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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effects of chloralose-urethane anesthesia on single-axon reciprocal Ia IPSPs in the cat.

Reciprocal Ia inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated by single afferents have been recorded with signal averaging in unanesthetized ischemic-decapitate cats for comparison with measurements previously obtained from preparations anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and urethane. The results are similar to those which we obtained recently for single-axon recurrent IPSPs. Together, the studies show that chloralose-urethane anesthesia has a depressant effect on two widely studied circuits in the mammalian spinal cord.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

The anesthetic agents pentobarbital and chloralose block phase shifts of a neuronal in vitro circadian pacemaker.

The anesthetic pentobarbital (6 mM) is capable of blocking light or high K(+)-induced phase shifts of the circadian pacemaker in the isolated eye of Bulla. Pentobarbital alone was effective in generating phase shifts consistent with phase response curves obtained to either extracellular low Ca2+ or hyperpolarizing pulses. Patch clamp recordings from the circadian pacemaker cells indicate that pentobarbital reduces the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ current. Together, these data suggest that pentobarbital acts on the pacemaker by reducing an inward Ca2+ current. Chloralose (3 mM) was effective in blocking light, but not high K(+)-induced phase shifts, and did not generate phase shifts when applied alone, suggesting that chloralose may act as a weak Ca2+ channel inhibitor.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Metabolic alterations in focally activated primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats measured by 1H MRS at 11.7 T.

Previously, magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of alterations in cerebral metabolite concentration during functional activation have been focused on phosphocreatine using 31P MRS and lactate using 1H MRS with controversial results. Recently, significant improvements on the spectral resolution and sensitivity of in vivo spectroscopy have been made at ultrahigh magnetic field strength. Using highly resolved localized short-TE 1H MRS at 11.7 T, we report metabolic responses of rat somatosensory cortex to forepaw stimulation in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats. The phosphocreatine/creatine ratio was found to be significantly decreased by 15.1 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.01). Lactate remained very low (approximately <0.3 micromol/g w/w) with no statistically significant changes observed during forepaw stimulation at a temporal resolution of 10.7 min. An increase in glutamine and a decrease in glutamate and myo-inositol were also detected in the stimulated state. Our results suggest that, under the experimental conditions used in this study, increased energy consumption due to focal activation causes a shift in the creatine kinase reaction towards the direction of adenosine triphosphate production. At the same time, metabolic matching prevails during increased energy consumption with no significant increase in the glycolytic product lactate in the focally activated primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed2006

Increased oxygen consumption in the somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats during forepaw stimulation determined using MRS at 11.7 Tesla.

The significance of changes in cerebral oxygen consumption in focally activated brain tissue is still controversial. Since the rate of cerebral oxygen consumption is tightly coupled to that of tricarboxylic acid cycle which can be measured from the turnover kinetics of [4-(13)C]glutamate using in vivo (1)H{(13)C} magnetic resonance spectroscopy, changes in tricarboxylic acid cycle flux rate were assessed in primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats during electrical forepaw stimulation. With markedly improved (1)H{(13)C} magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique and the use of high magnetic field strength of 11.7 T accessible to the current study, [4-(13)C]glutamate at 2.35 ppm was spectrally resolved from overlapping resonances of [4-(13)C]glutamine at 2.46 ppm and [2-(13)C]GABA at 2.28 ppm as well as the more distal [3-(13)C]glutamate and [3-(13)C]glutamine. The results showed a significantly increased V(TCA) in focally activated primary somatosensory cortex during forepaw stimulation, corresponding to approximately 51 +/- 27% (n = 6, mean +/- SD) increase in cerebral oxygen consumption rate. Considering the high efficiency in producing adenosine triphosphate by oxidative metabolism of glucose, the results demonstrate that aerobic oxidative metabolism provides the majority of energy required for cerebral focal activation in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats subjected to forepaw stimulation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Alpha-chloralose poisoning in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 33 canine and 13 feline confirmed cases.

Alpha-chloralose (AC) is an anaesthetic compound also used as a rodenticide, and has dose-dependent central nervous system mixed effects of excitation and depression. The objectives of this study were to detail the clinical and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the treatment and prognosis, of AC toxicosis in dogs and cats. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for AC poisoning between the years 1989 and 2004, and 33 dogs and 13 cats were included in the study. The most common clinical signs were seizures, muscle tremor, hyperaesthesia, hypothermia, salivation, myosis, stupor, coma and ataxia. Coma was more common, while salivation and ataxia were less common in cats compared to dogs. Although hypothermia was very common, especially in cats (90.9%), hyperthermia was frequently observed in dogs (21%). Treatment in all patients was supportive and symptomatic, and the most commonly used anticonvulsants were diazepam and barbiturates; however, severe unresponsive seizures in three dogs had to be controlled with inhalant gas anaesthesia. The hospitalisation period was 1-3 days, and the overall mortality rate was 6.5%. Alpha-chloralose poisoning seems to have a favourable prognosis in dogs and cats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Intensification of the metabolic acidosis induced under alpha-chloralose anaesthesia with graded increase in the dose.

Surgical anaesthesia between planes 2-3 with alpha-chloralose in dogs induced simultaneous depression of ventilation viz., low oxygen (PaO2) tension, high carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tension and H+ion homeostasis (high base deficit). The anaesthesia on the aforesaid planes could be achieved only by doses not below 100 mg/kg. The progressive increase in the administered dose between 100 and 200 mg/kg did not alter the acid-base profile. Further increase beyond 200 mg/kg dose was followed by a steep increase in the base deficit enhancing H+ion (cH+) concentration. However, the steep fall in PaO2 accompanied by steep rise in PaCO2 was observed only when the dose was above 250 mg/kg. The findings in the present study indicated that depression of H+ion homeostasis under chloralose anaesthesia was induced by neural mechanism independent of respiratory centres.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1998

The effects of epidural morphine on cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats.

BACKGROUND: Epidural morphine yields postoperative pain relief and hemodynamic stability. However, the effects of epidural morphine on sympathetic tone are unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of epidural morphine on cardiac (CSNA) and renal (RSNA) sympathetic nerve activity by direct measurement in anesthetized cats. METHODS: Thirty mongrel cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups: control (0.2 ml/kg thoracic epidural normal saline; n=5); thoracic epidural morphine (n=9); lumbar epidural morphine (n=6); vagotomized, sinoaortic denervated, thoracic epidural morphine (n=5); or intravenous morphine (n=5). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), CSNA, and RSNA were measured 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after saline or morphine (200 microg/kg) administration and 15 min after reversal with 200 microg naloxone given intravenously. RESULTS: In the control group, no changes in measured variables were found after either thoracic epidural saline or intravenous naloxone. Thoracic and lumbar epidural morphine both significantly reduced MAP, HR, CSNA, and RSNA 30 through 120 min after morphine administration (P < 0.05). These changes were reversed by intravenous naloxone. Changes after thoracic epidural morphine administration in vagotomized, baroreceptor-denervated cats were similar to those in intact cats. Intravenous morphine produced no significant changes except for a decrease in MAP, which was reversed by intravenous naloxone. CONCLUSION: In contrast to intravenous morphine, thoracic and lumbar epidural morphine both inhibited cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity and consequently reduced MAP and HR in alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1985

An increase in metabolic acidosis induced by chloralose anaesthesia in dogs after sino-vagal denervation.

Chloralose anaesthesia in dogs increased the H+ ion concentration significantly from its reference values. The findings favoured that it was most probably engendered through anaesthetic depression of neural centre regulating H+ ion concentration of blood. Such increase was largely contributed by a significant increase in its metabolic fraction. A further increase of metabolic fraction after separate and joint section of carotid sinus nerves and vagi indicated their holding effect. The section of carotid sinus nerve induced greater increase in this fraction than that of vagi. It indicated differences between the two nerves in their metabolic fraction controlling influence. Hyperpnoea after vagi section decreased the carbonic acid fraction, whereas marginally reduced ventilation after carotid sinus nerve section increased the carbonic acid fraction. Moreover, the overall changes in H+ ion concentration followed the changes in carbonic acid fraction. The present study suggested that the depressive effect of chloralose anaesthesia on H+ ion controlling neural mechanism could be largely determined by degree of increase in its metabolic fraction.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1992

Effect of alpha-chloralose, halothane, pentobarbital and nitrous oxide anesthesia on metabolic coupling in somatosensory cortex of rat.

The effect of various anesthetics on the functional-metabolic coupling of cerebral cortex was studied in rats submitted to unilateral somatosensory stimulation. The regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) was measured autoradiographically using the 2-deoxyglucose method, and somatosensory activation was carried out by electrical stimulation of the left forepaw. In animals treated with 70% nitrous oxide, 0.5% halothane/70% nitrous oxide or 40 mg/kg pentobarbital, CMRglc of somatosensory cortex did not change despite generation of primary evoked cortical potentials. Anesthesia with 80 mg/kg alpha-chloralose, in contrast, led to a focal increase of CMRglc in the primary somatosensory cortex from 52.1 +/- 18.3 to 73.1 +/- 18.9 mumol/100 g/min (means +/- s.d.). Metabolic activation was strictly confined to the forelimb (FL) area of somatosensory cortex, and it exhibited a laminar pattern with maximal activation in layers I, II and IV. The preservation of functional-metabolic coupling under a surgical dose of chloralose renders this anesthetic particularly suited for the investigation of coupling processes under conditions where the experimental requirements preclude the use of unanaesthetized animals.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of urethane-chloralose anaesthesia on respiration in the rat.

1. Respiratory effects were measured in rats during six hours' anaesthesia with urethane and chloralose. 2. One-hundred min from urethane administration, minute ventilation (VE) was minimal, arterial PO2 was low, arterial PCO2 was high; tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) were relatively constant; hypercarbic and hypoxic responses were substantial. 3. Between 100 and 400 min from urethane administration, minute ventilation and frequency increased and became more variable, tidal volume remained relatively constant, arterial PO2 rose to 100 mmHg, PCO2 fell to 37 mmHg; hypercarbic sensitivity increased and hypoxic sensitivity decreased. 4. We conclude that the anaesthetic regime produced initial depression of respiration relative to metabolism but without great loss of respiratory chemosensitivity. The respiratory depression was prolonged by increased dosage with urethane and chloralose. 5. The variations between hypercarbic and hypoxic responses confirm that they operate through separate mechanisms.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1971

The effect of light chloralose and pentobarbitone anaesthesia on the acid-base state and oxygenation of arterial blood in dogs.

1. The effects of light anaesthesia of approximately 8 hr duration using either pentobarbitone or chloralose on the acid-base balance and oxygenation of arterial blood were determined in dogs breathing spontaneously.2. With pentobarbitone anaesthesia there was a slight initial respiratory acidaemia.3. With chloralose there was a non-respiratory acidaemia which was probably the result of using an unbuffered solvent.4. Changes in the acid-base balance and the oxygen concentration of the arterial blood over the course of each experiment were minimal.5. In one animal a pH of 7.07 was recorded; in others the oxygen tension on occasion was between 50 and 60 mm Hg. The value of monitoring the acid-base state and the oxygenation of blood in experimental preparations is discussed.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1989

Effects of althesin and urethan-chloralose on neurohumoral cardiovascular regulation.

The cardiovascular effects of althesin (ALT) and urethan-chloralose (UC) anesthesia were compared in conscious, chronically instrumented rats. Althesin had no effect on arterial pressure or base-line resistance in the renal, superior mesenteric, and hindquarters vasculatures but increased heart rate. In contrast, UC decreased arterial pressure, heart rate, and mesenteric resistance. Although UC attenuated depressor responses to nitroglycerin, neither anesthetic significantly altered regional vascular reactivity to intravenous phenylephrine and nitroglycerin. The cardiac chronotropic baroreflex was examined by comparing the slope of the curves relating maximal changes (delta) in heart rate (pulse interval) that occurred at the point coinciding in time with the maximal changes in mean arterial pressure produced by phenylephrine and nitroglycerin. Neither anesthetic significantly altered the baroreflex slope (delta pulse interval/delta mean arterial pressure) for pressor and depressor stimuli. Both anesthetics attenuated the sympathoexcitatory response to cerebroventricular angiotensin II, although ALT had less of a depressive effect (pressor response during ALT and UC = 65 and 30%, respectively, of conscious). Plasma renin activity (PRA) and the hemodynamic response to peripheral angiotensin-receptor antagonism were significantly increased (PRA by almost 6-fold) during UC, whereas ALT was without effect. Similarly, UC but not ALT induced vasopressin-dependent vascular tone. Ganglionic blockade indicated that peripheral neurogenic tone was not altered by ALT anesthesia. These data suggest that althesin produces fewer hemodynamic disturbances than urethan-chloralose and largely maintains cardiovascular regulation intact.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗
PubMed1985

Gastric acid secretion during halothane, chloralose, pentobarbital and etomidate anaesthesia in the pig.

The gastric acid secretion in the awake state of the pig was compared to that during halothane, chloralose, pentobarbital and etomidate anaesthesia. After collection of basal juice, acid secretion was stimulated with pentagastrin in the dosages of 0.25, 1.00 and 4.00 micrograms/kg/h. Halothane strongly inhibited acid secretion, whereas acid secretion during chloralose anaesthesia was enlarged by a factor 6 as compared to that of the awake animal. The mean acid output after receiving pentobarbital was close to that of the awake condition, but the interindividual variation was large. Nearly identical values for acid secretion were found during etomidate anaesthesia, but with much higher consistency in the results. Etomidate anaesthesia seems to be the most suitable method for measurements of gastric acid secretion during anaesthesia in the pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Influence of secobarbital and alpha-chloralose, and of vagal and sympathetic interruption, on left ventricular activation after acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of secobarbital vs. alpha-chloralose anesthesia, and of tonic autonomic influence, upon ischemia-induced subepicardial and subendocardial bipolar electrogram changes during acute coronary artery occlusion in the open-chest dog. We found that the degree of bipolar electrogram alterations for similar reductions of regional myocardial blood flow was less in dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose than in those anesthetized with secobarbital. We also noted greater electrogram change when the sympathetic system was unopposed by the vagus nerves. Finally, this study demonstrates the reproducibility of ischemia-induced changes in bipolar electrograms during serial, short term, acute coronary artery occlusions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The toxic effects of alpha-chloralose.

1. Alpha-chloralose, formed by the condensation of glucose with chloral, is used as a rodenticide and in the control of bird pests. 2. In two cases of poisoning with alpha-chloralose the clinical features included coma and generalized convulsions resembling the effects of strychnine more than those of chloral hydrate. 3. The principles of management are the support of vital functions in the unconscious patient and removal of unabsorbed poison by gastric lavage. Diazepam may be used to control convulsions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem in dogs receiving either enflurane or chloralose anesthesia.

Previously we have described impaired myocardial conduction in patients receiving diltiazem and enflurane. The present study examines the possible mechanism(s) which may account for our clinical observation and presents methods of reversing adverse interactions. Nineteen mongrel dogs were randomized into two exposure groups: enflurane or chloralose anesthesia. Stepwise increasing doses of diltiazem were administered until predetermined endpoints were reached. Sinus and atrioventricular (AV) node function was assessed at all levels of diltiazem infusions, and after reversal drugs. Depression of AV nodal conduction and refractoriness after diltiazem administration was greater during enflurane anesthesia when compared with chloralose. There was severe sinus node dysfunction in enflurane-anesthetized animals. These effects were only reversed by isoproterenol. Patients may be at increased risk for severe sinus node depression when diltiazem is administered during enflurane anesthesia. This is due to a potent interaction between diltiazem and enflurane on the sinoatrial node.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1988

Alpha-chloralose as a capture and restraint agent of birds: therapeutic index determination in the chicken.

The median effective dose for capture (ED50) and the median lethal dose (LD50) of alpha-chloralose given orally to domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) were determined by probit analysis to be 45 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. The therapeutic index (TI = LD50/ED50) was 6.7. This indicates that alpha-chloralose is only a marginally safe capture agent in domestic species and particularly in field applications involving other wild avian species in which the amount of the drug ingested by an individual bird is not controlled.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Toxicologic analysis of chloralose. Application to 3 cases of acute intoxication].

The authors describe the study of three human intoxication case by chloralose. The detection and dosage of the toxic in the urine of patients have been carried out by the mean of a technic perfected by the same authors. In two case, it has been possible to trace the elimination of the toxic in the urine, the data relative to the third case were not sufficiently precised but they enable to show the existence of criminal etiology of chloralose.

Adult↗