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PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis and reovirus isolation from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with enteritis.

An acute enteric disease of young pen-raised bobwhite quails was studied. Affected quails had white, watery diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and subsequent death. Mortality from hatch to 17 days of age ranged from 30 to 45% in the three flocks examined. Small intestines were thin-walled and distended with fluid and gas. Microscopic lesions in the intestinal tract consisted of villus atrophy, villus fusion, and sloughing of cells at the tip of the villi in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Cryptosporidium sp. and reovirus were identified in affected quails.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of early and delayed visual experience on intersensory development in bobwhite quail chicks.

The relative impact of early versus delayed visual experience on intersensory development was studied by manipulating the timing of visual experience of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos and hatchlings. Previous studies with quail chicks have revealed that: (1) Socially reared chicks require only maternal auditory cues to direct their social preferences in the first 2 days following hatching; (2) by 3 days following hatching chicks require both auditory and visual maternal cues to direct their social preferences; (3) chicks which have received unusually early visual experience as embryos require both auditory and visual cues by 24 hr following hatching, indicating an accelerated pattern of the emergence of intersensory functioning; and (4) chicks reared under conditions of attenuated social and visual experience continue to rely on maternal auditory cues alone at 4 days following hatching, indicating a decelerated pattern of early intersensory functioning. In the present study, quail chicks that received both early visual experience as embryos and delayed visual experience as hatchlings exhibited a pattern of both auditory and visual responsiveness like that seen in normally reared chicks. These results indicate that, at least under the present experimental conditions, the influence of early and delayed visual experience on perinatal perceptual development appears to be relatively comparable in effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Testosterone, antiandrogen, and alloparental behavior in bobwhite quail foster fathers.

Vasectomized male Texas bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus texanus) are used as foster fathers in a program to reintroduce the endangered masked bobwhite quail to its native habitat. Less than half of the Texas bobwhite, however, show appropriate alloparental behavior toward the chicks. They also undergo a significant decline in testosterone (T) after 3 to 4 days exposure to the chicks. Males that do not show alloparental behavior undergo a significant increase in T during the same exposure to chicks. Implants containing the antiandrogen flutamide do not affect the courtship and copulation behavior of mated bobwhite males, but flutamide implants do decrease the tendency of these males to act aggressively in the presence of an intruder into the pen of the pair. Flutamide implants do not, however, increase the probability that the males will exhibit alloparental behavior toward chicks that are not their own. Implants containing a mixture of flutamide and ATD (an aromatization inhibitor) also do not increase alloparental behavior. We conclude that while blocking the behavioral effects of T may be necessary for the expression of parental or alloparental behavior, it is not sufficient, suggesting that some other hormonal change may also be necessary to stimulate parental care of precocial chicks.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

An interpretation of toxicity response of bobwhite quail with respect to duration of exposure.

Avian dietary toxicity tests were conducted with seven pesticides, two age groups (2 and 16 weeks old) of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and two durations (5 and 28 days) of exposure. Results were analyzed with an emphasis placed upon comparing mortalities on similar test conditions. An analysis that used the entire dose-time-response results led to the calculation of a common measure (asymptotic rate e) of temporal development of the response surface and served as a basis of comparison of diverse test results. The asymptotic median lethal concentrations were designated by ALC50 and the median lethal concentrations at the end of a test period by LC50. It was found that: (1) Young birds in 5- and 28-day tests were more sensitive to incremental increases in the duration of exposure than adults. (2) Young birds were less sensitive to incremental increases of dietary concentration than adults only in the 5-day test and displayed delayed response patterns in six of seven chemicals in those tests. (3) LC50 values of 5-day tests of young birds were greater than LC50 values of 28-day tests, but the corresponding ALC50s were smaller in 5-day tests than 28-day tests. (4) ALC50s for 28-day tests were lower for young birds than for adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Factors influencing discrimination between insecticide-treated and untreated foods by northern bobwhite.

Tests were conducted to determine at what dietary concentrations northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks (14 days old) could discriminate between pesticide-treated and untreated food using an organophosphate (OP) insecticide, parathion, and two carbamates, carbofuran and methiocarb. Results from subacute dietary LC50 tests (one feeder of treated food per cage) were compared to tests where birds were presented with two feeders (one treated and one untreated, 1:1) or 10 feeders (five treated and five untreated, 5:5; or nine treated and one untreated, 9:1). The dietary concentration above which birds discriminate between feeders by consuming a greater proportion of untreated food is defined as the discrimination threshold (DT). The DT occurred at sublethal concentrations in all 1:1 tests, with little mortality or reduction in food consumption. Little or no discrimination was observed in 9:1 tests, with mortality similar to the LC50 tests. The discrimination response in 5:5 tests was similar to the 1:1 tests for parathion and methiocarb, but with carbofuran the DT was higher than in the 1:1 test and higher mortality was observed. In all tests, mortality was inversely related to total food consumption. No relationship was found between mortality and the amount of active ingredient ingested/bird-day. Consequently, mortality was more a function of ability to locate untreated feeders than amount of chemical ingested. When alternative food choices exist, vulnerability to poisoning can be influenced by the number and relative abundance of those choices, as well as the bird's ability to detect the chemical.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Toxicity of dieldrin to bobwhite quail in relation to sex and reproductive status.

In a study of dieldrin toxicity to breeding and nonbreeding bob-white quail (Colinus virginianus), breeding birds of both sexes on long photoperiods were more susceptible to dieldrin poisoning than nonbreeding birds, although some differences were not statistically significant at the .10 level. Shortened photoperiods caused gonadal regression, weight loss, and additional mortalities among dieldrin-treated birds previously in breeding condition. Dieldrin did not influence food consumption, body weight, or egg production until about a week or less before death of individual birds. Dieldrin brain residues were higher among birds that died during the study than among survivors sacrificed at its termination. Among those that died, neither dieldrin treatment level, reproductive status, nor sex seemed related to brain residue levels. Nevertheless, within those factors, levels were slightly higher in the birds that died later in the test.

Animals↗