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PubMedDate not supplied

[Developing of new anthelmintics. Evaluation of fluzamide on the new experimental models of intestinal cestode infections].

The efficacy of the original drug fluzamide (a N,S-containing heterocycle derivative) was evaluated by primary screening on a modified model of monoinvasion with the luminal form of Echinococcus multilocularis and on an original model of intestinal mixed invasion of E. multilocularis and Hymenolepsis nana at the immature and mature stages of the parasites in golden hamsters when an experimental host was immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone. The efficacy of fluzamide in an oral dose of 0.3 g/kg against young E. multilocularis and H. nana (the duration of their invasion was 7 days) was 99.8-100%; that against adult cestodes of both species (their maximum age was 28 days) was 100%. The original method of simulation of intestinal cestodiases in laboratory rodents, which is based on the artificial transplantation of cestodes at the prepatent stage of development from the intestine of infected donors to the intestine of healthy recipients through the latter' stomach during drug immunosuppression, showed its high reliability. There is evidence that transplanted immature strobilar cestodes can survive in the stomach, get acclimated, and continue to develop in the recipients' small bowel up to the stage of formation of infective eggs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ostracod, Eucypris infiata, the intermediate host of avian cestodes in the biocenosis of Lake Tengiz].

In the biocoenosis of the Lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan) Eucypris inflata (0.3--11%) was found to be spontaneously infected with the larvae of cestodes-hymenolepidids (6 species) and dilepidids (1 species). The nesting flamingos and moulting grebes from the same water body were also infected to a great extent with these cestodes. Figures and morphological description of cysticercoids (7 species) and skolex of mature cestodes of Parabiglandatrium phoenicopteri are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Mayr) as an intermediate host for the poultry cestode, Raillietina tetragona (Molin).

The role of several species of ants as intermediate hosts for poultry cestodes in the Sudan was investigated by a search for cysticercoids in specimens from poultry houses in various localities in the country. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, Messor galla and Acantholepis sp. were the only species collected from the areas surveyed. All these ants were examined for cysticercoids of poultry tapeworms but only P. sennaarensis was found to carry cysticercoids, all of which were identical to those of the poultry cestode, Raillietina tetragona. This tapeworm was recovered from all chicks fed the cysticercoids obtained from P. sennaarensis. R. tetragona cysticercoids were present in 63.3% of the P. sennaarensis sampled with 1-40 cysticercoids per ant, which is the heaviest recorded infestation of an ant species with these cysticeroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in animals.

Praziquantel (EMBAY 8440, Droncit) is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against juvenile and adult cestodes in mice and rats. For the first time, with praziquantel a compound is available that is also effective on cestodes in the bile-duct. Using Hymenolepis nana in mice we were able to show that age, sex, strain and intensity of infestation of the host have no influence on the efficacy. The onset of the effect of praziquantel in vivo is rapid. Within 10 min the parasites were immobilized and contracted and excreted within a few hours with the faeces.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Intestinal cestodes of stray dogs in Jordan.

Five species of cestodes namely Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia ovis and Dipylidium caninum were recovered post mortem from 120 out of 173 stray dogs collected from the 5 governorates of Jordan during the period June 1979 to November 1980. Twenty-five of the examined dogs (14%) were found to be infected with E. granulosus, 79 (46%) with T. hydatigena, 14 (8%) with T. pisiformis and 5 (3%) with T. ovis. Dipylidium caninum was encountered in 33 (19%) of the examined dogs and infection with this parasite was significantly higher in males than in females. The parasites, except for D. caninum which was encountered in the ileum, were almost exclusively recovered from the duodenum and the jejunum. Single, double and triple infections with those cestodes were recorded.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution against cestode (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Echinococcus multilocularis) infections in cats.

Emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was developed to provide broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal parasites in cats. Eight controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a topical solution of emodepside (3 mg/kg) and praziquantel (12 mg/kg) (Profender, BayerAG, Leverkusen, Germany) against feline infections with three species of cestodes. Studies featured naturally acquired infections of Dipylidium caninum or Taenia taeniaeformis, or experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis that were placebo-controlled, randomized and blinded. Cats were euthanatized and necropsied between 2 and 11 days after treatment, depending on the target parasite. The efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was 100% against D. caninum and T. taeniaeformis, and 98.5- 100% against E. multilocularis. No significant systemic or local adverse reactions to treatment were noted in cats that received the combination. Topical treatment of cats with emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was safe and highly effective against cestode infections.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of emodepside/praziquantel spot-on solution against naturally acquired nematode and cestode infections in domestic cats.

Two controlled, blinded and randomized multi-site clinical field studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of emodepside/praziquantel spot-on in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode and cestode infections in cats. In a study conducted in Europe, faecal egg count reductions of >98% for all nematode eggs and eggs of Toxocara cati, respectively, were observed in cats treated with emodepside/praziquantel spot-on (Profender, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany). For a positive-control product containing selamectin (Stronghold) reductions of >95% were observed. A 100% reduction of faecal eggs and proglottids was observed in cats treated with emodepside/praziquantel spot-on that were infected with cestodes. In a study conducted in North America, cats were treated with either emodepside/praziquantel spot-on plus a placebo tablet or a combination of two control products containing, respectively, selamectin (Revolution) and epsiprantel (Cestex). Faecal egg count reduction for eggs of T. cati was >99% for both treatments. For faecal eggs and proglottids of Dipylidium caninum reductions of >99 and >97% were recorded for cats treated with emodepside/praziquantel spot-on and the control group, respectively. No adverse reactions were observed in the European study, and only mild ones of short duration in a few cats from both treatment groups of the North American study. The two studies demonstrated that emodepside/praziquantel spot-on is highly efficacious and safe under field conditions.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Diversity and specificity in cestodes of the genus Moniezia: genetic evidence.

Electrophoretic study of two species of Moniezia cestodes, M. expansa and M. benedeni, sampled in African (Senegal) domesticated ruminants, revealed a complex of species and a degree of specificity more pronounced than that previously described. The status of the different species is validated by the probable occurrence of within species cross-mating. A European origin is suggested for M. expansa due to identical isoenzyme patterns in cestodes from France, whereas some atypical individuals may be derived from wild African ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of thiophanate and albendazole against natural infections of Dicrocoelium dentriticum, Fasciola hepatica, and gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes in sheep.

The anthelmintic efficacy of thiophanate and albendazole was compared in sheep with heavy infestations of Dicrocoelium dentriticum. The effectiveness of each drug was determined by counting the numbers of D. dentriticum in animals killed 21 days after treatment. In one group, the dose of thiophanate recommended for use against gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes (50 mg kg-1 live weight) was found to be 74.4% effective against D. dentriticum. Two tablets (each containing 76 mg of active ingredient) of albendazole per 30 kg live weight were given to a second group and the dose repeated after 1 week. Under this regime, albendazole was found to be 12.7% effective against D. dentriticum. The effect of each drug on other parasites was as follows; thiophanate had no effect against Fasciola hepatica or cestodes, while albendazole was 71.5% effective against F. hepatica and 100% effective against cestodes. Both drugs were highly effective against GI nematodes.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1994

Modelling of parasitic populations: cestodes.

The philosophy of mathematical modelling as it applies to the epidemiology of cestode populations is reviewed. A model provides, via the "threshold theorem", a criterion for deciding in advance if a control programme can succeed in eradicating the parasite. In order to use this criterion it is necessary to have an estimate of the basic reproduction ratio, R0, which can only be obtained if reliable epidemiological data are available before the control programme is started. A model has been used to describe the population dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis in sheep and dogs in New Zealand. For these parasites, data from a 40-year longitudinal study, as well as short-term field and laboratory studies, were available. A model has also been used to evaluate a proposed control programme directed against Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and voles in France. Here the type and extent of control intervention is predetermined by the existing rabies control programme. These two examples, which demonstrate the different techniques required to model cestodes in domestic and wild-animal populations, are reviewed, and the use of a model as the basis for a benefit/cost analysis of control options is discussed. These techniques could, in principal, be used to design control programmes for Taenia saginata or Taenia solium in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of isoflavone from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) on the Ca2+ homeostasis in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl.

The alcoholic crude root-peel extract of Flemingia vestita and its major isoflavone, genistein, have been shown to have a vermifugal/vermicidal effect by causing a flaccid paralysis accompanied by alterations in the structural architecture of the tegumental interface and metabolic activity in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl. In the present study, the crude root-peel extract and pure genistein were tested in vitro with respect to Ca2+ homeostasis and the occurrence of some metal ions was detected in the parasite. Live cestodes were incubated in pre-defined concentrations of the crude root-peel extract, genistein and praziquantel (as reference drug), till the paralysis time with simultaneous maintenance of respective controls. In the parasite tissue, a significant amount of Ca2+ (approximately 400 microg/g dry tissue wt) was found to be present besides magnesium, iron, zinc, lead and chromium, whilst manganese, cadmium and nickel were below the level of detection. The Ca2+ concentration was decreased significantly by 39%-49%, in the parasite tissue exposed to the test materials in comparison to the respective controls. There was also an increase in Ca2+ efflux by 91%-160% into the culture medium under similar treatments. The changes in Ca2+ homeostasis may be related to the rapid muscular contraction and consequent paralysis in the parasite due to the anthelmintic stress caused by the phytochemicals of F. vestita.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Field evaluation of the efficacy and the safety of a combination of oxantel/pyrantel/praziquantel in the treatment of naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode and/or cestode infestations in dogs in Europe.

In five multicentre field trials, the efficacy and safety of a combination of oxantel/pyrantel/praziquantel (Dolpac), Vetoquinol SA) in the treatment of naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode and/or cestode infestation in dogs was evaluated in northern and southern Europe. Forty-eight investigators from France, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain enrolled 329 dogs to be treated with the tested combination; 235 of these dogs complied with the inclusion criteria of the protocol and had a tested helminth identified on Day 0. A pooled analysis was performed on each of the following helminth species: Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Taenia spp. and Dipylidium caninum, which were isolated on Day 0. The main efficacy criterion was the egg per gram (epg) percent reduction of the nematodes and the absence of proglottids and or eggs for the cestodes. After treatment, dogs were examined on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21. The efficacy of the combination against Toxocara canis was 99.1%, 98.8% and 98.9% on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21, respectively. At the same occasions the efficacy was, respectively, 99.2%, 99.2% and 99.3% against Ancylostoma caninum, 97.3%, 97.2% and 98.4% against Trichuris vulpis, 98.4%, 98.8% and 98.8% against Uncinaria stenocephala, 98.9%, 99.5% and 99.9% against Toxascaris leonina, 97.1%, 100% and 100% against Dipylidium caninum and 100% against Taenia spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Establishment, survival and site selection of the cestode Eubothrium crassum in brown trout, Salmo trutta.

Population dynamics, site selection, growth and maturation of the cestode Eubothrium crassum in a natural population of Salmo trutta in a small lake were studied over a period of 1 year, the life-span of a cohort in fish. Infection of fish commenced in spring but peaked in July. Small, plerocerciform parasites initially located in the intestine, but then some moved into the pyloric caecae whilst others, the majority in heavy infections, were lost from the fish causing a fall in abundance from 460 to 10 over 2 months. This mortality was density dependent. Initially, parasites were distributed more evenly throughout the caecae but as time increased larger parasites were found preferentially in the anterior caecae before moving back into the intestine when gravid, preparatory to being lost in the following summer. Only a small proportion of the infrapopulation became gravid. Although the proportion of caecae occupied was initially density dependent, by the time of maturation several preferred anterior caecae remained unoccupied and mean intensity always exceeded unity. Neither growth nor maturation was affected by intraspecific competition. It was concluded that caecal availability did not set a limit or threshold of infrapopulation density, and in this respect E. crassum-S. trutta differed from some acanthocephalan-fish systems but was similar to others. Heavy infection followed by heavy mortality appeared to be typical of this parasite-host system in other localities, and of several other cestode-fish systems. The implications of this for population regulation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A survey of taeniid cestodes in farm dogs in mid-Wales.

In 1983-1988, dogs on 315 farms in Powys, mid-Wales, were purged once with arecoline acetarsol and the faecal purges were examined for cestodes. A few dogs were examined by autopsy. Ninety-seven farms had at least one infected dog, and cestodes were found in 161 of the 882 dogs examined. The ovine strain of Echinococcus granulosus was found in 41 dogs on 25 farms. Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. ovis and Dipylidium caninum were recovered from 85, 35, 15, 3, 19 and 29 dogs respectively. The results are compared with those of previous surveys in Powys and in other regions of Wales.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The cestodes of foxhounds and foxes in Powys, mid-Wales.

Cestodes were found in 129 of 875 foxhounds from 20 packs in Powys, mid-Wales, examined by purging in 1983-1988, in the following order of prevalence: Taenia hydatigena in 57 hounds (6.51%), Echinococcus granulosus in 27 (3.09%), Dipylidium caninum in 25 (2.86%), T. ovis in 14 (1.60%), T. pisiformis in 10 (1.14%), T. serialis in five (0.57%) and T. multiceps in four (0.46%). Of 197 foxes examined by autopsy, 22 harboured cestodes: two (1.02%) had E. granulosus, nine (4.57%) T. polyacantha, eight (4.06%) T. pisiformis, two (1.02%) T. serialis, one (0.51%) D. caninum and one (0.51%) Mesocestoides sp. This is the first definite report of T. polyacantha in British foxes. The results are compared with those of previous surveys in Powys and in other parts of Wales, and the reasons for changes in prevalence are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intact glycans from cestode antigens are involved in innate activation of myeloid suppressor cells.

During helminthic infections, strong Th2 type-biased responses concomitant with impaired cell-proliferative responses to parasitic and unrelated antigens are major immunological hallmarks. Parasite glycan structures have been proposed to play a role in modulating these responses. To understand early events related to immune modulation during cestode infection, we have examined the role of intact glycans of antigens from Taenia crassiceps in the recruitment of innate cells. Soluble antigens from this cestode contained higher levels of carbohydrates than proteins. Intraperitoneal injection of the antigens rapidly recruited a cell population expressing F4/80(+)/Gr-1(+)surface markers, which adoptively suppressed naïve T-cell proliferation in vitro in response to anti-CD3/CD28 MAb stimulation in a cell-contact dependent manner. Soluble antigens with altered glycans by treatment with sodium periodate significantly reduced the recruitment of F4/80(+)/Gr1(+)cells, concomitantly their suppressive activity was abrogated, indicating that glycans have a role in the early activation of these suppressor cells. Using C3H/HeJ and STAT6-KO mice, we found that expansion and suppressive activity of F4/80(+)Gr1(+)cells induced by T. crassiceps intact antigens was TLR4 and Th2-type cytokine independent. Together with previous studies on nematode and trematode parasites, our data support the hypothesis that glycans can be involved on a similar pathway in the immunoregulation by helminths.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

New records of trypanorhynch cestodes from the Gulf of Mexico, including Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901) and Heteronybelinia palliata (Linton, 1924) comb. n.

Four trypanorhynchs, Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901), Nybelinia cf. bisulcata (Linton, 1889), Nybelinia scoliodoni (Vijayalakshmi, Vijayalakshmi et Gangadharam, 1996), and Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965 are reported for the first time from the Gulf, which is now known to harbour at least 34 different species. In addition to the range extension for the trypanorhynchs listed above, 21 new host records are reported involving 13 cestode species. Characters of the genus Kotorella Euzet et Radujkovic, 1989 are emended, Nybelinia narinari MacCallum, 1917 is considered ajunior synonym of Kotorellapronosoma (Stossich, 1901), and Heteronybelinia palliata (Linton, 1924) comb. n. is redescribed. The usefulness of the bulb ratio as a means to distinguish different tentaculariid species is discussed, and the importance of shallow water localities for the life cycle of trypanorhynch cestodes is emphasised.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Cestode infections in Poland in 1999].

In 1999, 437 intestinal cestode cases were registered in Poland. Among them 369 were caused by Taenia saginata, 7 by T. solium, 35 by Taenia sp., 3 by Hymenolepis nana and 2 by Diphyllobothrium latum and 39 cases of echinococcosis were also registered. The obtained results confirmed the decreasing frequency of infection with intestinal cestodes in Poland.

Adult↗