoes, respectively] and in plasma [mean changes: 0.19, 0.22 and 0.23 micromol/L (SE 0.009), respectively]. Additional heating also tended to enhance the lycopene responses in TRL (P = 0.14) and plasma (P = 0.17). Similar effects to those for lycopene were found for beta-carotene. We conclude that the intactness of the cellular matrix of tomatoes determines the bioavailability of carotenoids and that matrix disruption by mechanical homogenization and/or heat treatment enhances the bioavailability. The carotenoid response in plasma after 4 d intervention can be used to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from different foods.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among 6-12-year-old children and effective interventions to increase consumption.

PURPOSE: To review the current literature about potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intakes and effective intervention strategies to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables among 6-12-year-old children. METHODS: A structured review of literature located in PubMed and Psychinfo electronic literature databases. RESULTS: Of all determinants, the availability and accessibility of fruit and vegetables and taste preferences were most consistently and most positively related to consumption. There was some evidence that parental fruit and vegetable intakes, knowledge of intake recommendations and skills had a positive association with children's intakes, whereas television viewing, exposure to television advertisement, and having a snack bar at school were associated with lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Multi-component school-based interventions that combined classroom curriculum, parent and food service components showed the greatest promise for fruit and vegetable promotion among children. School fruit and vegetable subscription programmes, scout-based interventions, and fruit and vegetables education via computer multi-media channels also appear promising. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should improve the availability and accessibility of fruit and vegetables to children, and should aim to improve their taste preferences for them. Such interventions should be of a multi-component nature, school-based or use other social channels and may include multi-media channels.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The inheritance of alcohol consumption patterns in a general population twin sample: II. Determinants of consumption frequency and quantity consumed.

Genetic models were fitted to self-report data on frequency of alcohol consumption and average quantity consumed when drinking, from 3,810 adult Australian twin pairs. Frequency of consumption is determined both by an abstinence dimension, which is strongly influenced by shared environmental effects but not by genetic effects, and by an independent frequency dimension, which is influenced by genetic effects in both sexes and possibly by shared environmental affects in men. Quantity of alcohol consumed is likewise determined by an environmental abstinence dimension and by an independent and partly heritable quantity dimension. The best-fitting model allowed for two routes to abstinence: those who were not abstainers by virtue of their position on the abstinence dimension could nonetheless become abstainers by their position on the second, frequency (or quantity) dimension. Heritability estimates were 66% in women and 42-75% in men, for frequency; and 57% in women and 24-61% in men, for quantity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Caffeine consumption questionnaire: a standardized measure for caffeine consumption in undergraduate students.

Undergraduate students (N=691) were given the 1992 Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire of Landrum and provided information on age, sex, and year in school. A subset (n = 168) of those completing the questionnaire were also given the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire of Horne and Ostberg. Analysis indicated that the average intake of caffeine was roughly 1,600 mg, i.e., a range from 13 mg to 21,840 mg per week. Older students consumed more caffeine than younger ones, and students with an Evening personality preference consumed more caffeine in the evening and nighttime hours than those with a Morning personality preference. These results are discussed in the context of other caffeine studies. Caffeine consumption is an important issue, and a consistent measurement system should be used by various researchers testing different populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Consumption of addictive drugs among pensioners. A study of the consumption of benzodiazepines and strong analgesics among pensioners who receive drugs free-of-charge].

The consumption of benzodiazepines and potent analgesics by old age pensioners and early retirees in Odense who had the right to receive medicine free-of-charge was accounted for where the month of March 1990 was concerned. Approximately 26% received financial support for benzodiazepines, 13% for analgesics while further 6% received support for both benzodiazepines and analgesics. The majority of the users were over 60 years and there twice as many women as men. No significant differences were observed in the sex and age distributions between the groups of pensioners who received benzodiazepines and/or analgesics and the group which received only other medicine. Both the direct and the indirect expenses are discussed. Furthermore, it is concluded that, in some of the pensioners, over-consumption is involved and that it is again necessary to emphasize the indications for prescription of these preparations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Alcohol consumption in the adult population from the metropolitan region: prevalence and consumption modalities].

A representative sample from the adult population of metropolitan Santiago was surveyed for prevalence and modality of alcohol consumption. The "problem drinker" was identified according to the CAGE questionnaire. Socioeconomic situation was classified according to the method of Graffar. 70% of male and 50% of female drinkers consumed less than 400 ml of ethanol per month. Prevalence of drinking in males and females was: all categories 56.2 and 19.8%, regular drinkers 40.8 and 14.4%; heavy drinkers 4 and 0.82% and problem drinkers 12.4 and 1.5%, respectively. 85% were weekend drinkers, 11% consumed alcohol throughout the week. Males consumed mostly wine and mixed alcoholic beverages, females mostly the latter. In males, drinking was related to age and not to socioeconomic condition, except for problem drinkers who were mostly found in the low category. Females problem drinkers were found mostly in the high socioeconomic group. These data may be used in planing intervention strategies to prevent damage caused by alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol consumption and nutrient density of diets in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.

Alcoholic beverage data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS), 1977-78, were compared with apparent consumption data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). NFCS data indicate that only one-fifth of the alcohol estimated to be consumed by DHHS is reported at the household level. For those individuals consuming alcoholic beverages, energy levels were higher than for non-drinkers. Average daily nutrient intake for most nutrients was similar for drinkers and non-drinkers. The nutrient density of diets of drinkers was significantly lower than that of non-drinkers with respect to protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, and thiamin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Time consumption at an orthopedic operating theatre. Physicians' ability to predict their own time consumption].

The aim of the study was to investigate the time spent on different procedures in an orthopaedic operating theatre, and to evaluate the ability of doctors to predict their own time consumption. Time schedules were registered for 146 operations, of these 104 were either knee or hip replacements. Sixty percent of the total time was spent on surgery. The median misjudgment was 15 minutes for surgeons and five minutes for anaesthetists. An improvement in the doctors' ability to predict their own time consumption in the course of the study period could not be demonstrated. Comparing the study period with the similar period the year before it was not possible to demonstrate a change in the number of cancelled operations or the number of days with overtime. Epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine was the most time consuming anaesthesia, the differences between the other forms of anaesthesia used were insignificant.

Denmark↗
PubMed1996

[The consumption of dairy products and their contribution to the nutrients in the diet of schoolchildren in the community of Madrid. The Food Consumption and Nutritional Status of the School-Age Population of the Autonomous Community of Madrid Group].

The aim of this report, included in the CAENPE study, was to assess the actual intake of milk products by children from Madrid and their nutrient contribution to the diet. In a sample of 2,608 children, 1,343 boys and 1,265 girls, between 6 and 14 years of age, representative of the school child population from Madrid, a dietary assessment of 4 non-consecutive days was carried out by applying a combination of the methods of 24-hour recall (2 days) and an estimated food intake record (2 days). We found that the average total milk product intake was 410 +/- 173 g/person/day, with this being significantly higher in boys (p < 0.0001) and increasing with age (p < 0.001). Milk products are the primary source of calcium, 1,076 +/- 374 mg/person/day, which represents 61% of the total calcium intake and is below the RDA for children over 10 years of age. In addition, following meat and meat products, dairy products are the second largest source of saturated fat (28% of total intake). They also supply 31% of the dietary phosphorus, 17% of protein, 16% of total fat, 15% of the cholesterol, 10% of the carbohydrates and 14% of the the energy intake. We conclude that milk products are the major source of calcium in the diet of schoolchildren. Their low consumption explains the insufficient calcium intake in certain age groups, which might be associated to a higher risk of osteoporosis in later life. We encourage an increase in the intake of milk products, especially milk, and a reduction in the consumption of sweets and meat in order to decrease the dietary saturated fats.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Food and nutrient consumption in Spain in 1940-1988 (and II). Comparative study of the main sources of information on food consumption].

BACKGROUND: This paper has two objectives. The first is to examine the consistency of the main nutritional studies carried out in Spain over the last fifty years. The second is to use these studies to describe the changes in the Spanish diet over this period and to characterize the present dietary pattern. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have used three types of studies. First, food balance sheets elaborated by Barbancho, FAO, OECD and the Department of Agriculture. Second, surveys on the foods purchased by population groups, in particular the household budget surveys, and the "panel de consumo alimentario" from the Department of Agriculture. Third, food consumption surveys from Catalonia, Vasque Country, Murcia, Madrid, and Reus. RESULTS: Protein, lipid and total caloric intake have increased over the last fifty years. Carbohydrate intake has been stable. Caloric intake from lipids has increased, caloric intake from protein has been stable and that from carbohydrates has decreased. All studies are consistent in that, from 1980 onwards, caloric intake from protein has been 12.5-16.7%, caloric intake from carbohydrates has been 39.3-48.1%, and that from lipids has been 36.6-46.0%. The monounsaturated/saturated ratio has been 1.2-1.7 and the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio 0.4-0.7. All data sources show a high consumption of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet, in particular fruit, vegetables, fish and vegetable oil, rich in unsaturated fats. Consistency among data sources is higher when data are expressed as percentage of total caloric intake than when they are expelled in absolute quantities. CONCLUSIONS: All data sources suggest that the Spanish diet has changed with the economic development, but it still keeps most of the characteristics of the Mediterranean diet.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1976

[Water consumption in Saharan nomads. A remarkably reduced and constant consumption].

The writer has carried out two studies of the Western Sahara (Missions UNESCO-Institut Scientifique Cherifien 1961 and 1964) bearing upon the consumption of water by the Saharan nomads. In spite of their environment, the consumption appeared to be remarkably low and constant. Very strict dietary practices, the salinity of the water, and special behavioural customs seemed to be the basis of this strict economy of fluid intake. Genetic factors could also, of course, be partly responsible. The dietary practices are characterised essentially: 1) by a regime which in general contains the minimum of protein: milk foods, cereals, and sugars, and 2) by the habitual exclusion of salt in the preparation of meals; the sodium necessary for water/sodium balance deriving solely from the salinity of the water. Water with little or average salt content (total 2-3 g/l) seems to meet the normal needs of the body - there is no need for the salt pill - and, moreover, to quench the thirst more effectively than pure water (Paque, 1964) - presumably by making good the deficit (cf. Stricker, 1970). On the other hand, saltier water (total 4-8g/; Na 1 g/l or more) appears to pose more complex physiological problems for which the prime solution is to apply the Saharan rule, i.e. that no supplementary salt should be added to the diet (Paque, 1963). In desert life there are thus certain rules which must be obeyed. As for the matter of behavioural customs influencing water balance, they consist in the main of habitually limiting the frequency of water intake (often just twice daily, sometime only once daily) together with a careful choice of clothing and the wearing of the veil. Finally, genetic factor could result in a more efficiently controlled loss of water (and of salt?) VIA THE SKIN.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

The pancreas and oxygen consumption. 1. Pancreatic oxygen consumption in normo- and hypovolemic dogs.

Pancreatic oxygen consumption (VO2) was studied in hypovolemic shock: 4 dogs served as controls and 4 others were kept at 50 mm Hg of mean arterial blood pressure. All 8 were studied for a period of 3 h. Pancreatic VO2 was obtained by adding up VO2 for the head (minus the uncinate process) and tail of the pancreas both equal to the product of regional blood flow times O2 extraction. Regional blood flows were measured electromagnetically on the gastroduodenal (GDA) and the splenic (SA) arteries, whereas O2 extraction was derived from total hemoglobin (THb) and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (%O2 Hb) determined on the right femoral artery (RFA), the superior pancreaticoduodenal (SPDV), and splenic (SV) veins. A splenectomy was performed in all 8 dogs. Controls showed a significantly elevated pancreatic VO2 from the first hour of observation on (+56% after 1 h, +92% after 3), whereas pancreatic VO2 remained strictly unchanged throughout shock (+2% and +6%, at one and 3 h, respectively), despite significant increases in O2 extraction. These findings give support to the deleterious effects of hypovolemia to the pancreas and that pancreatic O2 extraction indicates metabolic damage to be less severe than observed in experimental bile-trypsin-induced acute pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Effects of caffeine consumption on nicotine consumption.

Coffee-drinking cigarette smokers take in more nicotine when they ingest almost no caffeine than when they ingest an amount of caffeine ranging from 75 mg to 300 mg. They do not take in relatively less nicotine as the dose of caffeine increases from 75 mg to 300 mg. It seems, then, that something due to caffeine deficit is responsible for the effect. Heavier users of caffeine show this effect less strongly than do lighter users of caffeine. These results are discussed in terms of the discriminability of caffeine and nicotine deficits and the possible influence of differential tolerance to caffeine. The importance of evaluating caffeine consumption when studying nicotine use and the importance of considering the chronic level and use of these drugs when studying their effects on behavior is indicated.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1985

Hydrogen peroxide causes dimethylthiourea consumption while hydroxyl radical causes dimethyl sulfoxide consumption in vitro.

Addition of increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused progressive decreases in dimethylthiourea (DMTU) concentrations which were inhibitable by simultaneous addition of catalase, but not the superoxide anion (O2-.) scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD), or hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavengers, such as mannitol, sodium benzoate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In parallel, addition of increasing concentrations of H2O2 with FE++/EDTA (but not H2O2 alone) caused decreases in DMSO concentrations which were inhibitable by simultaneous addition of .OH scavengers but not SOD or catalase. Addition of DMTU, but not DMSO, also decreased H2O2 concentrations in vitro. The results indicate the relative scavenging specificities of DMTU and DMSO for H2O2 and .OH, respectively. The findings also suggest that measurement of DMTU or DMSO consumption could help assess the contribution of O2 metabolites in biological systems.

Chromatography, Gas↗