Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Codex”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Pattern of choice in preparation of attempted suicide by poisoning--with particular reference to changes in the pattern of prescriptions].

This investigation was initiated in 1990 to investigate the choice of preparation in cases of attempted suicide treated in the Emergency Unit in Odense University Hospital during the past decade. The results show that 1) an increase has occurred particularly among young women in the use of analgesics obtainable without prescription (e.g. 13% of young women employed paracetamol as the toxic agent), 2) the number of persons employed dextropropoxyphene did not decrease and 3) a great increase was observed in the number of cases of poisoning with ketobemodoni chloridum. In 1985, several barbiturates were withdrawn from the Danish Medical Codex and this was followed by a decrease in the number of cases of poisoning among women but not among men. At present, approximately 10% of men who poison themselves still employ barbiturates. The number of cases of poisoning with barbiturates in men is thus not reduced but phenobarbital is the preparation of choice. The authors conclude that more attention and care should be paid when prescribing dextropropoxyphene, ketobemodoni chloridum and phenobarbital and the availability of paracetamol without prescription must be debated critically.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The original of the "Tratado de Urología" by Francisco Díaz. Lost during the fire of the Monastery of El Escorial in 1671?].

The publication of the Treaty of Urology of Francisco Díaz towards the end of the sixteenth Century, was a milestone in the History of medicine. The originality and precociousness of his doctrine entailed a true revolution in the genesis of medicosurgical literature, considering that the text constitutes an inspired anticipation to the specialization age. Ever since the last century, all historians and annotators of this work have asked themselves whether there was an earlier edition to that of 1588 since the title "Newly printed treaty ..." invites such a inference. So far, every investigation searching for the original or a copy of the first edition have been in vain. This paper, based on documents and old works from the Archive of Protocols in Madrid, Library of the Royal Palace and Library of El Escorial Monastery, reveals certain data until now unpublished on the destiny of most of the copies belonging to the second edition presented and brings into light old references on which account is given that the original "Treaty of Urology" by Francisco Díaz, considered to be a Sixteenth Century Codex was lost in the fire of the El Escorial Monastery in 1671.

Fires↗
PubMed1991

Prospects of expert systems in psychiatric diagnostics.

The paper deals in particular with the theoretical foundations of introducing computer technology and techniques into psychiatric diagnostics. It is done from the aspect of present expert systems of the type FEL-EXPERT, PCE expert, CODEX, etc., as well as from the aspect of a prospect for the future in connection with the development of systems of the so called artificial intelligence.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed1976

Production and standardization of polyvalent Clostridium perfringens vaccine in Iran.

In this presentation an account of the large-scale production and the standardization of polyvalent Clostridium perfringens vaccine in Iran is described. Over 20 million doses of this vaccine are produced and utilized in Iran every year. Certain modifications have been made to the culture media used in our laboratory for the production of this vaccine in order to bring down its cost. The prepared vaccine is highly immunogenic as determined by the laboratory examination on the quality of the vaccine according to British Veterinary Codex and the field reports.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The determination of prolamins in gluten-free food. Introductory remarks.

This paper gives the considerations on the Codex Alimentarius Standard on gluten free food and the levels that are proposed as a new standard. Background for the level of tolerance for gliadin in coeliac patients is given as well as the arguments for the choice of an enzyme immunochemical method for the determination of gliadin in gluten free food.

Dietary Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reaction to a paper by Whitaker and Dickens on aflatoxin testing plans for shelled peanuts in the U.S. and the export market.

The present paper examines a technical paper of Whitaker and Dickens on aflatoxin testing plans that discusses (without a literature reference) a testing plan used in The Netherlands. However, this testing plan has never been in operation. We present the current situation in The Netherlands with respect to legislation and sampling plans on aflatoxin, which has fairly important consequences for the results of the simulation study of Whitaker and Dickens. It is shown that the percentage of rejected U.S.-exported lots in The Netherlands would increase from 16% to 27% based on the actual testing plan in The Netherlands. The need for international harmonization of testing, and the role of Codex Allmentarius is also emphasized.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method for assessing protein quality of foods.

The current concepts of protein quality evaluation were reviewed. A detailed examination of existing animal assays and more promising amino acid scoring methods has been carried out by an Ad Hoc Working Group on Protein Quality Measurement for the Codex Committee on Vegetable Proteins during the last 5 years. Several factors such as inadequacies of protein efficiency ratio (PER, the poorest test) and other animal assays, advancements made in standardizing methods for amino acid analysis and protein digestibility, availability of data on digestibility of protein and individual amino acids in a variety of foods, and reliability of human amino acid requirements and scoring patterns were evaluated. On the basis of this evaluation, amino acid score, corrected for true digestibility of protein, was recommended to be the most suitable routine method for predicting protein quality of foods for humans. Amino acid scores corrected for true digestibility of protein (as determined by rat balance method) were termed "protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores." A detailed method for the determination of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score was proposed, and information about the range of scores to be expected in foods or food products was provided in the present investigation. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method is a simple and scientifically sound approach for routine evaluation of protein quality of foods. Accuracy of the method would, however, be confirmed after validation with growth or metabolic balance studies in humans.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

[New possibilities in kidney transplantation from live unrelated donors].

The kidney transplantation, as a method of medical treatment, could not be developed faster in our country for many years. A number of demands for transplantation grows much faster than our modest capability. The similar, but in a rather smaller degree, this problem occurs in some other countries in the world. The main cause is: the organization of corpse collecting and the conservatism of doctors. The latter problem, in the countries of western hemisphere, is surpassed more easily by a doctor codex and a legal obligation that involves doctors actively in this process, which is not the case in our country. The organization of corpse collecting in some states of the USA is highly developed, but however it does not give sufficient number of organs for the cadaveric transplantation. New, additional possibilities are found: the taking of even organs (kidneys) from alive unrelated donors, spouses, which excludes the possibility of greed and gives, only in the USA, about 1.500 additional alive transplantations per year. The complementary medical attitude towards the increasing of number of cadaveric transplantations is: considerably freely taking of kidneys from cadavers without tissue compatibility, only with the compatibility of blood groups of ABO system. Since the immunological criteria, in our country, are very intensified by the Zagreb immunology group, e.g. from 75-100% for alive transplantation, or the minimum of 50% tissue compatibility for cadaveric transplantation, this old-fashioned attitude has considerably lowered the number of transplantations in our country.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Histocompatibility↗
PubMed1990

[Advice on intravenous treatment with beta-lactams].

Beta-lactams (BL) are administered at present in dosages which are based only partly on controlled clinical investigations as these are difficult to carry out for all types of infections. Investigations of well-defined infections and animal experiments suggest that the optimal effect is obtained when the BL concentration is kept above the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIG) during treatment. In cases of intermittent BL treatment of serious infections and treatment of patients with compromised immune defence, it is considered advisable to keep the serum concentration constantly above the anticipated limit of sensitivity or MIC. On the basis of a review of the most important pharmacokinetic properties of BL, methods of measurement of the sensitivity of bacteria to BL and development of bacterial resistance to BL, a method is presented of calculating the individual doses and the intervals between doses as regards the sensitivities of the commonest human pathological bacteria to BL although the proposed dosages have not been tested clinically for all types of infections. Employing this, BL may easily be administered individually according to the severity of the infection and possible special conditions in the underlying disease in the patients. The individual doses and intervals between doses recommended in The Danish Medical Codex from 1988 are presented in tabular form and are compared with calculations of the time in which the serum concentration remains above the anticipated limit of sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1989

[Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in the food industry].

The GMP-Rules, which were formulated by the WHO in 1969, were passed into German national lay by April 1st, 1985 as "Betriebsverordnung für pharmazeutische Unternehmer". The aim of this law is to guarantee constant quality of medical supplies. The food producing industry is facing similar requirements formulated either within the Codex Alimentarius or within the Code of Hygienic Practice of FDA (General Requirements for Food Manufacture). The degree of realization for these concepts of quality assurance however is varying extremely between different areas of food production. The requirements with regard to buildings, production plants, process technology, distribution and personnel hygiene as well as the principles of the HAAC-concept are described using examples from soft cheese, milk powder- and sweets industry.

Food-Processing Industry↗
PubMed1989

Czechoslovak health legislation.

A history, description and assessment of health legislation in Czechoslovakia are given. The suggestion is made that it could serve as a model for health legislators in other countries, as it is the first universal health codex.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1989

[Development of a moral consciousness in medical schools].

In the conditions of developed socialism, changes in social consciousness are also reflected in one of its forms - the morals. The problems of moral education as an inseparable part of communist education is coming to the foreground. It plays its role in all the stages of the education system, having its unsubstitutable place also in the conditions of universities and technical colleges, the faculties of medicine not excluding. It is its task to form the personality of the student and graduate, to make them, among others, acquire the moral codex of a builder of communism (habits of moral behaviour in professional activities - medical ethics). Such crucial situations must be found that are of cardinal importance for the formation of the medical student's moral profile (transition from the secondary school to university, entering the clinic, meeting the patient, running health institutions, positive and negative influences in the health service). The student must live the moral situation, obtain the experience from moral acting on his own self and be an active participant in the events creating his moral qualities, primarily in collective conditions. We stress the necessity of engagement - mobilisation of students to all-round social activities, connection of the theoretical findings of marxist ethics with their particular problems and actual activities. A special accent is laid on the method of personal example, the moral example of the university teacher himself, in the first place his authority based on all the progressive components of his personality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Communism↗
PubMed1987

Effective reduction of lactose maldigestion in preschool children by direct addition of beta-galactosidases to milk at mealtime.

We examined the efficiency of two beta-galactosidase preparations--one derived from the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis (Lactaid), the other derived from the fungus, Aspergillus oryzae (Takamine)--to assist the in vivo digestion of lactose consumed by healthy Guatemalan preschool children. Milk prehydrolyzed by in vitro incubation with enzymes was used as the standard of reference, and the degree of incomplete digestion of lactose from 240 mL of milk was determined using the hydrogen breath test. In in vivo dose-response studies, both 3,250 neutral lactose units of Lactaid and 6,635 food and chemical codex lactose units of Takamine completely eliminated excess H2 excretion in a small sample of lactose-maldigesting subjects. When evaluated in a controlled, clinical trial setting, the same dose of Lactaid added directly to the milk at consumption produced an 82% relative reduction in H2 excretion, whereas Takamine was equally as effective as the prehydrolyzed milk. Thus, intraluminal conditions and gastrointestinal transit in the preschool child support the effective assisted digestion of milk lactose in an efficient manner and with the same enzyme to milk ratios as observed previously in adults.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Guidelines for predicting the dietary intake of pesticide residues. Joint FAO/WHO consultation.

These guidelines have been developed to describe procedures for predicting the dietary intake of pesticide residues, and will assist national authorities in their considerations of the acceptability of the Codex maximum residue limits (MRLs). The relevant authorities are invited to consider the basic approaches described in these guidelines, which have been designed to provide reasonable assurance that such MRLs would not result in dietary intakes that exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of a pesticide.

Diet↗
PubMed1987

[Epilepsy and Canon Law].

The Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici), promulgated in 1917, was a classification of laws and jurisprudence which ruled the early Church, governed the ecclesiastical condition of Roman Church until its reorganisation in 1983. It forbade to be ordained or to exercise orders already received to "those who are or were epileptics either not quite in their right mind or possessed by the Evil One". All the context and in particular the paragraph which treated of bodily lacks, indicated that between these three conditions, there was juxtaposition and no confusion. The texts specified the foundations of these dispositions, not in a malefic view of epilepsy inherited from Morbus Sacer of Antiquity, but in decency and on account of risk incured by Eucharist in case of fit. Some derogations could attenuate the severity of these dispositions--as jurisprudence had taken progresses of Epileptology and therapeutics into consideration. In the new Code of Canon Law (1983) physical disabilities were removed from the text and also possessed evil and epilepsy, the only impediment being "insanity or other psychic defect" appreciation of which is done by experts. Concerning poorly controlled epilepsies, we believe that experts will be allowed to express their opinion and a new jurisprudence will make up for the silence of the law.

Catholicism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the Volhard and potentiometric methods for the determination of chloride in meat products: collaborative study.

A collaborative study of the determination of chloride in meat products was conducted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to compare the ISO 1841 method (Volhard titration) with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Committee method (potentiometric titration). Five canned luncheon meat products containing 0.25-2.0% sodium chloride at 4 different spiking levels were analyzed by 11 laboratories. The data were analyzed by ISO statistics (ISO 5725) and by AOAC statistics (Youden-Steiner), the major differences being in the rejection of outliers and in the statement of precision parameters. Good agreement was found between the mean chloride contents of the products as determined by both methods and with the added amounts, although statistically significantly higher sodium chloride recoveries were obtained with the potentiometric method. The within-laboratory variability (repeatability) is greater for the Volhard method, especially for chloride levels below 1.0%. Therefore it is proposed to set the lowest level of determination for the Volhard method at about 1.0% sodium chloride. The among-laboratories variability (reproducibility) of the potentiometric method was comparable with the results from the collaborative studies for chloride in cheese, giving acceptable values for relative standard deviations of 1.5-3.0% for meat products with 0.3-2.0% added sodium chloride. It is recommended that further work be conducted to reduce or eliminate the systematic error present with the potentiometric method as applied to meat and meat products.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Colorimetric and spectrophotometric determination of total and non-phenolic alkaloids in ipeca and its formulations.

A simple method, requiring no chromatographic separation, is presented for the determination of the total and non-phenolic alkaloids in ipeca and its preparations. The complex formed between the alkaloid and methyl orange at pH 5.0 is extracted with chloroform and treated with 0.1N NaOH. The liberated dye, determined at 460 nm, is a measure of the total alkaloids. The chloroform phase remaining is treated with 0.1N H2SO4, and the acid extract is measured at 283 nm for the non-phenolic alkaloids, calculated as emetine. The proposed method was successfully applied to samples of ipeca powder, ipeca tincture, and 3 British Pharmaceutical Codex mixtures containing ipeca tincture, namely, ipecacuanha mixture, pediatric; ipecacuanha and ammonia mixture, pediatric; and belladonna and ipecacuanha mixture, pediatric. The proposed method compares favorably with the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and USP methods and has a relative standard deviation of 1.54%. The present procedure is less time-consuming and requires about 45 and 90 min for the assay of ipeca tincture and powder, respectively. Only a small sample (0.2 mL tincture of 1.0 g powder) is required.

Ammonia↗