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PubMedDate not supplied

[Sampling of the chorionic villi: transcervical fine-needle and endoscopic aspiration].

In 63 cases chorionic villi sampling has been performed under complete anesthesia just before legal abortion; nine of them were endoscopic transcervical and 54 transcervical by means of a catheter under direct ultrasonic control. 81% offered useful chorionic villi, 17.4% only decidual material. The last 21 aspirations by means of a catheter between the 8th and the 12th week of gestation (p.m.) caused no problem at all. From the first punction on useful chorionic material has been obtained.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2006

[Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor in chorionic villi of normal early pregnancy, threatened abortion and inevitable abortion].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in chorionic villi of normal early pregnancy, threatened abortion and inevitable abortion, and to assess the effects of LIF on threatened abortion and inevitable abortion. METHODS: Expression of LIF in chorionic villi was examined using Western blot. Serum progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. A streptavidin peroxidase conjugated semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay was used to exam LIF protein expression. RESULTS: The levels of progesterone and hCG in the normal early pregnancy and threatened abortion groups were (95 +/- 26) nmol/L and (75 +/- 14) kU/L, and (90 +/- 26) nmol/L and (68 +/- 13) kU/L, respectively. The differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The levels of progesterone and hCG in the inevitable group were significantly decreased to (36 +/- 17) nmol/L and (13 +/- 3) kU/L, respectively. The differences when compared to the other groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). LIF protein expression was observed in all cases and located mainly in the cytoplasm of trophoblast cells. The expression of LIF in inevitable abortion group 0.30 +/- 0.02 was lower than that in other groups (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the expression of LIF between the normal early pregnancy group and threatened abortion group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: LIF may play a role in the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Reduction of LIF expression in chorionic villi may induce the decrease of serum progesterone and hCG levels and, ultimately, cause inevitable abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal diagnosis of Hunter syndrome using chorionic villi.

A case of the Hunter syndrome diagnosed prenatally using chorionic villi is presented. Chorion biopsy was performed in the 10th week of pregnancy. The sample was examined for karyotype and for iduronate sulfatase activity. The fetus was male and the enzyme activity reduced to 4 per cent of normal. Termination of pregnancy occurred at the 11th week.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Localization of leukocytes and cytokines in chorionic villi of normal placentas and complete hydatidiform moles.

Monoclonal antibodies were used to localize and characterize leukocytes and cytokines in chorionic villi of normal placenta and complete mole. OKT4a reacted with Hofbauer cells in first-, second-, and third-trimester placentas. HLA-DR was expressed on second- and third-trimester placental Hofbauer cells but was not detected in the first trimester. The cytokines, gamma-interferon, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, were all detectable on Hofbauer cells in first-, second-, and third-trimester placentas. None of the tested cytokine antibodies reacted with cellular constituents in complete molar chorionic villi. The absence of cytokine-positive cells in molar chorionic villi may be related to the hyperplastic and unregulated growth of molar villous trophoblast.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1997

[Transabdominal chorionic villi and placental biopsy: rapid karyotyping in the 1st-3rd trimester of pregnancy].

AIM: The diagnostic value and the complication rate of transabdominal chorionic villi and placental sampling was compared with standard amniocenteses. The method ist especially helpful in cases with conspicuous fetal sonographic findings. METHODS: The results of 475 biopsies were retrospectively compared with 983 amniocenteses and chorionic villi samplings (CVS). RESULTS: 64% of chorionic villi samplings (CVS) were performed in the first, 30% in the second and 6% in the third trimester. The indications were advanced maternal age (45%) and psychological problems (14%) in the first trimester and conspicuous maternal serum markers (11%) or fetal ultrasound anomalies (12%) in the second and third trimester, respectively. 10 out of 20 aneuploid cytogenetic results were found in fetuses with sonographic anomalies. In 4 cases we found confined placental mosaicism, which was clarified by means of amniocentesis and cordocentesis. We had 8 miscarriages in a total of 475 CVS procedures; 6 in 304 before the 15th week of gestation (1.97%). The natural abortion rate in this gestational age is about 1%, the CVS-related abortion rate therefore is near 1%. CONCLUSION: Transabdominal CVS is a low risk method for rapid karyotyping during the entire pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Expression of angiogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes in chorionic villi derived from recurrent pregnancy loss patients.

Angiogenesis takes place during embryogenesis, characterized by the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. This biological process is also found in the female reproductive system, wound healing, and cancer development. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a physiological process in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Apoptosis is a normal event in several reproductive tissues including human placenta. In these studies, we investigated whether aberrant angiogenesis and apoptosis are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). We compared the gene expression level for angiogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes in chorionic villi from RPL patients and those from normal controls. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that 7 angiogenesis- and 12 apoptosis-related genes were abnormally expressed in chorionic villi from RPL patients. Angiogenesis-related genes that showed aberrant expression level are matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), integrin, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and leptin receptor. Expression levels for these genes, except for leptin receptor, showed less in chorionic villi from RPL patients than those from normal controls. In contrast, higher expression levels of 12 apoptosis-related genes (caspase 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, BAD, BAX, BID, Fas, and FasL) were shown in chorionic villi from RPL patients than those from normal controls. Taken all together, it is likely that the lower expression of angiogenesis-related genes and the excessive expression of apoptosis-related genes are associated with RPL.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1991

Morphological changes in human chorionic villi cultivated in conditioned atmospheres of gases.

With the aim to verify the changes that a reduction of the oxygen rate may elicit in the morphological pattern of the human chorionic villi, a new experimental procedure has been suggested. Chorionic villi from human early placentas were incubated in Dulbecco's modified medium of Eagle in the presence of oxygen, air or CO2 at a gas pressure equal to 0.7 atm. The specimens were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in resin, and semithin sections were obtained. Using an image analyser, the thickness of the trophoblastic layer and the mean radius of the villi were evaluated and the results submitted to a statistical analysis. The results show a decrease in the ratio thickness of the trophoblast/mean radius of the villus, directly proportional to the reduction of the oxygen percentage in the employed gases. The interesting conclusions demonstrate that the changes which affect the chorionic villi occur very early and are easily evaluable with quantitative methods; a clinical interest in the use of the proposed quantitative procedure can be emphasized.

Air↗
PubMed2002

Paternity testing after pregnancy termination using laser microdissection of chorionic villi.

We report an unusual case of paternity testing from residues of chorionic villi 5 weeks after pregnancy termination. The autopsy of a 32-year-old female homicide victim revealed the presence of intact chorionic villi at the former placenta implantation site. Fetal cells were selectively isolated by laser-induced microdissection of the remaining villi to avoid contamination with maternal DNA. Simultaneous amplification of 12 STR loci in 2 PCR reactions resulted in a combined probability of paternity of 99.94%. This case demonstrates that laser-assisted microdissection and multiplex STR typing provide tools for paternity testing performed on endometrial mucosa long after the product of conception was removed by therapeutic abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1988

Trisomy 14 mosaicism leading to cytogenetic discrepancies in chorionic villi sampled at different times.

Short- and long-term cultures of chorionic villi obtained in the 11th week of pregnancy revealed trisomy 14. After induced abortion trisomy 14 mosaicism was established in fetal skin and umbilical cord tissue while a second long-term culture of chorionic villi exhibited a normal karyotype. The results of the pathological investigations are discussed with respect to the cytogenetic findings.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal diagnosis of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency by direct measurement of catalytic activity on chorionic villi samples.

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder in infants and children, most frequently with fatal outcome. Its prenatal diagnosis by radiometric assay in cultured amniocytes has previously been reported. We present and discuss the prenatal diagnosis of PC deficiency by direct measurement of PC activity in chorionic villi, in two subsequent pregnancies in a family who previously lost a child affected by PC deficiency. In the next pregnancy PC was unmeasurably low in chorionic villi whereas in control samples its activity was between 0.8 and 3.3 nmol min-1 mg protein-1. Following elective termination of the pregnancy PC was shown to be totally inactive in post-mortem fetal liver. In the most recent pregnancy of the proband's mother PC was normally active in the chorionic villi. The product of this pregnancy was a normal boy.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1998

Apoptosis in human chorionic villi and decidua during normal embryonic development and spontaneous abortion in the first trimester.

To investigate possible apoptotic changes, the cleavage of DNA in human chorionic villi and decidua was examined during the first trimester of pregnancy by molecular biochemical techniques. Very limited but detectable cleavage of DNA was recognized in the chorionic villi and decidua in normal pregnancy. The characteristic apoptotic breakdown of DNA was recognized in the chorionic villi and decidua in cases of spontaneous abortion. Quantitative analysis of low molecular weight fragments of DNA revealed a significant increase in cases of spontaneous abortion compared to those in normal pregnancy. However, the extent of apoptosis was not correlated with either urinary levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and/or gestational age. An analysis in situ revealed cells undergoing apoptosis in the cytotrophoblast in normal pregnancy, and apoptotic cells were predominant in the syncytiotrophoblast in cases of spontaneous abortion. It is shown that apoptosis occurs in the human conceptus during the first trimester of normal pregnancy and is greatly intensified in cases of spontaneous abortion. In addition, the results indicate that apoptosis might play a critical role in embryonic development and wastage in humans.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

Prenatal diagnosis of metabolic diseases on chorionic villi obtained before the ninth week of pregnancy.

Nine pregnancies at risk for various metabolic disorders were monitored by prenatal diagnosis on chorionic villi obtained between the sixth and ninth weeks of pregnancy. A diagnosis of an affected fetus was made in five cases (Sandhoff, Tay-Sachs (2), Pompe's, GM1), while metachromatic leukodystrophy, GM1 (2), and Pompe's were excluded in four cases. It is concluded that chorionic villi are a reliable tissue for prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disorders also when obtained before the ninth week.

Cerebroside-Sulfatase↗
PubMed1985

Lysosomal hydrolase activity in chorionic villi and embryonic cells in culture.

Fourteen lysosomal enzymes were compared in 20 cultured cell lines from chorionic biopsy and corresponding embryonic tissue after voluntary abortions. Enzymatic expression appears to be similar in cultured cells from both sources with some slightly higher levels for chorionic villi. We stress the importance of culturing chorionic villi especially in the case of enzymes (alpha-L-iduronidase) or diseases (I cell disease) whose expression is unusual in fresh trophoblast tissue.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1989

The application of automated metaphase scanning to direct preparations of chorionic villi.

In order to increase the speed of analysis of metaphases from chorionic villi direct preparations, we have investigated the use of two automatic scanning devices, the Magiscan II and a version of Metafip (the research laboratory precursor of Cytoscan). The speed, efficiency, and ranking system have been compared to manual scanning. Results show that both machines detect approximately 80 per cent of the total analysable metaphases detected by a trained cytogeneticist. There appears to be reasonable agreement in ranking between methods.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1992

Nuclear and chromosomal replication patterns in chorionic villi cells by bromodeoxyuridine labelling and DNA flow cytometry.

Cell kinetics of chorionic villi (CV) were studied by BrdUrd-incorporation detected by fluorescence-plus-Giemsa and BrdUrd-antibody techniques, and by DNA flow cytometry. Growth characteristics of long-term cultures of CV resembled fibroblasts with a total cell cycle time of 26 h, final S phase of 9 h, penultimate S phase of 16 h and G2/M phase of 3-4 h. Especially useful for a quick routine diagnostic approach, Ultroser RG, a commercially available serum supplement, significantly increased cell proliferation and stabilized cell cycle lengths to a total cell cycle time of 14 h, final S phase of 7 h, penultimate S phase of 6 h and G2/M phase of 4 h. Moreover, mitotic activity steadily increased in cultured CV, when studying six successive subculturings. This reflects adaptation to the culture conditions rather than an inherent response of cultured CV cells of increasing passage numbers. Native villi exposed to BrdUrd immediately after biopsy show lower rates of uptake than do aliquots after overnight incubation. As shown by BrdUrd-pulse labelling studies, more than 7 h are required to overcome the proposed 'biopsy stress'. This correlates with routine diagnostic techniques, in which many more metaphase cells are observed in short-term cultures than in direct preparations.

Bromodeoxyuridine↗
PubMed2001

Expression of fibrillar proteins and vimentin in developing chorionic villi is related to fetal maturation.

Using an immunocytochemical technique, the extracellular matrix components fibronectin, vimentin, laminin and collagen type IV were investigated in human chorionic villi of various stages of development. Fibronectin and laminin were consistently positive throughout embryonic development. Vimentin and collagen type IV were negative in first and second trimester chorionic villi, but became positive in term placentas. With the exception of laminin, all extracellular matrix molecules were detected in the villous stroma and, with the exception of vimentin, they were localized in the basement membranes. Our data suggest that fibronectin and laminin are essential components of the villous structure, while the presence of vimentin and collagen type IV in the chorionic villi should be regarded as an indicator of fetal maturation.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1988

Double immunoelectron microscopic labelings of human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in human chorionic villi.

Simultaneous immunoelectron microscopic localization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) was examined on the same ultrathin section of human chorionic villi by means of the double labeling technique. Using specific rabbit antisera against HCG and HPL followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG-coated colloidal gold of different sizes (15 nm and 5 nm), immunoreactions of HCG were concentrated on middle-sized secretory granules of 200-300 nm and large dense bodies of 500-1000 nm, while those of HPL were exclusively located on small secretory granules of 80-180 nm. The present experiment provides direct evidence for our previous data that HCG and HPL seem to be stored in different granular components in the syncytiotrophoblast.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗