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PubMed1991

Biometric analysis of the mandibles of Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops.

Six biometric measurements were recorded from dry mandibles of 53 Papio anubis and 84 Cercopithecus aethiops: intercondylar width, intercoronoid width, intermolar width (IMW), mesiodistal width of the condyles, height of the occlusal table and anteroposterior length of the chewing surface from P4 to M3 (CL). The mean values and correlation matrices of these variables show that, despite the difference in size, the overall shape of the mandible in male and female is similar within species. The principal component analysis shows that in P. anubis the six variables contribute almost equally to the first component (75% of total variance), suggesting that the large mandible may be force related because of the greater mechanical forces required for chewing certain foods. In C. aethiops, the contribution of IMW and CL is less in the first component (52.7% of total variance), suggesting that the biochemical forces of mastication are more complex to adapt the mandible to a shorter muzzle and a particular diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Experimental louse-borne relapsing fever in the grivet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. I. Clinical course.

Fifteen grivet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, were infected with an Ethiopian strain of Borrelia recurrentis, the causative agent of louse-borne relapsing fever. An initial spirochetemia occurred in all. Inactivity, fever, and leukocytosis accompanied the infections. Eight of the monkeys experienced 1 relapse and 1 monkey had 2 relapses. The relapses tended to be less severe than the initial infections. The only deaths, however, occurred in 2 of the 3 monkeys with severe relapses. The clinical course of the experimental infection in grivet monkeys closely resembles that of natural infections in man.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1974

Experimental louse-borne relapsing fever in the grivet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. II. Pathology.

Nineteen grivet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, were infected with the spirochete of louse-borne relapsing fever, Borrelia recurrentis, and killed at various intervals following inoculation: 4 during the initial spirochetemia; 4 during remission; 3 during relapse; 2 that were dying following severe relapses; and 6 during convalescence. The histologic changes of histiocytic myocarditis, multiple microabscesses replacing the nodular white pulp of the spleen, and hepatitis with foci of midzonal necrosis were similar to those seen in humans. These changes are rarely seen in other infectious diseases and suggest a specific toxic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Experimental leprosy in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): a model for polyneuritic leprosy.

Three African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were inoculated intravenously and intracutaneously with Mycobacterium leprae derived from a naturally infected mangabey monkey. All developed cutaneous lesions at inoculation sites. One developed disseminated cutaneous lesions, while the cutaneous lesions in the other two regressed and eventually disappeared. The animals were examined at necropsy five years after inoculation. All three had active leprosy infection in peripheral nerves with extensive inflammation and fibrosis. The disease histologically resembled borderline-lepromatous leprosy. These findings add a new dimension to animal models of leprosy.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Parvalbumin in the medial septum/diagonal band complex of the African green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops.

The distribution of the calcium-binding protein Parvalbumin (PV), a marker for a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons, was studied in the septal complex of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. PV-immunoreactive neurons were found in relatively small numbers in the medial septum and in large numbers in the nucleus of the diagonal band (BROCA). They were extremely rare in the dorsal and intermediate parts of the lateral septum. PV-immunoreactive neurons in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band were mostly fusiform when located close to the midline and round to polygonal in more lateral locations. Some perikarya of immunopositive as well as immunonegative cells were covered with immunostained boutons whereas others were not. Our present descriptive data suggest that there are no principal differences in PV-containing neurons in the septal region between non-human primates and rodents which have been analyzed in great detail in previous studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Encephalitis and chorioretinitis associated with neurotropic African horsesickness virus infection in laboratory workers. Part IV. Experimental infection of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus).

Neurotropic vaccine strains of African horsesickness (AHS) virus types 1 and 6 were implicated as the possible aetiological agents in 4 cases of encephalitis and uveochorioretinitis in laboratory workers accidentally exposed to the freeze-dried vaccine preparations of the virus. To date, AHS virus has not been known to infect man. To ascertain whether or not primates were susceptible to infection with AHS virus, vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) were inoculated, either transnasally or intraconjunctivally, with vaccine strains of AHS virus types 1 and 6. The course of infection was monitored using parameters such as behavioural changes, febrile reaction, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, serology, magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy. Encephalitis, manifested by varying degrees of fever, behavioural changes and pleocytosis, but no chorioretinitis was detected in all 6 transnasally infected monkeys. This was confirmed by autopsy, where a meningo-encephalitis affecting the medial temporal lobe but no lesions in the eyes was demonstrated. Neither virus appeared to infect the animals after intraconjunctival inoculation. These findings support the theory that the patients were infected by the inhalation of freeze-dried vaccine preparations. The pathogenesis of the eye lesions, however, remains uncertain.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1991

Unmyelinated nerve fibers associated with Meissner's corpuscle in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.).

The ultrastructure and organization of free nerve fibers occurring in dermal papillae containing Meissner's corpuscles were studied in the fingertips of the Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.). The course of the thin unmyelinated fibers leads in the vicinity of Meissner's corpuscles in the connective tissue of its sheaths, between the epidermis and the peripheral fibroblast layer; they never come into contact with the nervous component of the receptor. Consequently, neither a "pericorpuscular reticulum" nor an "apparatus of Timofeew" is formed. The presence of thin axons containing dense-cored vesicles is evident, but they are not autonomous fibers, as indicated by the negative results of the Falck-Hillarp test for catecholamines. The nerve fibers occasionally seem to bear a close resemblance to the "open" and "plain" endings described by other authors in papillae devoid of corpuscles. Despite failure for close mutual contact to be established between the Meissner's corpuscle and the unmyelinated fibers ramifying in the connective tissue surrounding it, the hypothesis that the two may cooperate to form a "multimodal sensory package" is not without interest.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in social dynamics associated to the menstrual cycle in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Behavioral changes associated to the menstrual cycle in a social group of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were studied. Three adult females were used as experimental subjects and in these, vaginal smears were taken every other day in order to detect their menstrual cycles. Only the dominant and the mid-ranking female showed regular cycles while the low-ranking female showed amenorrhea. The menstrual cycles were divided into five periods (menstrual, premenstrual, luteal, ovulatory and follicular) which were related to the behavioral data. Social behavior recordings were taken during one hour daily for five consecutive months; the data were adjusted twice in order to follow the cycles of the females with regular menstruations. By plotting in a matrix the relative frequencies of joins and displacements, the social position of each animal as well as the group's social organization and dynamics were evaluated. A clear tendency towards social rejection (emitting less joins and increasing the amount of displacements) was detected during the premenstrual periods of the dominant female which abruptly changed towards affiliation during menstruation. This observation was detected in all group members no matter their age-sex class or social position during the five months of observation. When the data were analyzed following the mid-ranking female's cycle, no consistent changes were apparent. The importance of social stimuli in the modulation and expression of hormone-related behavior is stressed, as well as the need of using social settings in the experimental analyses of premenstrual mood and behavior disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Retinal epithelial fine structure in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and closely associated Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) and choriocapillaris have been investigated by electron microscopy in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). The RPE is composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined laterally by apically-located junctional complexes. Basally (sclerally) these cells display numerous infoldings while apically (vitreally) abundant processes enclose and interdigitate with rod outer segments. Internally the large vesicular nucleus is centrally located and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosome-like bodies, are plentiful. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and melanosomes while present are not abundant. Phagosomes of outer segment discs are noted in various stages of uptake and degradation. The choriocapillaris is highly fenestrated over large areas. Bruch's membrane shows the typical pentalaminate structure noted in other mammalian species without a tapetum lucidum.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Photoreceptor fine structure in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The structure of the photoreceptors of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. In this species the photoreceptors can be readily differentiated and adequately described by the classical terminology of rods and cones, with rods being the more numerous. Rods are long, slender cells while cones are shorter and stouter. Both rods and cones are highly differentiated cells and consist of an outer segment, a connecting cilium, and inner segment, a nuclear region and a synaptic process leading to a synaptic ending. Morphological differences are noted between rods and cones for the various regions of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus, the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus, and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis.

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a "common inferior cerebellar artery" which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses--the more important of these being the "basisphenoid sinus" and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The cephalometric analysis of Cercopithecus aethiops.

A Steiner-based cephalometric study of 46 adult Vervet monkeys was undertaken using craniometric points as closely correlated to those in the human as possible. On tracings of each cephalogram 13 measurements were recorded. The results were statistically analysed. Whilst the monkey face does vary individually this variation is apparently much less than is that of the human face. It is possible that the positions of the monkey incisor crowns bear a relatively constant relationship to the soft tissue profile. The establishment of some cephalometric norms for the Vervet monkey may be useful for future growth studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for interpretation of humeral morphology.

Various researchers have noted that terrestrial and arboreal monkeys often differ in the degree to which the greater tubercle of the humerus projects proximally beyond the profile of the humeral head. These differences have been associated with differing leverage requirements for supraspinatus during quadrupedal locomotion. Although Jolly (The Baboon in Medical Research, Vol. II., pp. 23-50, 1967) suggested that a projecting tubercle can be related to the ability of supraspinatus to control more exactly the passive humeral retraction that occurs during support phase of quadrupedalism, most workers emphasize a link between this bony trait and the need for powerful or rapid protraction of the forelimb during swing phase of terrestrial quadrupedalism. We report on an EMG analysis of supraspinatus function showing that the muscle does not act as a brachial protractor during quadrupedalism, even in the relatively cursorial vervet monkey. We suggest that differences in greater tubercle projection can be related to the degree of mobility of the shoulder, and that supraspinatus size is determined by the interaction of greater tubercle height, adaptive importance of brachial elevation, and body size.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of size on vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) gait parameters: a longitudinal approach.

Changes in the values of certain locomotor parameters were analyzed over a range of speeds for five immature vervet monkeys sampled at 6 month intervals over approximately a 3 year period. Lateral and diagonal sequence walking gaits and transverse and rotary gallops were commonly used. The monkeys switched from walking to galloping at long cycle durations for their mass, although, as a group, their transition speeds were in agreement with data from other mammals. However, for individual monkeys, transition speed was not consistently dependent on body mass. Cycle and stance durations generally increased with increasing size at each speed for each animal, with the greatest increases occurring at slower speeds. Swing durations increased slightly with size. For any particular individual, speed was highly predictable from cycle (or stance) duration and body mass (or age). However, the multiple regression equations for each animal were significantly different from each other, suggesting that no single equation is satisfactory for all of the individuals within a species.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Hip, knee, and ankle joint displacement patterns are compared across both age and speed for five immature vervet monkeys sampled approximately every 6 months over a 3 year period. The analysis indicated that, as a group, the animals displayed no consistent changes in joint patterns as they grew. However, individual animals showed consistent patterns. There were also no consistent effects of size across animals at the walk-gallop transition. This is contrary to McMahon's prediction (J. Appl. Physiol. 39:619-627, 1975) based upon his elastic-similarity model of animal scaling. With increasing speed, when symmetrical gaits were used, all of the animals tended to show a decrease in the relative positions of the hip, knee, and ankle maximum values. Furthermore, across the walk-gallop transition, the animals tended to show a decrease in the range of ankle and knee movements.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Segmental variations in the elastic fiber content of the lateral costotransverse ligaments in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus aethiops).

The segmental and zonal variations in the quantitative relationships between elastic and collagen fibers within the lateral costotransverse ligaments have been investigated in the vervet monkey. The lateral costotransverse ligaments of the caudal segments have a largely elastic structure in contrast to those of the cranial segments, which are characteristically collagenous. In the transitional zone extending from the 4th through to the 6th costotransverse joints, the lateral costotransverse ligaments show a zonal differentiation into a superficial collagenous portion and a deep elastic portion. It is noted that the craniocaudal structural differentiation in the lateral costotransverse ligaments corresponds with similar changes in the vertebral ligaments in that the ligamenta flava gradually extend into the interspinous spaces from the 1st thoracic vertebra (T1) so that at T5 the ligaments occupy 50% of the interspinous space and at T7 the elastic fibers almost completely replace the interspinous ligament. Functionally, however, the regional differences in the elastic fiber content of the lateral costotransverse ligament may have no collateral relationship with the morphology of the ligamenta flava, but are conditioned by movements of the ribs. Whereas movements of the upper six joints are limited by virtue of the configuration of their articular surfaces, which are reciprocally curved, on the 7th to 10th joints the articular facets are almost flat and, therefore, allow considerable movements between the ribs and the corresponding transverse processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing nerve fibres in the penile cavernous tissue of green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The cavernous body of green monkeys contains many unmyelinated and few myelinated axons. The unmyelinated axons form terminals in the adventitia of the arteries, between trabecular muscle cells, in the interstitium, and close to endothelium cells of the sinuses. All terminals displayed predominantly" small clear vesicles" and very few "large granular vesicles"; "small granular vesicles" were not seen. However, in rabbit penises, terminals with many large granular vesicles are prominent. Immunohistochemistry (PAP technique) showed a dense network of VIP- and NPY-reactive fibres around the arteries and around trabecular muscles. The density of nerve fibres was particularly high around the subendothelial cushions of the helicine arteries. Double staining for NPY and VIP revealed that both peptides were colocalized. Immunocytochemistry (preembedding PAP technique) showed VIP- and NPY-reactivity in terminals with small clear vesicles; the reaction product was bound to the cytoplasmic face of different membrane types. Although the intracellular localization of the reaction product is probably due to artefactual displacement during preparation, the uniformity of the terminals questions the view that large and small granular vesicles in all species characterize peptidergic and noradrenergic terminals, respectively. The essential findings can be summarized as (1) a high degree of uniformity of nerve terminals, (2) colocalization of VIP and NPY, (3) heavy innervation of the subendothelial cushions of the helicine arteries, and (4) possible innervation of endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunological and molecular comparison of simian cytomegaloviruses isolated from African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata).

Simian cytomegaloviruses (CMV) isolated from African green monkeys and Japanese macaques were compared serologically and genetically. Twenty-three out of 31 sera from Japanese, Taiwan and rhesus macaques were positive for neutralizing antibodies to simian CMVs isolated from both African green monkeys and a Japanese macaque. The neutralizing antibody titers of those sera were slightly higher to the isolates of African green monkeys origin than to that of Japanese macaque origin. Studies with antisera prepared in guinea pigs revealed a partial antigenic cross-reaction between Japanese macaque CMV (JaM-CMV) and African green monkey CMV (AGM-CMV): the antiserum to JaM-CMV neutralized both homologous JaM-CMV and heterologous AGM-CMV, but the antisera to AGM-CMV neutralized only homologous AGM-CMV. DNAs of both AGM-CMV and JaM-CMV were compared by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis. The individual simian CMV isolates showed unique restriction patterns when cleaved with EcoRI, BamHI, or HindIII. In addition, DNA of JaM-CMV was distinguishable from that of AGM-CMV when cleaved with EcoRI or BamHI.

Animals↗