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PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality and socioeconomic deprivation in the census tracts and districts of Barcelona].

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between socioeconomic deprivation and mortality in the census tracts of Barcelona and the distinct patterns of this association in the districts. METHODS: We performed an ecological, cross sectional study based on the 1,812 census tracts and the 10 districts of Barcelona, using socioeconomic variables obtained from the 1991 census and mortality data for 1987-1995. A deprivation index was created through component analysis. Descriptive analyses were performed and multivariate Poisson regression models were adjusted. RESULTS: The greater the socioeconomic deprivation in the census tracts, the higher the mortality. The quartile with the greatest deprivation had a relative risk (RR) of mortality of 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.27) in males and an RR of 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.07) in females (compared with the quartile of census tracts with the lowest deprivation). This association varied according to district: in the old inner-city district (district 1), which had the highest mortality and the greatest deprivation, the RR was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.21-2.05) for males, while in district 8, which also has considerable deprivation, mortality was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in census tracts in an urban area highlights special areas of risk not observed in analysis of districts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic relevance of census-derived individual respondent incomes versus household incomes.

BACKGROUND: Census-based measures of income derived from median income of a geographic area are often used in health research. Many national census surveys gather information on both the respondent's individual income and the income for the entire household, giving researchers a choice of census income measures. We compared the extent to which individual respondent income and household income (both obtained from census data) are associated with outcomes in a cohort of patients with cardiac disease. METHODS: We used data from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH), where postal codes were linked to the Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF) to determine each patient's census Dissemination Areas (DA). DA-derived median household income and median individual income were obtained from the 2001 Canadian Census and survival outcomes were then directly determined for income groupings defined by quintile. Two-year survival adjusted for age and sex was described with a proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: There were 9,397 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization between January 1, 2001 and March 31, 2002, with complete DA-level median income measures. Household income quintiles yielded a wider spread of survival across quintiles (range of 2-year estimated survival, 91.8% to 95.9% for household income versus 92.8% to 95.6% for respondent income), as well as a more progressive decline in survival as income decreased. This progressive decline was not seen for the respondent income measure. CONCLUSIONS: The greater spread and progressive decline of survival for household income relative to respondent income leads us to conclude that household income is the better socio-economic determinant of health in our data and for the outcome measure we studied.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Census enumeration in remote Australia: issues for Aboriginal data analysis.

"Given the crucial role played by census data in informing economic and social policies directed at the Aboriginal population in remote areas, some assessment of the quality of remote area data is required as these are derived from enumeration procedures which differ fundamentally from the standard approach employed in the census. This paper discusses the remote area census enumeration strategy employed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), with a particular focus on the Northern Territory, and highlights possible implications for the interpretation of census counts and census characteristics."

Australia↗
PubMed1995

The 1991 census of population in England and Wales.

"This paper describes the 1991 census in England and Wales: how it was planned and implemented and how its results are being assessed. The description brings out the tradeoffs that are necessary in undertaking a census, and some respects in which plans for a census in 2001 will need to take account of experience of that in 1991." Consideration is given to such issues as confidentiality, the ethnic group question, underenumeration, census output, and future plans for census improvement. A discussion of the paper by various contributors and an author's response is included (pp. 230-40).

Censuses↗
PubMed1985

China's experiences in the quality control of its 1982 population census.

The author reports on experiences with China's 1982 census, which covered approximately one billion people and 19 census items. It is noted that "the postenumeration sample survey indicates that the quality of the census enumeration is: 0.071% of overcounts and 0.056% of undercounts. The paper presents principles governing quality control in the population census and explains a series of quality control procedures adopted to reduce possible errors originating in census planning, enumeration and data processing."

Asia↗
PubMed1998

What do you want from the 2001 census? Results of an ESRC/JISC survey of user views.

"The author describes the results of a survey of user views about the next Census of Population in the United Kingdom, to be held in 2001. Some 140 respondents reported their views, which included strong support for a question on income, endorsement of the new one number census methodology and support for postcode-based outputs. The author sets these views in the context of the Census Development Programme being carried out by the U.K. Census Offices and the proposals for outputs which are being discussed with the main census user sectors of central and local government, business, the Health Service, and the academic community."

Censuses↗
PubMed1986

The USA's bicentennial census: new directions for methodology in 1990.

"Planning is under way for the U.S.A. bicentennial census in 1990. The U.S. Census Bureau sponsored a study panel under the U.S. Committee on National Statistics to consider key aspects of methodology for the census and to recommend priority areas for research and testing. The recommendations of the Panel on Decennial Census Methodology, which are summarized in this paper, cover four main topics: adjustment of the census counts for coverage errors, methods of coverage evaluation, uses of sampling in obtaining the count, and uses of administrative records in improving the quality of selected content items."

Americas↗
PubMed1986

How increased automation will improve the 1990 census of population and housing of the United States.

"The U.S. Bureau of the Census will increase significantly the automation of operations for the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, thus eliminating or reducing many of the labor-intensive clerical operations of past censuses and contributing to the speedier release of data products. An automated address control file will permit the computer to monitor the enumeration status of an address. The automated address file will also make it possible to begin electronic data processing concurrently with data collection, and, thus, 5-7 months earlier than for the 1980 Census. An automated geographic support system will assure consistency between various census geographic products, and computer-generated maps will be possible. Other areas where automation will be introduced or increased are questionnaire editing, coding of written entries on questionnaires, and reporting of progress and cost by field offices."

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Census tract analysis of lead exposure in Rhode Island children.

There has been increasing interest in a targeted approach to the screening and prevention of lead exposure in children. Targeted screening requires an understanding of variation in lead exposure in individual children or by region. In order to better understand variation by region, we studied Rhode Island lead poisoning screening data, examining average lead exposure to children living in 136 Providence County census tracts (CTs). The study population included 17,956 children aged 59 months and under, who were screened between May 1, 1992, and April 30, 1993. We evaluated the relationship between the percentage of children with blood lead > or = 10 micrograms/dL (pe10) and sociodemographic and housing characteristics, derived from United States 1990 Census data, of these CTs. CT descriptors included population density, percentage of households receiving public assistance income, median per capita income, percentage of households female headed, percentage of houses owner occupied, percentage of houses built before 1950, percentage of houses vacant, percentage of population Black, percentage of recent immigrants, and intraurban mobility. On average, 109 children were screened in each census tract; mean screening rate was 44%. There was wide variation in average lead exposure among census tracts, with pe10 ranging from 3 to 60% of screened children (mean 27%). Individual census variables explained between 24 and 67% of the variance in pe10 among CTs. A multiple regression model including percentage screened, percentage of households receiving public assistance, percentage of houses built before 1950, In (percentage of houses vacant), and percentage of recent immigrants explained 83% of variance in pe10. The percentage of houses built before 1950, a variable which models the presence of lead paint in old houses, displayed the largest adjusted effect on pe10 over the range observed for that variable in RI CTs. The percentage of houses vacant was also a highly significant and robust predictor; we suggest that vacancy is an ecological marker for the deterioration of leadbased paint, with higher vacancy neighborhoods containing houses in poorer condition. In Rhode Island, census tracts with high vacancy rates also have high rates of recent immigration, making immigrant groups vulnerable to lead exposure. Small-areas analysis may be useful in directing resources to high risk areas, explaining the sociocultural forces which produce such exposure and analyzing the effects of housing policy over time in states with high screening penetration.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of methods for calculating census health indicators for GP practices.

The patients registered with a general practice are usually spread over many census areas and overlap with the distribution of neighbouring practices, so a validated method of aggregating census data to describe the characteristics of practice patients is required. Four methods were used to provide estimates of the percentage of patients aged 75 years and over from census data for 81 practices in Suffolk, England, and these were compared with values derived from the FHSA patient register. Census values for practice areas produced better estimates than those based on the location of the surgery, but the best methods were based on patient-weighted averages of ward and enumeration district data. The finer geographical detail of enumeration districts did not produce substantially more accurate estimates than the ward-level data: both gave estimates with limits of agreement within 2% of the patient register values. Errors in the census, errors in patient registers and selective geographical distributions of practice patients prevent close matching of census and register measures, but two of the methods tested produced estimates that allow broad comparisons between practices.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

School height censuses are reliable and valid tools for small-area targeting of nutrition interventions in Honduras.

Nutrition program planners often need information on the relative burden of malnutrition in different communities, or administrative units, to decide where best to invest limited available resources. National nutrition surveys, however, rarely provide precise, representative findings at a finer level than that of large, subnational regions. The school height census is an alternative, low-cost approach that does provide disaggregated data on growth retardation at the local level. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the school height census for small-area targeting of nutrition interventions in Honduras. Reliability was assessed by examining the stability of small-area estimates of mean height-for-age Z-score over five consecutive years from 1993 to 1997. Validity was assessed by comparing municipality-level mean height-for-age Z-score in the 2001 school height census with the same parameter estimated in an anthropometric survey of children < 5 y old conducted in representative samples in 70 municipalities 3-7 mo earlier. The study found that stable estimates of mean height-for-age Z-score could be obtained at the level of municipalities or larger (intraclass correlation coefficients > or = 0.85). The school height census estimates of mean height-for-age Z-score at the municipality level were also valid, with the reference criterion the survey results for children > or = 1 y of age (Spearman's rank correlation = 0.74). School height censuses cannot provide reliable estimates of levels of growth retardation in individual schools. Wider use of school height censuses could make it much easier to identify communities that might benefit from targeted nutrition interventions.

Body Height↗
PubMed2000

Predicting population dental disease experience at a small area level using Census and health service data.

BACKGROUND: Information on the dental disease patterns of child populations is required at a small area level. At present, this can be provided only by expensive whole population surveys. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Census data combined with health service information to provide estimates of population dental disease experience at the small area level. METHOD: Clinical dental data were collected from a large cross-sectional survey of 5-year-old children. A preliminary series of bivariate linear regression analyses were undertaken at ward level with the mean number of decayed, missing or filled teeth per child (dmft) as the dependent variable, and the Census and health service and lifestyle variables suspected of having a strong relationship with dmft as independent variables. This was followed by fitting a multiple linear regression model using a stepwise procedure to include independent variables that explain most of the variability in the dependent variable dmft. RESULTS: All deprivation indicators derived from the Census showed a highly significant (p<0.001) bivariate linear relationship with ward dmft. The Jarman deprivation score gave the highest R2 value (0.45), but the Townsend index (R2=0.43) and the single Census variable 'percentage of households with no car' (R2 = 0.42) gave very similar results. The health and lifestyle indicators also showed highly significant (p<0.001) linear relationships with dmft. The R2 values were generally much lower than the deprivation-related Census variables, with the exception of the percentage of residents who smoked (R2 = 0.42). None of the health or lifestyle variables was included in the final dental disadvantage model. This model explained 51 per cent of the variability of ward dmft. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the strong relationship between dental decay and deprivation, and all of the commonly used measures of deprivation exhibited a similar performance. For this population of young children health and health services shelf data did not improve on the ability of deprivation-related Census variables to predict population dental caries experience at a small area level.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Census error and the detection of density dependence.

1. Studies aiming to identify the prevalence and nature of density dependence in ecological populations have often used statistical analysis of ecological time-series of population counts. Such time-series are also being used increasingly to parameterize models that may be used in population management. 2. If time-series contain measurement errors, tests that rely on detecting a negative relationship between log population change and population size are biased and prone to spuriously detecting density dependence (Type I error). This is because the measurement error in density for a given year appears in the corresponding change in population density, with equal magnitude but opposite sign. 3. This effect introduces bias that may invalidate comparisons of ecological data with density-independent time-series. Unless census error can be accounted for, time-series may appear to show strongly density-dependent dynamics, even though the density-dependent signal may in reality be weak or absent. 4. We distinguish two forms of census error, both of which have serious consequences for detecting density dependence. 5. First, estimates of population density are based rarely on exact counts, but on samples. Hence there exists sampling error, with the level of error depending on the method employed and the number of replicates on which the population estimate is based. 6. Secondly, the group of organisms measured is often not a truly self-contained population, but part of a wider ecological population, defined in terms of location or behaviour. Consequently, the subpopulation studied may effectively be a sample of the population and spurious density dependence may be detected in the dynamics of a single subpopulation. In this case, density dependence is detected erroneously, even if numbers within the subpopulation are censused without sampling error. 7. In order to illustrate how process variation and measurement error may be distinguished we review data sets (counts of numbers of birds by single observers) for which both census error and long-term variance in population density can be estimated. 8. Tests for density dependence need to obviate the problem that measured population sizes are typically estimates rather than exact counts. It is possible that in some cases it may be possible to test for density dependence in the presence of unknown levels of census error, for example by uncovering nonlinearities in the density response. However, it seems likely that these may lack power compared with analyses that are able to explicitly include census error and we review some recently developed methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Allocating census data to general practice populations: implications for study of prescribing variation at practice level.

OBJECTIVES: To assign census data to general practice populations and to test accuracy of different procedures for estimating the proportion of patients aged over 64. DESIGN: Patients' postcodes from patient register of one family health services authority and the directory linking postcodes to census enumeration districts were used to locate patients in their census area of residence. With different levels of census geography and four different allocation procedures, proportion of patients aged over 64 in each area was used to predict proportion of patients aged over 64 in each general practice. Predicted figures were compared with real figures from each practice register to assess accuracy of allocation methods. SETTING: Data from 1991 census and from 73 practices administered by one family health services authority. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Actual and predicted proportions of patients aged over 64 in general practice populations. RESULTS: Correlations between actual and predicted proportions of patients aged over 64 were significant for all four allocation procedures--values of 0.66, 0.7, 0.84, and 0.84 were achieved (P < 0.0005). Predicted ranges of proportions of patients aged over 64, however, were well short of those that actually existed, and significant differences existed between predicted percentages and actual figures for all four methods. CONCLUSION: Although predicted values correlated with actual values, the failure of the allocation procedures to correctly predict values, especially at the extremes, casts doubt on the validity of similar techniques for allocating census variables to general practice populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Income, housing, and fire injuries: a census tract analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the social and demographic correlates of nonfatal structural fire injury rates for the civilian population for Philadelphia census tracts during 1993-2001. METHODS: The author analyzed 1,563 fire injuries by census tract using the 1990 census (STF 3) and unpublished data from the Office of the Fire Marshal of the Philadelphia Fire Department. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 residents of a given census tract. Multiple regression was used to determine significant variables in predicting fire injuries in a given census tract over a nine-year period and interaction effects between two of these variables-age of housing and income. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis indicates that older housing (prior to 1940), low income, the prevalence of vacant houses, and the ability to speak English have significant independent effects on fire injury rates in Philadelphia. In addition, the results show a significant interaction between older housing and low income. CONCLUSIONS: Given the finding of very high rates of fire injuries in census tracts that are both low income and have older housing, fire prevention units can take preventative measures. Fire protection devices, especially smoke alarms, should be distributed in the neighborhoods most at risk. Multiple occupancy dwellings should have sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. Laws concerning the maintenance of older rental housing need to be strictly enforced. Vacant houses should be effectively boarded up or renovated for residential use. Fire prevention material should be distributed in a number of languages to meet local needs.

Burns↗
PubMed2004

Historical measures of social context in life course studies: retrospective linkage of addresses to decennial censuses.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of a contribution of early life socioeconomic exposures to the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. However, extant studies investigating the impact of the neighborhood social environment on health tend to characterize only the current social environment. This in part may be due to complexities involved in obtaining and geocoding historical addresses. The Life Course Socioeconomic Status, Social Context, and Cardiovascular Disease Study collected information on childhood (1930-1950) and early adulthood (1960-1980) place of residence from 12,681 black and white middle-aged and older men and women from four U.S. communities to link participants with census-based socioeconomic indicators over the life course. RESULTS: Most (99%) participants were linked to 1930-50 county level socioeconomic census data (the smallest level of aggregation universally available during this time period) corresponding to childhood place of residence. Linkage did not vary by race, gender, birth cohort, or level of educational attainment. A commercial geocoding vendor processed participants' self-reported street addresses for ages 30, 40, and 50. For 1970 and 1980 censuses, spatial coordinates were overlaid onto shape files containing census tract boundaries; for 1960 no shape files existed and comparability files were used. Several methods were tested for accuracy and to increase linkage. Successful linkage to historical census tracts varied by census (66% for 1960, 76% for 1970, 85% for 1980). This compares to linkage rates of 94% for current addresses provided by participants over the course of the ARIC examinations. CONCLUSION: There are complexities and limitations in characterizing the past social context. However, our results suggest that it is feasible to characterize the earlier social environment with known levels of measurement error and that such an approach should be considered in future studies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Occupational cancer in Denmark. Cancer incidence in the 1970 census population.

Data sources and creation of data files. The cohort of persons who were 20-64 years of age at the time of the 1970 census has been followed for cancer incidence for a ten-year period. The study was made by linkage of individual records from the 1970 census, the Central Population Register, death certificates, and cancer registrations. Data were included on individual characteristics recorded in the census on prevalent cancer cases at the time of the census and on deaths, emigrations, and incident cancer cases during the ten-year follow-up period. The study includes a total of 2.8 million persons, of whom 2.0 million were economically active at the time of the 1970 census. A total of 115,000 incident cancer cases were registered during the follow-up period, and 77,000 of these occurred in persons who were economically active in 1970. The classifications used in the census included 218 codes for occupation and 245 codes for industry. The Cancer Registry data included 639 codes for diagnosis. Cancer incidence by social groups in Denmark. The cancer incidence was tabulated across 32 socioeconomic groups for 43 cancer sites among the men and 45 cancer sites among the women. The study showed an almost twofold difference in the overall cancer incidence between the socioeconomic groups of the men. Self-employed farmers were at low risk (RR 0.68), and unskilled workers in shipping/fishing were at high risk (RR 1.28) when the cancer incidence among all economically active men was used for the comparison. The social pattern in cancer incidence correlated well with the pattern for cancer mortality among men. As a rough estimate, the cumulative incidence for all cancer among persons under 75 years of age could be reduced by 32% if all Danish men had the cancer incidence of farmers. There was a fivefold or larger difference between the socioeconomic groups in the incidence for nine cancer sites. These nine cancer sites together represented 7% of the cumulative incidence for all cancer. Estimated in a similar way, the cumulative incidence could be reduced by 44% if all Danish men had the site-specific cancer incidence of the respective low-risk groups. The overall cancer incidence among the women varied from a relative risk of 0.71 for unskilled workers in agriculture to a relative risk of 1.18 for self-employed women in other industries I (dentists, lawyers, etc) when the cancer incidence among all economically active women was used for the comparison.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Coding geographic areas across census years: creating consistent definitions of metropolitan areas.

"This paper presents suggested matches for the geographical coding (geocoding) of metropolitan areas in the 1970, 1980, and 1990 Censuses. The Census Bureau used different definitions and taxonomies to describe the geography of metropolitan areas in these three Census years. As a result, the geographical areas referred to by the standard Census Bureau definitions differ among the three Census data sets. The geographic matching scheme explained in this paper attempts to maximize consistency over time for metropolitan areas in the U.S."

Americas↗