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PubMed1970

[Not Available].

An important scientific problem is discussed--the formation of human ideas about health as a national property. Based on positions of class differentiation and party, the authors attempt to elucidate the meaning and essence of this basic notion, equally from the standpoint of medicine and history, and from the standpoint of science in general. Man's health is not merely personal, individual or familial concern. It is conditioned, first and foremost, on a social ground. In this case, the social-economical conditions play a decisive role. The health of people is socially substantiated--attainable by all. On its part, it exerts effect upon the social conditions and society. In socialism and communism only are really human conditions created for the proper development of mankind, not merely in moral and cultural respect, but also in terms of improving vital functions and health state.

Communism↗
PubMed1970

[Not Available].

Heroism is described as a characteristic feature of the medical workers throughout the world, and particularly those from the socialist countries where a new, imbued by deep humanism society is being constructed. On the basis of numerous facts recorded, the author illustrates the unheard of heroism and self-renunciation of hundreds and hundreds of medical workers from many countries during the fulfilling of their human duty toward the casualty victims under most different circumstances--in peace, wars, revolutions and various social catastrophies. Facts are set forth proving the outstanding heroism of Russian and Soviet medical workers, of Bulgarian, Yugoslav, Polish, Czechoslovak and other physicians, who dedicated their work and lives to the welfare of peoples and for the victory of humanism and communism.

Altruism↗
PubMed1992

Polish migration policies: challenges and dilemmas.

Following a brief historical overview of Polish migration policies and trends, current post-Communism migration is examined. The focus is on "two...types of Polish emigration.... The first, continuing over the last two decades, is temporary labor emigration, when emigres spend two to three years (especially overseas) or a few months (in Western Europe) working outside of Poland. The second model of movement of Poles abroad is short-term private business excursions to different regions of Europe and Asia." The author examines "which migration policies will be beneficial to Poland's political and economic systems, as the country enters a new phase of development."

Communism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ivan Pavlov on communist dogmatism and the autonomy of science in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s. 1923.

On 25 September, 1923, two days before his 74th birthday, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov stood before a class of medical students assembled in the auditorium of his Alma Mater, the Military Medical Academy in Leningrad. Pavlov, the recipient of the Nobel prize in medicine in 1904 for his work in physiology, was about to address his first class of the new academic year, and, as was his custom, he had prepared his first lecture on a general theme. This was an especially significant address, however, for in it Pavlov reviewed the impressions he had gathered during his travels in Western Europe and the United States in the summer of 1923, and he criticised the prevailing ideology of Soviet communism by attacking the ideas of Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, then the leading expositor of Bolshevik Marxism. An English translation of the lecture is printed below.

Communism↗
PubMed2004

Disabled children and their families in Ukraine: health and mental health issues for families caring for their disabled child at home.

In the Eastern European countries included in the communist system of the USSR, parents of disabled children were encouraged to commit their disabled child to institutional care. There were strict legal regulations excluding them from schools. Medical assessments were used for care decisions. Nevertheless many parents decided to care for their disabled child at home within the family. Ukraine became an independent country in 1991, when communism was replaced by liberal democracy within a free market system. Western solutions have been sought for many social problems existing, but 'hidden,' under the old regime. For more of the parents of disabled children, this has meant embracing ideas of caring for their disabled children in the community, and providing for their social, educational, and medical needs, which have previously been denied. The issue of disability is a serious one for Ukraine where the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986 caused extensive radiation poisoning. This almost certainly led to an increase in the number of disabled children being born and an increase in the incidence of various forms of cancer. This paper is based on a series of observation visits to some of the many self-help groups established by parents, usually mothers, for their disabled children. It draws attention to the emotional stress experienced both by parents and their disabled children in the process of attempting to come to terms with the disabling conditions, and the denial of the normal rights of childhood resulting from prejudice, poor resources, ignorance, and restrictive legislation. Attempts have been made to identify the possible role and tasks of professional social workers within this context. International comparisons show that many parents and their children do not benefit from the medical model of disability, and that serious consequences include the development of depressive illness among those who find that little help is available from public services.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1989

[Development of a moral consciousness in medical schools].

In the conditions of developed socialism, changes in social consciousness are also reflected in one of its forms - the morals. The problems of moral education as an inseparable part of communist education is coming to the foreground. It plays its role in all the stages of the education system, having its unsubstitutable place also in the conditions of universities and technical colleges, the faculties of medicine not excluding. It is its task to form the personality of the student and graduate, to make them, among others, acquire the moral codex of a builder of communism (habits of moral behaviour in professional activities - medical ethics). Such crucial situations must be found that are of cardinal importance for the formation of the medical student's moral profile (transition from the secondary school to university, entering the clinic, meeting the patient, running health institutions, positive and negative influences in the health service). The student must live the moral situation, obtain the experience from moral acting on his own self and be an active participant in the events creating his moral qualities, primarily in collective conditions. We stress the necessity of engagement - mobilisation of students to all-round social activities, connection of the theoretical findings of marxist ethics with their particular problems and actual activities. A special accent is laid on the method of personal example, the moral example of the university teacher himself, in the first place his authority based on all the progressive components of his personality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Communism↗
PubMed1995

Oppression's influence on behavior: first hand impressions.

This author, who has been in Latvia every year since 1989 to teach, consult, observe health care and hold seminars for nurses, discusses conditions as she has viewed them in Latvia after the demise of Communism and attempts to explain with the use of theory why conditions exist which prevent the full implementation and acceptance of democracy using oppressed group theory.

Codependency, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Russian child mental health--a cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The fall of communism and subsequent economic crises have been followed by major social and health problems. High rates of child mental health problems are frequently cited by the Russian media, though there is little relevant evidence. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associations of child mental health problems in Russia using internationally recognised measures and diagnostic systems. METHOD: A two-stage, two-phase cross-sectional survey of the mental health of 7- to 14-year-olds involved random sampling of schools, followed by random sampling of pupils from school lists. A sample of 448 children was obtained, representing an 83% participation rate. In the first phase, screening measures of psychopathology and risk were administered to parents, teachers and 11- to 14-year-olds. In the second phase, more detailed psychiatric assessments were carried out for subgroups of screen-positive and screen-negative children (N=172). RESULTS: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder was about 70% higher than that recently found in Britain with comparable measures, but there were few differences between Britain and Russia in type of disorder or key risk factors. CONCLUSION: There is a pressing need for evidence-based mental health treatments to be made widely available to Russian children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine.

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany.

BACKGROUND: Several surveys in children and adults have shown significantly lower prevalences of asthma and allergic diseases in eastern Europe than in western countries. In the former East Germany tremendous changes towards western lifestyle have occurred since unification. The aim of this survey was to investigate time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases among children living in the eastern part of Germany. METHODS: In 1995-96, 2334 (87.5%) schoolchildren in Leipzig participated in a cross-sectional study that used the same methods as a previous survey done shortly after the fall of communism in 1991-92. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the parents. Children underwent cold-air challenge and allergy skinprick tests to six common aeroallergens. FINDINGS: The prevalence of hay fever (2.3% [34/1454] vs 5.1% [115/2252], p<0.0001) and atopic sensitisation (19.3% [252/1303] vs 26.7% [434/1624], p<0.0001) increased significantly between 1991-92 and 1995-96. However, there was no significant change in the prevalence of asthma, asthma-related symptoms, or bronchial hyper-responsiveness. INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest important differences in the development of atopic disorders. The children were born about 3 years before unification and were therefore exposed to western living conditions only after the third birthday. Thus, factors operating very early in life may be particularly important for the acquisition of childhood asthma, whereas the development of atopic sensitisation and hay fever may also be affected by environmental factors occurring beyond infancy.

Asthma↗
PubMed2000

Changing patterns of death and dying.

This paper reviews changing patterns of mortality worldwide, paying particular attention to differences between developed and developing countries and the consequences of demographic and epidemiological transitions. These involve gains in life expectancy and a shift from infectious to degenerative conditions as causes of death. Reversals to these transitions in certain Eastern European and African countries, due respectively to the social disorganisation accompanying the collapse of communism and to AIDS is described. The implications of changing population structures for the experience of old age and dying are explored and gender and socio-economic differences within countries is highlighted. The current state of knowledge about differences in the dying trajectories of different causes of death is summarised and gaps in this knowledge identified. The availability of lay health care in the community at different points in the demographic transition is described, and the problems and dilemmas of formal health care provision for dying people in both developed and developing countries outlined, including an analysis of the reasons for public support for euthanasia in some Western countries. In particular, the appropriateness of models of specialist palliative care outside the cultures in which such care originally developed is questioned. Finally, there is discussion of the extent to which medical and scientific measures erode traditional religious consolations for the problems involved in dying and bereavement.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Terrorism in Colombia.

Colombia is a poor country that has been plagued by ongoing violence for more than 120 years. During the 1940s, subversive terrorist groups emerged in rural areas of the country when criminal groups came under the influence of Communism, and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) or National Liberation Army and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionares de Colombia (FARC) or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). Paramilitary terrorist groups emerged in response to subversive groups and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) or United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. Terrorism has placed an enormous burden on modern Colombia. From 1995 to 2002, 9,435 people were killed by terrorism-related events, of which 5,864 were killed by subversive terrorist activities and 3,571 were killed by paramilitary terrorist activities. In 2002, at least nineteen attacks produced 10 or more casualties, of which 18 were bombings. In 2002, terrorists killed at least 12 mayors, 71 legislators, and internally displaced 300,000 persons from their homes. Since terrorist groups in Colombia are typically supported by drug manufacturing and trafficking, it has been difficult at times to distinguish violence due to terrorism from violence due to illicit drug trafficking. Terrorism has also had a major adverse effect on the economy, with restricted travel, loss of economic resources, and lack of economic investment. In addition to political, military, and commercial targets, terrorists have specifically targeted healthcare infrastructure and personnel. At the national and local levels, much emergency planning and preparedness has taken place for terrorism-related events. The Centro Regulador de Urgencias (CRU) or Emergency Regulation Center in Bogota plays a major role in coordinating local prehospital and hospital emergency response in the capital city and the national level where necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Institutionalization, behavior, and international adoption.

International adoption represents about 10% of all adoptions in the United States annually. With the fall of communism, increased numbers of children have been adopted from former communist countries. These children bring to their families unique risks and difficulties. This article presents behavioral data on one group of international adoptees from Romania (n = 216), comparing their behavior to normative behavior data and to a sample of domestically adopted children (n = 61). Results suggest that Romanian adoptees have more behavior problems than typical children, although not as severe as children getting mental health services. At the same time, their behavior is similar to domestically adopted children. Implications for policy and practice are reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Oral healthcare in transition in Eastern Europe.

Big changes have occurred in the oral healthcare delivery systems of most Eastern European countries since the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the demise of communism in the former USSR in 1991. In the new situation it was necessary to reform the political and social systems including healthcare. Reforms were started to improve the economy and, in comparison with Western Europe, the generally lower living standards. It is difficult to obtain comprehensive data on oral healthcare in Eastern European countries but this paper reports data from nine countries and provides a 'macro' view of the current situation in these countries. Many countries seem to have adopted a Bismarckian model for the provision of oral healthcare based on a sickness insurance system.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Peacekeeping and peacemaking: the conceptual foundations of a plan to reduce violence and improve the quality of life in a midsized community in Jamaica.

Thomas Jefferson noted that social ills breed economic ills and vice versa. An endless regress can occur with violence and mayhem as a chorus: Every community in the world has its own thresholds and patterns of violence, and communities experience varied levels of deterioration of safety with a reciprocal increase in violence. The United States, having undergone 200 years of social evolution as an independent nation, has a spiraling problem with violence. Jamaica, with only recent independence from British sovereignty, is an ideal crucible for the study of evolution of violence in a very young democracy and, hopefully, to identify problems and provide some solutions. Having gained independence from British rule in 1962, Jamaica immediately demonstrated a facile experimentation with forms of government that differed dramatically from what had been previously experienced under the rather rigid, autocratic British administration. In its 33 years of independence, this country has gone through some extraordinary shifts. An initial courtship with Communist theory led to a destructive liaison with Fidel Castro's version of Marxism. During this brief interlude, the intellectual ideals of equality and peace came into direct contrast with facts of a failing Communist regime. During this period, there was a steady exodus of wealthy Jamaican families for whom heavy taxation threatened financial ruin. The prime minister, the Honorable Michael Manley, a highly sophisticated left-wing intellectual liberal, soon realized the political cost of the alliance with his Caribbean neighbor, Fidel Castro, who was then and is now dedicated to old-fashioned, state-controlled Communism. He attempted to return to a free-market democracy with financial foundations that were, by then, very shaky. To succeed in a project to reduce violence and improve the quality of life, the entire community needs to be involved. From our work in countries where community projects were primarily financed by federal and state agencies, we were aware that the participation of private citizens in projects was essential for success. Commitment has an added intensity when personal time and funding is involved. Prime Minister Manley enthusiastically embraced and inspired this project, believing that it embodied the fundamental principles of democratic involvement to which he was committed. When the authors personally presented their plan to him, he accepted it immediately and with an obvious personal sense of urgency. Illness led him to resign the post of Prime Minister in 1993, but his successor, Mr. P.J. Patterson, has continued in the same committed, democratic mode.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lighting a candle in the Romanian darkness.

Medical students in the Romanian city of Cluj came together to form 'Asklepyos', the Medical and Social Aid Organisation, in the aftermath of the 1989 revolt. Their initial concern with bringing comfort and material help to those most at risk as already depleted state agencies seized up, soon extended to championing the rights to orphans and handicapped people. Asklepyos won the respect and direct backing of western relief agencies because of its professionalism and idealism, attributes in short supply in a country profoundly damaged by the Ceausescu dictatorship. However, it has incurred the hostility of the state on account of its intention to encourage people to co-operate for social goals independent of compromised state agencies. In a society where self-organising associations have been hampered by personality disputes, ethnic suspicions, and past associations with communism, Asklepyos is recognised to be an exceptional initiative. If it founders, this may suggest that the chances of civil society being revitalised in Romania are currently bleak.

Altruism↗
PubMed1995

The role of law enforcement in minimizing the harm resulting from illicit drugs.

Illicit drugs have become a major global problem in recent decades following considerable recent political change, including the collapse of communism and the formation of international super-states to increase trade. Despite increasing collaboration between law enforcement authorities in different countries, illicit drug problems appear likely to increase in the future because of the vast profits available, continuing (and increasing) demand and more permissive attitudes concerning drugs among young people. While rejecting legalization or decriminalization, the search for more effective responses by law enforcement authorities and the community generally must be stepped up. Police services continue to play an important role restricting the availability of illicit drugs but increasing emphasis needs to be given to reducing demand, including more available and more effective preventive drug education in schools. Police also need to work with harm reduction approaches devised to reduce the negative consequences of drug use for those who continue to use illicit drugs. New measures proposed in Britain are outlined. These stress the importance of a multi-sectoral approach operating at both national and local levels with the objective of reducing drug-related crime, reducing the acceptability and availability of illicit drugs and reducing the harmful consequences of illicit drug use. Harm reduction requires a commitment for close collaboration between police and drug treatment services to maximize the effectiveness of needle-exchange schemes and other harm reduction approaches. Cautioning, now commonly used in Britain for selected minor drug offences, has a number of benefits including reducing criminal justice costs. Greater emphasis must be placed on diversion schemes involving close links between police and drug treatment services. Future progress requires firm commitments to providing adequate and effective drug treatment services, conducting research to develop and evaluate more effective diversion schemes, improving collaboration between sectors and effective leadership. In addition to the major costs of illicit drug use to the community, the huge cost to individuals must remain a major focus driving the search for more effective responses to the problems resulting from illicit drugs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Does ideology transcend culture? A preliminary examination in Romania.

This article represents a preliminary attempt to develop a culturally universal structural model of ideology. In Study 1, an indigenous model of Romanian ideology was developed. The structural model was created by converting 245 dictionary definitions of Romanian ideological concepts into questionnaire items. Using a sample of 420 Romanians, the most replicable structure indicated four broad dimensions that appeared to roughly correspond to the four factors in Saucier's (2000) American model of ideology. Study 2 replicated the structural model and compared it with existing ideological measures. Authoritarianism and traditional religiosity were a key component of the largest factor. Communism and some aspects of social dominance orientation were key components of the second largest factor. The findings may represent the beginnings of a culturally universal structure model of ideology.

Adult↗