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PubMed1987

Isolation of a biologically active low-molecular-mass chromium compound from rabbit liver.

A low-molecular-mass chromium-binding substance (LMCr), which is recognized as a detoxification ligand of chromium, was isolated from the livers of rabbits injected intravenously with K2Cr2O7 (200 mumol Cr/kg body wt) as a biologically active form. LMCr appears as an anionic, organic Cr compound with a relative molecular mass of 1500. It is composed of glutamic acid or glutamine, glycine, cysteine and aspartic acid or asparagine with a Cr/amino-terminal residue ratio of 4:1. The purified LMCr (10-300 ng Cr/ml) shows in vitro activities comparable to those of glucose tolerance factor in relation to insulin action. In the presence of insulin it enhances [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO (23-30% up) in rat epididymal adipocytes above the value obtained with insulin alone. LMCr also stimulates the rate of [3-3H]glucose incorporation into lipid by 30-40% with insulin or by 15-23% without insulin, as compared with the basic value obtained with insulin alone or without insulin. These findings suggest that LMCr plays essential roles in both glucose metabolism and detoxification of invaded Cr in the body.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of the mutagenicity of soluble trivalent chromium compounds with that of potassium chromate.

The mutagenic potential of water soluble complexes of trivalent chromium with five different amino acids in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA92, TA94, TA98, and TA100 was studied. All complexes were nonmutagenic at concentrations up to 50 mumol/plate in the strains used. In contrast, trivalent chromium chloride was slightly mutagenic in TA98 and a considerable increase in numbers of revertants was observed in TA94. Hexavalent chromium was nonmutagenic in TA98. Strong mutagenic effects were found in TA92, TA94, and TA100. The large difference in mutagenicity between trivalent and hexavalent chromium is discussed with respect to affinity to extracellular phosphate, diffusability through membranes and reactivity with DNA. More definitive statements about the toxicological risks of the water soluble chromium complexes requires additional studies with well defined compounds in test systems specially suited to study metal complexes.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxic effects of chromium and its compounds.

Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. Numerous industrial applications raised chromium to a very important economic element. At the same time, with the development of its uses, the adverse effects of chromium compounds in human health were being defined. Trivalent chromium is an essential trace element in humans and in animals. Chromium as pure metal has no adverse effect. Little toxic effect is attributed to trivalent chromium when present in very large quantities. Both acute and chronic toxicity of chromium are mainly caused by hexavalent compounds. The most important toxic effects, after contact, inhalation, or ingestion of hexavalent chromium compounds are the following: dermatitis, allergic and eczematous skin reactions, skin and mucous membrane ulcerations, perforation of the nasal septum, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinomas, gastro-enteritis, hepatocellular deficiency, and renal oligo anuric deficiency. Prevention of occupational risks, biological monitoring of workers, and treatment of poisoning are also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Inhibition of DNA synthesis by chromium compounds.

Cr(VI) irreversibly inhibited DNA synthesis in cultured mouse L cells to 50% of controls at 10 microM; 3.3 mM Cr(III) did not. At 0.3 mM, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) inhibited DNA synthesis in permeabilized L cells to 50% of control values. Cr(III) was a stronger inhibitor of DNA synthesis in the DNA-Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I system than was Cr(VI). The inhibitory effect of Cr(VI) depended on the ratio of Cr/DNA and Cr/enzyme; on the other hand, the increase in the concentration of DNA polymerase did not affect the inhibition of Cr(III), Cr(III), below the inhibitory concentration, produced an increase in the incorporation of [3H]dTMP into DNA; this was not observed with Cr(VI).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Determining sexivalent chromium compounds in the air].

Within the studies, three methodological versions of the determination of VI chromium with diphenylcarbazide have been evaluated. The versions differed primarily by the technique of elution (acid, alkaline) of the chromium sample from the filter. As optimum conditions for determining Cr VI in the presence of Cr III and Fe III, the parameters adopted by Carelli have been determined, some modifications being made consisting in improving and simplifying the analytical procedures, as well as making them more precise, and in the use of available materials.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

[Pathogenetic characteristics of diseases of the peripheral nervous system in workers having contact with chromium compounds].

When analyzing the results of clinical neurologic, neurophysiologic, psychologic and laboratory instrumental study of 105 chromium-exposed patients with lumbosacral diseases of the peripheric nervous system there were detected clinical and pathogenetic characteristics of this pathology: distinct manifestations of segmental (homolateral) and generalized vegetovascular disorders, deficiency of sympathetic activation, emotional shifts accompanied by disquieting, depressive and hypochondriac tendencies, elevation of the cerebrovascular tension, body sensitization to chromium, increase in its blood serum and urine content. The account of these characteristics is very important for the improvement of the diagnostic process and raising efficacy of treatment of diseases of the peripheric nervous system in chromium-exposed patients.

Adult↗