Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CITY PLANNING”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Opportunities and risks in Philadelphia's capitation financing of public psychiatric services.

The city of Philadelphia was one of nine sites selected by the Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Foundation and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to receive five-year funding to improve the delivery, quality and cost efficiency of public mental health services to its chronically mentally ill population. As part of the RWJ project, the city plans to restructure its delivery and reimbursement system, creating a not-for-profit central authority which will function as a health insurance organization (HIO) responsible for coordinating and managing psychiatric care to Medicaid clients. Operating under a model of capitation, the central authority will employ diverse funding mechanisms to finance and manage service delivery. This paper examines the benefits and risks inherent in the reorganization of Philadelphia's mental health service system under a capitation financing model. Issues considered include cost and utilization patterns, treatment outcomes, providers and their staffing patterns, service mix and the overall impact of capitation on clients.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring urbanization of Iskenderun, Turkey, and its negative implications.

This study aimed to analyze long-term urban land use (LU) change and its negative implications on the coastal environment of Iskenderun, Turkey. Information on urban LU change for the 144-year period between 1858 and 2002 was extracted from a historic city plan, black-white monoscopic aerial photographs, and Landsat ETM+ imagery. According to the results, areal extent of urban areas has increased approximately 40 times during the past 144 years. The population growth as a result of industrial developments and permanent migration was main driving force to the urbanization. Environmental problems that resulted from rapid development in the region such as air, water and soil pollution were highlighted and some recommendations were made in the light of qualitative and quantitative information on the urbanization and its negative consequences.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1989

Quality assurance for HIV-related care.

Now that models of care for numerous HIV-related conditions have been defined, a knowledge base exists for developing protocols of appropriate, high-quality care for HIV-infected patients. Bronx Municipal Hospital Center in New York City plans to implement a monitoring and evaluation program for HIV-related care that would establish protocols and indicators of quality and appropriateness, monitor compliance with protocols, and generate recommendations for improving care. At present, Bronx Municipal's AIDS consultation service has drafted guidelines for developing indicators of appropriate diagnosis, clinical course, and drug usage for HIV-infected patients, as well as guidelines for reviewing medical records.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment.

Research and teaching in environmental health have centered on the hazardous effects of various environmental exposures, such as toxic chemicals, radiation, and biological and physical agents. However, some kinds of environmental exposures may have positive health effects. According to E.O. Wilson's "biophilia" hypothesis, humans are innately attracted to other living organisms. Later authors have expanded this concept to suggest that humans have an innate bond with nature more generally. This implies that certain kinds of contact with the natural world may benefit health. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented from four aspects of the natural world: animals, plants, landscapes, and wilderness. Finally, the implications of this hypothesis for a broader agenda for environmental health, encompassing not only toxic outcomes but also salutary ones, are discussed. This agenda implies research on a range of potentially healthful environmental exposures, collaboration among professionals in a range of disciplines from public health to landscape architecture to city planning, and interventions based on research outcomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms.

We investigated 10 naturally ventilated schools in Shanghai, in winter. Pupils (13-14 years) in 30 classes received a questionnaire, 1414 participated (99%). Classroom temperatures were 13-21 degrees C (mean 17 degrees C), relative air humidity was 36-82% (mean 56%). The air exchange rate was 2.9-29.4 ac/h (mean 9.1), because of window opening. Mean CO2 exceeded 1000 ppm in 45% of the classrooms. NO2 levels were 33-85 microg/m3 indoors, and 45-80 microg/m3 outdoors. Ozone were 1-9 microg/m3 indoors and 17-28 microg/m3 outdoors. In total, 8.9% had doctors' diagnosed asthma, 3.1% wheeze, 23.0% daytime breathlessness, 2.4% current asthma, and 2.3% asthma medication. Multiple logistic regression was applied. Observed indoor molds was associated with asthma attacks [odds ratio (OR) = 2.40: P < 0.05]. Indoor temperature was associated with daytime breathlessness (OR = 1.26 for 1 C; P < 0.001), and indoor CO2 with current asthma (OR = 1.18 for 100 ppm; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.15 for 100 ppm; P < 0.05). Indoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.51 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.45 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01). Outdoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.44 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.05). Indoor and outdoor ozone was negatively associated with daytime breathlessness. In conclusion, asthma symptoms among pupils in Shanghai can be influenced by lack of ventilation and outdoor air pollution from traffic. Practical Implications Most urban schools in Asia are naturally ventilated buildings, often situated in areas with heavy ambient air pollution from industry or traffic. The classes are large, and window opening is the only way to remove indoor pollutants, but this results in increased exposure to outdoor air pollution. There is a clear need to improve the indoor environment in these schools. Building dampness and indoor mold growth should be avoided, and the concept of mechanical ventilation should be introduced. City planning aiming to situate new schools away from roads with heavy traffic should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Obesity. Workshop III. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health.

The workshop provided the opportunity to discuss issues and develop and integrate ideas. The following recommendations for public policies, education programs, and high-priority research initiatives were developed: Recommendations for Public Policies: Focus on prevention by requiring school programs to emphasize appropriate diet, physical activity, and general health guidance to promote cardiovascular health and prevent disease through federal funding. Provide better access to exercise (city planning, work-site interventions). Influence food availability and accessibility. Influence reimbursement policies for effective early intervention and prevention strategies for obesity. Reevaluate policies for use of drugs in the treatment of obesity. Recommendations for Education Programs: Sponsor scientific workshop to: Define the most appropriate weight standards for prevention and treatment. Identify who should lose weight and why, when, and how. Promote the fact that obesity is an important health risk factor, even at moderate levels, and that excess visceral fat is particularly hazardous. Target health care professionals, consumers, and the media for education about: Nature of obesity as a heterogeneous syndrome. Recommendations for diet, exercise, behavioral interventions, drugs, and surgery. Recognition of special needs of populations of different ethnicity, gender, age, etc. State-of-the-art treatment and treatment programs. High-Priority Research Initiatives: Build better bridges between basic research and treatment/prevention practices. Acknowledge that obesity is a heterogeneous syndrome that may best be characterized as different obesities. Research on defining subtypes. Implications for etiology and treatment. Better characterization of genotypes and phenotypes. Study the effects of weight loss, weight gain,and weight cycling on medical and psychosocial outcomes and mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Territorial jurisdiction of sanitary risk and demographic statistics: the "tuberculous buildings" of the unhealthy block of Saint-Gervais (1894-1930)].

The assumption of contagion is often employed as an argument for the demarcation of areas considered dangerous to public health. This article examines how it was used in the case of the insalubrious district of Saint Gervais (Paris). The district was identified thanks to statistics available from the health records of Parisian apartment houses, which have been kept since 1894. The author's main concern is the existence of "maisons meurtrières (deathtraps) denounced by contemporary documents although deaths from tuberculosis were progressively decreasing. The examination of statistics giving the number of inhabitants and fatalities from tuberculosis in each apartment building shows that, with the exception of those with furnished rooms, only a small proportion of these dwellings actually had a high death rate from tuberculosis between 1894 and 1930. It also shows that the delimitation of the insalubrious area was based on the idea that the illness was irreversible, allowing the "deathtraps" discovered in earlier stages to be added to those found in each subsequent check. This method made it possible to designate "infected districts" and to justify a policy of city planning.

France↗
PubMed2002

[From a view of the wheelchair users--a training report of the students on barrier-free environment in Sapporo].

This short report describes what we learned from our training session on the use of the wheelchair in the various parts of Sapporo City. The session was conducted in July 2000 as one of the public health field training programs for fourth-year medical students of Hokkaido University School of Medicine. We, as a set of 5 people with the wheelchair, actually toured the street, subways, big department stores, banks, and other public facilities and buildings to assess their social and physical environment in a context of barrier-free society, so that some suggestions may be given to the City for the development of an appropriate welfare system. We also evaluated people's attitudes to the wheelchair users. We learned that 1) it is not easy for the wheelchair users to move around; it's much more difficult than we thought; 2) there are a lot of barriers and obstacles in a social environment for the wheelchair users; 3) many people have not noticed these barriers. This training was very instrumental in terms of understanding the barrier-free environment from the view of wheelchair users. Comprehensive city planning is necessary to accommodate the various individuals and senior citizens with different handicaps. Furthermore, our own view of a barrier-free society must be changed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Ways of improving settlement in West Siberia.

"[This] paper devoted to the settlement system and the problem of rural population loss in that portion of West Siberia having a significant agricultural base takes issue with some implicit assumptions incorporated within the General Scheme of Settlement within the USSR. More specifically, policies calling for the deliberate, i.e., forced, resettlement of rural population in selected villages in order to provide economies of scale in rural services provision are criticized on two major counts: (1) that such 'enlarged' settlements will still be too small to be allocated the necessary range of functions according to standard city-planning formulae, and (2) that they accelerate rural depopulation by serving as spring-boards for migration to still larger centers."

Demography↗
PubMed1989

The Soviet Far East: a report on urban and rural settlement and population change, 1966-1989.

"This article provides a general overview of trends in urban-rural population change and evolution of the settlement system in the Soviet Far East since 1966, incorporating data published in the recent national statistical yearbooks and the preliminary 1989 census report....Total population in the Soviet Far East increased from 5,435,000 in 1966 to 7,941,000 by January 12, 1989, with the share of the urban population now comprising over three-quarters of the total. Migration patterns into and out of the region are discussed and cities planned for expansion are identified."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

[Hazards of radio frequency magnetic field and their prevention and control].

The paper briefs the sources of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field, their hazards to human health and the hygienic standards of RF electro-magnetic field for occupational exposure and for general population exposure. Based on the physical properties of RF electromagnetic field, the author put forward the comprehensive measures for controlling the electromagnetic radiation to meet the hygienic standards. These measures are improvement of the technology to lower the intensity of RF electromagnetic radiation, shielding the RF radiation sources to reduce the radio frequency levels in accessible areas, increasing the distance between the sources and human, and using personal RF protecting devices in area of high radio frequency levels, etc.. In protecting the general population from exposing to RF radiation, measures keeping a safe distance between the sources and the public play very important role, in which good city planning and the effective control of new and existing RF sources are very important. Referring to the RF electromagnetic problems by using electrical devices in the household, different measures based on the above principles for controlling RF hazards are also cited.

Cataract↗
PubMed1991

Study of noise pollution in Jeddah hospitals.

The present study was conducted on a sample of 6 hospitals in Jeddah to investigate the status of noise pollution there, and as related to community background noise, operational activities, hospital size and operational concepts (public vs private). Generally, the levels of noise in the clinics, patient rooms, offices, waiting areas and corridors significantly exceed the recommended standard. The noise levels in the machinery rooms significantly exceed the levels in offices, waiting areas and corridors which, in turn, significantly exceed the levels in clinics and patient rooms. Background community noise has a little impact on indoor noise due to the construction characteristics of the hospitals' buildings. However, "operational noise" from machinery and from the move of public (patients, attendants and employees) significantly contribute to indoor noise. Proper site location, city planning, traffic engineering, building construction, equipment selection, construction and equipment maintenance, and system management have been recommended for the abatement of hospital noise pollution.

Health Facility Environment↗
PubMed1996

[Prevention during building construction against electromagnetic fields caused by high voltage electric lines--principles and risk evaluation].

A growing body of evidence by new risk assessments concerning permanent exposure to low level, extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields shows, a moderate long-term risk. This possible long-term risk makes it necessary to think about prudent avoidance in city planning. There is no Federal German legislation to make prevention mandatory. The risk assessments are based on epidemiological investigations of a relationship between residential locations of children in the vicinity of power lines and incidence of leukemia. The study design of recent studies has been essentially optimised compared to previous ones. The investigations have been carried out independently. The overall conclusion is more in favour of a relationship than against it. In Hamburg a preventive practice was established several years ago. Safe distances between power lines and new apartment houses are taken into account. Other concepts of avoidance are presented. These may be guided by values of magnetic fields or can be expressed by security distances, as can be shown by international examples.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1962

The city of Calgary plan for natural disaster.

THE DETAILS OF A PLAN TO COPE WITH ANY NATURAL DISASTER IN THE CITY OF CALGARY OR SURROUNDING AREA ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF: (1) the method of alerting personnel, (2) the mobilization of hospital authorities, additional hospital personnel, Civil Defence volunteers and Emergency Service facilities to deal with large numbers of injured victims; and (3) arrangements for the collection, feeding, clothing and temporary rehousing of those rendered homeless and deprived of the basic essentials of life.

Civil Defense↗