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PubMed2000

A second look at the relation between colorectal adenomas and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated oils.

The trans fatty acids in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil may cause colorectal neoplasia by interfering with cell membrane function or eicosanoid metabolism. This possibility provided a rationale for looking at the relation between colorectal adenomas and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in 234 cases and 407 controls recruited from referrals for colonoscopy at University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, between 1988 and 1990. Foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils were divided into four groups: sweetened baked goods, chocolate candy, oils and condiments, and french fries and chips. We observed no evidence of increased adenoma prevalence associated with consumption of fries and chips (200+ vs 0 kcals/day: odds ratio (OR) = 0.70; 95% confidence limits (CL) = 0.27, 1.8) or chocolate candy (50+ vs 0 kcals/day: OR = 0.49; 95% CL = 0.23, 1.1). We did, however, find evidence of increased adenoma prevalence associated with consumption of sweetened baked goods (400+ vs < 100 kcals/day: OR = 1.9; 95% CL = 0.95, 3.8) and oils and condiments (200+ vs < 100 kcals/day: OR = 2.4; 95% CL = 1.3, 4.2).

Adenomatous Polyps↗
PubMed1986

Mineral utilization by the lactating cow--chlorine.

Although used as a condiment and essential supplement since pre-Biblical times, chlorine as a part of the molecule salt has received little research effort by large animal nutritionists. Its low cost and the continued popularity of salt as a condiment and sodium supplement has precluded the appearance of chloride deficiencies. There is great variation in the chloride and sodium content of feedstuffs fed to lactating cows so that some formulations require no supplemental chloride or sodium. Chloride is highly available from feedstuffs, and when dietary chloride is low, the cow can reduce sharply her losses of chloride in urine, feces, skin secretions, and to some degree in milk. Clinical symptoms of chloride deficiency in the lactating cow include pica, lethargy, anorexia, lowered milk yield, constipation, and cardiovascular depression. Metabolic changes are expressed as a severe primary hypochloremia, secondary hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Requirement for chloride by the lactating cow is about .20%; a working allowance of .25% seems reasonable for cows in positive energy balance. With gradual resolution of the requirements for chloride and more data on chloride in feedstuffs, use of supplemental salt for either sodium or chloride can be reduced greatly.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of genetically modified soy (Roundup-Ready) in processed food products].

In this study, the application of a qualitative and a quantitative method of analysis to detect genetically modified RR-Soy (Roundup-Ready Soy) in processed foods is described. A total of 179 various products containing soy such as baby food and diet products, soy drinks and desserts, tofu and tofu products, soy based meat substitutes, soy protein, breads, flour, granules, cereals, noodles, soy bean sprouts, fats and oils as well as condiments were investigated following the pattern of the section 35 LMBG-method L 23.01.22-1. The DNA was extracted from the samples and analysed using a soybean specific lectin gene PCR as well as a PCR, specific for the genetic modification. Additional, by means of PCR in combination with fluorescence-detection (TaqMan 5'-Nuclease Assay), suspicious samples were subjected to a real-time quantification of the percentage of genetically modified RR-Soy. The methods of analysis proved to be extremely sensitive and specific in regard to the food groups checked. The fats and oils, as well as the condiments were the exceptions in which amplifiable soy DNA could not be detected. The genetic modification of RR-Soy was detected in 34 samples. Eight of these samples contained more than 1% of RR-Soy. It is necessary to determine the percentage of transgenic soy in order to assess whether genetically modified ingredients were deliberately added, or whether they were caused by technically unavoidable contamination (for example during transportation and processing).

Beverages↗
PubMed1991

[Elaboration of a dried-salted and smoked product using aquaculture species].

The purpose of this work was to adapt the procedure developed at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INNSZ) for the conservation of the sardine to aquaculture species such as carp (Ciprinus carpio) and tilapia (Tilapia sp). The mixtures were designed on the basis of the chemical score method. The preparation of the patties included different fish presentations, and two methods were evaluated in order to obtain fish pulp. In the formulation of the final product, defatted soy, maize and wheat flour were included, as well as three different mixtures of condiments, which were then compared to the original formulation based on sardine. The raw materials and final products were subjected to sensory evaluation and to a shelf-life study. The results indicated that for these species, to obtain the fish pulp it is necessary to include one phase of the procedure, which can be manual or mechanical, because there are no significant differences between them. The formulations selected were: flour corn (10%)--flour soy (30%)--carp (60%), and flour corn (10%)--flour soy (22%)--tilapia (68%). In both cases the condiment mixture was eliminated, and only common salt was used. The protein content was of 40g/100g of the dry product, with a minimum shelflife of 12 weeks at room temperature (22 degrees-23 degrees C). During this period no rancidity developed, the product was microbiologically adequate for human consumption, and proved to have a higher sensory acceptance than sardine patties.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of sodium and potassium in processed foods in an urban area in China.

OBJECTIVE: To identify commonly consumed processed foods with high sodium (Na) content and sodium to potassium (Na:K) ratio for the purpose of using this information in a community-based nutrition education programme. DESIGN: Calculations of Na and K intake were based on the data of a dietary survey carried out in Tianjin in 1992. All processed foods were randomly sampled based on manufacturers and market survey. SETTING: The survey was conducted in the urban area in Tianjin, China. PARTICIPANTS: 2317 subjects aged 15-64 years old were included in the dietary survey. The response rate was 95%. MAIN RESULTS: The mean sodium intake was 6517 mg in men and 5708 mg in women. 38% of the total Na intake came from processed foods and condiments in both of the urban men and women in Tianjin. 122 processed foods with sales volumes were identified. Most of the processed foods had high Na content and high Na:K ratio, especially Na-rich condiments, salted vegetables, fried dough cake and sausages. The Na content of most processed foods in Tianjin was higher than the mean value reported in the Chinese Food Composition Table. CONCLUSION: Processed foods contribute an important part of dietary Na in the urban diet in Tianjin. It is necessary to initiate nutrition intervention activities aiming at regulations on the Na content of processed foods and to advise the people to reduce consumption of salty foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Detection of methylating activity due to nitrosamide in some nitrosated Nigerian foodstuffs.

Popular vegetables, condiments and some Nigerian staple foods were evaluated for their relative methylating potential due to nitrosamide formation following nitrosation under standardized conditions. Methylating activity of nitrosated foodstuffs, expressed as N-nitroso-N-methylurea equivalents, was determined by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. In positive samples (detection limit 10 microgram/kg) methylating activity detected was in the range of 50-1200 microgram/kg, the highest activity being found in Telfairia occidentalis (ugwu). This value constitutes the highest amount ever detected for a fresh vegetable. The data suggest that some commonly consumed local foodstuffs might contribute to overall human burden of environmental carcinogens in Nigeria.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient content of Prosopis africana seeds.

The proximate and mineral compositions of Prosopis africana seeds used in the preparation of a local condiment in Nigeria and as animal feed were investigated. The proximate analysis showed that protein, ash and fiber values were comparable to Parkia africana seeds. However, the crude lipid content was lower than Parkia filicoidea seeds and decorticated groundnut. Phosphorus, potassium and calcium were the major mineral elements of the seeds, thereby suggesting that they could contribute partially to the overall daily intake of these elements.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Iron fortification: an update.

Iron fortification is the optimal approach to reducing the high prevalence of iron deficiency in developing countries. Selection of the iron source entails a compromise between the use of inert compounds which are poorly absorbed and chemically reactive forms with high bioavailability. Although the vehicle and fortification compound must be chosen in tandem because most iron compounds cause discoloration or rancidity, the emphasis in this review is on the food vehicle. Technology for fortifying wheat flour and bread is well established and the use of these vehicles has probably had a significant impact on iron status in Western countries. Recent studies in India indicate that the fortification of common salt is technically feasible and field trials have shown a good hematological response. Similar success has been achieved by fortifying refined sugar with NaFeEDTA in Guatemala. Rice has advantages as a vehicle in those areas where it is the staple food but the technology requires further development. Fish-based condiments have been successfully fortified with NaFeEDTA and show promise as a vehicle in East Asian countries. The fortification of infant foods poses no technical problems and should be encouraged. Additional work is needed to identify other fortification options and to develop targeted fortification programs that will direct iron to those segments of a population in greatest need.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed2005

Leuconostoc durionis sp. nov., a heterofermenter with no detectable gas production from glucose.

Three lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains obtained from a Malaysian acid-fermented condiment, tempoyak (made from pulp of the durian fruit), showed analogous but distinct patterns after screening by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and comparison with profiles of all recognized LAB species. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of one representative strain showed that the taxon belongs phylogenetically to the genus Leuconostoc, with its nearest neighbour being Leuconostoc fructosum (98 % sequence similarity). Biochemical characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments demonstrated that the strains differ from Leuconostoc fructosum and represent a single, novel Leuconostoc species for which the name Leuconostoc durionis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LMG 22556(T) (= LAB 1679(T) = D-24(T) = CCUG 49949(T)).

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Studies on production, physiochemical and sensory properties of a standard kilishi ingredient mix powder.

The quality of kilishi, a sun dried roasted meat product vary considerably due to lack of consistent standardized non meat ingredient portion (spices and condiments) used for its preparation. In this study, an instant standard kilishi ingredient mix powder was developed. The mix powder contained 9.1% moisture, 49.7% protein, 8.3% fat, 3.2% fibre, and 4.4% ash. Particle size of the mix developed was finer than the traditional one. Yield of kilishi increased with increasing concentration of the standard mix powder used for infusion. The highest yield (87%) was obtained at 60% slurry concentration of the mix compared to 59% yield when the traditional paste was used for infusion. Sensory attributes of kilishi produced using 60% slurry concentration of the standard mix was rated better than a commercial kilishi product (P < 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer.

Oral cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men in Pakistan. Tobacco is smoked and chewed extensively in Pakistan. Paan is a quid of piper betel leaf that contains areca nut, lime, condiment, sweeteners, and sometimes tobacco, which is also used extensively. We did this study to clarify the independent association of paan and oral cancer. Between July 1996 and March 1998, we recruited biopsy-proven, primary cases of oral squamous-cell carcinoma, from 3 tertiary teaching centers in Karachi, Pakistan, and controls pair-matched for age, gender, hospital and time of occurrence, excluding persons with a past or present history of any malignancy. There were 79 cases and 149 controls. Approximately 68% of the cases were men, 49 years old on average, the youngest being 22 years old and the eldest 80. People with oral submucous fibrosis were 19.1 times more likely to develop oral cancer than those without it, after adjusting for other risk factors. People using paan without tobacco were 9.9 times, those using paan with tobacco 8.4 times, more likely to develop oral cancer as compared with non-users, after adjustment for other covariates. This study identifies an independent effect of paan without tobacco in the causation of oral cancer. Its findings may be of significance in South Asian communities where paan is used, and among health-care providers who treat persons from South Asia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Diet and stomach cancer incidence. A case-control study in Turkey.

A case-control study of diet and stomach cancer was conducted in Ankara, Turkey, between December 1987 and March 1988. One hundred patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach were matched with 100 control subjects according to age, sex, and residential area. A dietary questionnaire was administered to all subjects by one of the authors. Gastric cancer patients consumed less fresh fruit and yellow-green vegetables (P less than 0.0001) and meats (P less than 0.001), and more salted food (P less than 0.001), condiments (P less than 0.0001), and salt (P less than 0.001) compared with the control group. Twenty-four percent of the gastric cancer patients and 4% of the groups with regard to the consumption of starches, fried foods, cereals, milk, dairy products, tea, alcohol, and tobacco. Stomach cancer patients brushed their teeth less frequently (P less than 0.0001) and had more deficient teeth (P less than 0.0001) compared with the control group.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2007

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease using a food and beverage intolerance, food and beverage avoidance diet.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the outpatient with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a difficult but important challenge to recognize and treat. It is very helpful to have effective treatment approaches for IBS that are practical and use minimal medications. Because of the underlying chronic inflammation in IBD, IBS symptoms occur with increased frequency and severity, secondary to increased hypersensitivity to foods and beverages that stimulate the gastrointestinal tract. This paper discusses how to treat IBS in the IBD outpatient, with emphasis on using a food and beverage intolerance, avoidance diet. The adverse effects of many foods and beverages are amount dependent and can be delayed, additive, and cumulative. The specific types of foods and beverages that can induce IBS symptoms include milk and milk containing products; caffeine containing products; alcoholic beverages; fruits; fruit juices; spices; seasonings; diet beverages; diet foods; diet candies; diet gum; fast foods; condiments; fried foods; fatty foods; multigrain breads; sourdough breads; bagels; salads; salad dressings; vegetables; beans; red meats; gravies; spaghetti sauce; stews; nuts; popcorn; high fiber; and cookies, crackers, pretzels, cakes, and pies. The types of foods and beverages that are better tolerated include water; rice; plain pasta or noodles; baked or broiled potatoes; white breads; plain fish, chicken, turkey, or ham; eggs; dry cereals; soy or rice based products; peas; applesauce; cantaloupe; watermelon; fruit cocktail; margarine; jams; jellies; and peanut butter. Handouts that were developed based upon what worsens or helps IBS symptoms in patients are included to help patients learn which foods and beverages to avoid and which are better tolerated.

Food↗
PubMed1987

A case-control study of diet and gastric cancer in northern Italy.

Dietary factors in the aetiology of stomach cancer were investigated using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 206 histologically confirmed carcinomas and 474 control subjects in hospital for acute, non-digestive conditions, unrelated to any of the potential risk factors for gastric cancer. Dietary histories concerned the frequency of consumption per week of 29 selected food items (including the major sources of starches, proteins, fats, fibres, vitamins A and C, nitrates and nitrites in the Italian diet) and subjective scores for condiments and salt intake. Pasta and rice (the major sources of starch), polenta (a porridge made of maize) and ham were positively related with gastric cancer risk, whereas green vegetables and fresh fruit as a whole (and specifically citrus fruit) and selected fibre-rich aliments (such as whole-grain bread or pasta) showed protective effects on gastric cancer risk. Allowance for major identified potential distorting factors (chiefly indicators of socio-economic status) reduced the positive association with pasta or rice consumption, but did not appreciably modify any of the other risk estimates. When a single logistic model was fitted including all food items significant in univariate analysis, the 3 items remaining statistically significant were green vegetables (relative risk, RR = 0.27 for upper vs. lower tertile), polenta (RR = 2.32) and ham (RR = 1.60). Indices of beta-carotene and ascorbate intake were negatively and strongly related with gastric cancer risk, but the association with these micronutrients was no longer evident after simultaneous allowance for various food items. An approximately 7-fold difference in risk was found between extreme quintiles of a scale measuring major positive and negative associations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chromium content of foods and diets.

Comparatively few valid data are available on the chromium content of foods and on the dietary chromium (Cr) intake of various populations. This is chiefly because of the difficulties encountered in contamination control during sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis. Moreover, there are several analytical problems involved that are mostly owing to the low concentration level of Cr in foods. However, with the recent establishment of food reference materials with certified low concentrations of Cr, the analytical validity of studies on Cr content of foods and on its dietary intake by various populations can be ascertained. With the exception of herbs and condiments, and certain other special food items with a relatively low average consumption rate, such as tea, coffee, and some candies, most foods contain Cr below 100 micrograms/kg. Staple foods, particularly cereals and milk, are very low (less than or equal to 10 micrograms/kg) in Cr, showing little or no geographic variation. Food processing may increase food Cr content depending on the process. Processes, such as meat grinding and homogenization using stainless-steel equipment, very strongly increase the Cr content of foods. Also, acidic fruit juices in contact with steel cans are high in Cr, whereas cooking in aluminium vessels reduces the Cr content of foods. Average dietary Cr intake seems to fluctuate considerably among countries. In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.

Chromium↗
PubMed2002

Brassica napus DNA markers linked to white rust resistance in Brassica juncea.

White rust, caused by Albugo candida, is an economically important disease of Brassica juncea mustard. The most efficient and cost effective way of protecting mustard plants from white rust is through genetic resistance. The development of canola quality B. juncea through interspecific crosses of B. juncea with Brassica napus has lead to the introgression of white rust resistance from B. napus into B. juncea. The objective of this study was to identify DNA markers for white rust resistance, derived from the introgressed B. napus chromosome segment, in a BC(3)F(2) population of condiment B. juncea mustard. This segregating population was phenotyped for white rust reaction and used to screen for AFLP markers associated with white rust resistance using bulked segregant analysis. Segregation data indicated that a single dominant gene controlled resistance to white rust. Eight AFLP markers linked to white rust resistance were identified, all derived from B. napus. The B. napus chromosome segment, carrying the white rust resistance gene ( Ac2V(1)), appeared to have recombined with the B. juncea DNA since recombinant individuals were identified. Comparative mapping of the eight B. napus-derived AFLP markers in a typical B. napus mapping population was inconclusive; therefore, the size of the introgressed B. napus fragment could not be determined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Human and animal fascioliasis in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.

The fascioliasis situation in humans and livestock of Iranian Mazandaran is analysed for the first time. Coprological studies showed 7.3% and 25.4% global prevalences in sheep and cattle, respectively. Studies in slaughterhouses indicate that sheep and cattle may be the main reservoir species, buffaloes may play local roles in the transmission, and goats and horses probably only participate sporadically. Morphometric studies by computer image analysis showed that forms intermediate between Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica appear in addition to both species. A total of 107 infected humans were diagnosed during the 1999-2002 period, which suggests that fascioliasis may be widespread. The absence of differences in human fascioliasis among gender and age groups differs from other human endemic areas. Both human and animal infections show marked differences between western and eastern Mazandaran. Traditions in herbal condiments for human consumption, methods of animal husbandry and annual rainfall may explain the higher prevalences in western Mazandaran.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of BjGL1-knockout Brassica juncea: novel insights into leaf trichome formation.

Brassica juncea is a common cruciferous crop, which can be used not only for oil extraction but also as condiments and medicinal materials. It is regarded by both traditional medicine and modern nutrition science as a food with combined dietary and health promoting value. Leaf trichomes are hair-like structures differentiated from epidermal cells and constitute an important barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses, playing a crucial role in enhancing plant resistance and thus possessing significant scientific relevance. In this study, the phenotype and gene editing site of BjA06.GL1 and BjB02.GL1 knockout mustard T1 generation plants were identified. Then, RNA sequencing was performed to compare the leaf transcriptome profiles between gene-edited lines and wild-type plants, with the aim of elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms by which BjGL1 controls leaf trichome development and associated biological processes in mustard. The sequencing data showed that, on average, 90.64% of the reads uniquely aligned to the Brassica juncea (Xuecai) reference genome. A total of 4,604 differentially expressed genes were identified in this study. Compared with the gene knockout mutant, 1,831 genes were significantly upregulated and 2,773 genes were downregulated in mustard leaves with trichomes. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to cytochrome P450 (CYP), transporters, environmental adaptation, and plant-pathogen interactions. These pathways are closely associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transmembrane transport, and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen defense. qRT-PCR validation confirmed consistent expression trends of trichome regulatory genes screened from transcriptome data. This study provides an important theoretical basis for elucidating molecular mechanisms potentially contributing to trichome formation in mustard.

Mustard Plant↗