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PubMed2005

CDC staging based on absolute CD4 count and CD4 percentage in an HIV-1-infected Indian population: treatment implications.

CD4+ T-cell levels are an important criterion for categorizing HIV-related clinical conditions according to the CDC classification system and are therefore important in the management of HIV by initiating antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections due to HIV among HIV-infected individuals. However, it has been observed that the CD4 counts are affected by the geographical location, race, ethnic origin, age, gender and changes in total and differential leucocyte counts. In the light of this knowledge, we classified 600 HIV seropositive antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve Indian individuals belonging to different CDC groups A, B and C on the basis of CDC criteria of both CD4% and CD4 counts and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Importantly, CDC staging on the basis of CD4% indicated significant clinical implications, requiring an early implementation of effective antiretroviral treatment regimen in HIV-infected individuals deprived of treatment when classified on the basis of CD4 counts.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The cdc 22 mutation by Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a temperature-sensitive defect in nucleoside diphosphokinase.

A number of temperature-sensitive cdc- mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that are affected in DNA replication, were screened for the absence of deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s) when blocked at their restrictive temperature. The preliminary screening simply involved analysis of perchloric acid-soluble cell extracts by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on poly(ethyleneimine)-impregnated cellulose. One mutant strain, cdc 22-M45, was found which apparently lacked dTTP. Pulse-labelling of intracellular nucleotides revealed that not only did dTTP become depleted, but that dTDP accumulated when this mutant was blocked by a temperature shift-up, indicating a defective nucleoside diphosphokinase. Nucleoside diphosphokinase from cdc 22-M45 was less active than that from wild-type strain 972 when assayed at high temperatures. The nucleoside diphosphokinase of the mutant also has an altered Km for dTDP at both permissive (25 degrees C), and at the restrictive (36.8 degrees C) temperatures. At the restrictive temperature the Km for dTDP of the mutant enzyme is more than 11-times greater than that of the wild type. Characterisation of the biochemical basis of the defect in this cdc- mutant has shown that in S. pombe, despite its having an apparently complex system of genetic control over progression through S-phase, one factor at least is merely availability of a nucleoside triphosphate precursor to DNA synthesis.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2002

Programs-that-work: CDC's guide to effective programs that reduce health-risk behavior of youth.

In response to requests from educators for effective programs that reduce health-risk behavior among youth, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated "Programs-That-Work" (PTW) in 1992 to identify health education programs with credible evidence of effectiveness. CDC identified as PTW two programs to reduce tobacco use and eight programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors. Eligible programs undergo a two-step external review to examine quality of the research evidence and the extent to which the programs are practical for use by health educators. If CDC identifies a programs as a PTW on the basis of external review, the program is packaged and made available for dissemination to education and youth agencies. Communities ultimately make the decision about adopting a program, and CDC does not require their use. Thousands of educators have sought information about PTW through the CDC web site, informational brochures, and training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Characteristics of CDC group 1 and group 1-like coryneform bacteria isolated from clinical specimens.

Fifteen strains of CDC group 1 coryneform and biochemically similar bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens. Of the 15 strains isolated, 11 were derived from abscesses and purulent lesions, mostly from the upper part of the body, and 3 were grown from blood cultures. Nine strains were associated with mixed anaerobic but no other aerobic flora. Seven strains exhibited the classical biochemical profile of CDC coryneform group 1; however, eight strains were unable to reduce nitrate and were called "group 1-like." Other reactions to differentiate CDC group 1 and group 1-like coryneform rods include alpha-hemolysis on human blood agar, fermentation of adonitol, and the presence of alkaline phosphatase. Fifteen strains showed marked CAMP reactions on different erythrocyte agars. Gas-liquid chromatography of volatile and nonvolatile fatty acids as well as cellular fatty acid patterns and the composition of cell wall components suggest that CDC group 1 and group 1-like coryneform bacteria do not belong to the genus Corynebacterium but possibly to the genus Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization studies revealed that group 1 and group 1-like strains represent different species.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1999

CDC group IV c-2: a new Ralstonia species close to Ralstonia eutropha.

CDC group IV c-2, an environmental gram-negative bacillus recently proposed for inclusion in the genus Ralstonia, has been isolated in several human infections. Biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing with phylogenetic analysis were used to characterize eight clinical isolates and four type strains. Other typing tools, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, were also used. PFGE typing of clinical isolates was unsuccessful because the DNA was degraded, and RAPD analysis was poorly discriminatory. In contrast, the type strains were clearly distinguished with both PFGE and RAPD analysis. All of the 16S rDNA sequences were identical. Comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences to the GenBank sequences showed that they were consistent with CDC group IV c-2 belonging to the genus Ralstonia. The closest matches were obtained with Ralstonia eutropha. However, four differences in 32 biochemical tests separated R. eutropha from CDC group IV c-2, which suggests that CDC group IV c-2 is a new species of the genus Ralstonia.

Cupriavidus necator↗
PubMed2004

Molecular epidemiologic evaluation of endocarditis due to Oerskovia turbata and CDC group A-3 associated with contaminated homograft valves.

Oerskovia turbata is an unusual bacterial cause of endocarditis and septicemia in immunocompromised patients. In this study, we compared 12 isolates from a 1975 medical center cluster, 11 originally identified as O. turbata (four from the blood of a homograft aortic valve-associated endocarditis patient and seven from contaminated homograft valves) and one CDC group A-3 strain from the blood of a second endocarditis patient with fatal outcome, with eight control strains from unrelated locations. The control strains included type and reference strains of O. turbata, Cellulomonas hominis, and CDC group A-3. The four blood isolates from the first patient and six of the valve isolates shared identical biochemical, antimicrobial susceptibility, and BglI ribotype patterns that differed from the second patient's isolate and control strains. The blood isolate from the second patient and the remaining valve isolate shared a phenotypic and genotypic profile and were phenotypically identical to, but epidemiologically different from, the CDC group A-3 reference strain with the strain-specific enzyme. Also, these isolates differed from the type strain and the other reference strains of C. hominis and O. turbata. Our results indicate that the four blood isolates from the first patient and six of the homograft valve isolates represent a single clone of O. turbata associated with endocarditis. Additionally, our results indicate that the blood isolate from the second patient and one of the homograft valve isolates differ from O. turbata and C. hominis and represent a unique clone of CDC group A-3 associated with fatal endocarditis.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CDC WONDER: a cooperative processing architecture for public health.

CDC WONDER is an information management architecture designed for public health. It provides access to information and communications without the user's needing to know the location of data or communication pathways and mechanisms. CDC WONDER users have access to extractions from some 40 databases; electronic mail (e-mail); and surveillance data processing. System components include the Remote Client, the Communications Server, the Queue Managers, and Data Servers and Process Servers. The Remote Client software resides in the user's machine; other components are at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Remote Client, the Communications Server, and the Applications Server provide access to the information and functions in the Data Servers and Process Servers. The system architecture is based on cooperative processing, and components are coupled via pure message passing, using several protocols. This architecture allows flexibility in the choice of hardware and software. One system limitation is that final results from some subsystems are obtained slowly. Although designed for public health, CDC WONDER could be useful for other disciplines that need flexible, integrated information exchange.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of Reye's syndrome, United States, 1991-1994: comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data.

This investigation describes the epidemiology of Reye's syndrome (RS) during 1991-1994 and compares two different sources of information in the United States. Estimates of the incidence of RS from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are compared with hospital inpatient data from approximately one third of the hospitals from HCIA, Inc. During 1991-1994, 48 RS cases were reported to the CDC and 93 RS hospitalizations based on HCIA data. When the HCIA data are extrapolated to the US population, there were an estimated 284 hospitalizations. Cases reported from both data sources were similar in distribution by onset, age, and sex. CDC data probably underestimate the incidence of RS due to incomplete reporting and HCIA data may overestimate it because not all cases were known to meet the CDC case definition. The true annual incidence of RS during the study years was probably between 0.2 and 1.1 cases per million population <18 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

From discovery to delivery: injury prevention at CDC.

Injuries rank among the top 10 causes of death for Americans of all ages. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Injury Center has a mission to prevent premature death and disability and to reduce the human suffering and medical costs caused by injuries. To prevent and reduce the consequences of injuries, CDC applies the public health approach to define the injury problem, identify risk and protective factors, develop and test preventive interventions, and ensure widespread implementation and adoption of effective interventions, and strategies. In recent years, CDC has emphasized the later steps in this model and the progression from research and "discovery" to "delivery" and dissemination of effective interventions. The CDC Injury Research Agenda and the Guide to Community Prevention Services are featured as examples of the interdependence between practice and research.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2005

Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. However, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. The Mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in Kenya. However, the Mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemiological settings. This study reports a field evaluation of the Mbita trap in a rice irrigation scheme in Kenya METHODS: The mosquito sampling efficiency of the Mbita trap was compared to that of the CDC light trap and the human landing catch in western Kenya. Data was analysed by Bayesian regression of linear and non-linear models. RESULTS: The Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in sampling proportionality between the Mbita trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and the culicine species. For An. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency that suggested lowered sampling efficiency of human landing catch at low densities. The CDC light trap caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in the sampling proportionality between the CDC light trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and An. funestus, whereas for the culicines, there was no simple relationship between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS: The Mbita trap is less sensitive than either the human landing catch or the CDC light trap. However, for a given investment of time and money, it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer (and hence more representative) period. This trap can therefore be recommended for use by community members for passive mosquito surveillance. Nonetheless, there is still a need to develop new sampling methods for some epidemiological settings. The human landing catch should be maintained as the standard reference method for use in calibrating new methods for sampling the human biting population of mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

CDC-42 and RHO-1 coordinate acto-myosin contractility and PAR protein localization during polarity establishment in C. elegans embryos.

In C. elegans one-cell embryos, polarity is conventionally defined along the anteroposterior axis by the segregation of partitioning-defective (PAR) proteins into anterior (PAR-3, PAR-6) and posterior (PAR-1, PAR-2) cortical domains. The establishment of PAR asymmetry is coupled with acto-myosin cytoskeleton rearrangements. The small GTPases RHO-1 and CDC-42 are key players in cytoskeletal remodeling and cell polarity in a number of different systems. We investigated the roles of these two GTPases and the RhoGEF ECT-2 in polarity establishment in C. elegans embryos. We show that CDC-42 is required to remove PAR-2 from the cortex at the end of meiosis and to localize PAR-6 to the cortex. By contrast, RHO-1 activity is required to facilitate the segregation of CDC-42 and PAR-6 to the anterior. Loss of RHO-1 activity causes defects in the early organization of the myosin cytoskeleton but does not inhibit segregation of myosin to the anterior. We therefore propose that RHO-1 couples the polarization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton with the proper segregation of CDC-42, which, in turn, localizes PAR-6 to the anterior cortex.

Actomyosin↗
PubMed2003

[Approximation to the CDC method to determine insecticide susceptibility in leishmaniasis vectors].

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, USA) has proposed a simplified method for the determinations of insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes, using 250 ml Wheaton bottles containing measured dosages. Insects are transferred into the bottle for 1 hour and monitored for mortality at regular intervals. In standardizing the CDC method for use with phlebotomine sand flies, effects of the solvent without insecticide were evaluated. Two colonized sand fly vector species were used: Lutzomyia longipalpis (F50 and F54) and Lutzomyia serrana (F17). Groups of 10 to 24 unfed females 1-3 days old were transferred for 1 h to Wheaton bottles with the following pretreatment: (1) without additive, (2) 0.5 ml of acetone, or (3) 1.0 ml of acetone. Three to 5 replicates were undertaken for each condition and each species. In the control bottles, the insects rested quietly and after 1 h appeared normal. In bottles with 0.5 and 1.0 ml acetone, a repellent effect was observed in L. longipalpis and L. serrana within the first 10 min. A small proportion of the L. serrana became prostrate, but recovered quickly after removal from the bottle. Field test performed with Lutzomyia quasitownsendi produced results simialar to those of the L. serrana colony flies. The insecticide bioassays were performed with L. longipalpis (F60) flies. Females were exposed to three graded doses of lambdacyhalothrin (10, 50 and 100 micrograms/bottle), and mortality was recorded at five-minute intervals. Regression lines for the 3 concentrations were compared within the context of the CDC method. The advantages of the CDC method over the WHO protocols were four: lower cost, fewer insects required, an entire group of insects exposed to the same surface, and ease of field use.

Acetone↗
PubMed2003

Using the CDC framework for program evaluation in public health to assess tuberculosis contact investigation programs.

SETTING: In Massachusetts, despite the efforts of state and local health department tuberculosis (TB) programs, the rates of contact testing and follow-up remain below the state and national objectives. Changes in contact investigation practices are therefore needed to achieve these objectives. OBJECTIVE: To develop contact investigation self-evaluation tools in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health. These tools will be used to assess state and local level contact investigation practices. DESIGN: The self-evaluation tools were developed using the CDC's framework and pilot-tested by public health nurse case managers in five city health departments. The tools were revised according to feedback received from the nurses. RESULTS: The Massachusetts TB Division conducted three of the six steps of the CDC's framework. Stakeholders of the evaluation were identified and engaged, logic models were created describing state and local TB program components, and self-evaluation tools were developed. CONCLUSION: The CDC's framework provided a useful methodology for beginning the assessment process for evaluating TB contact investigation programs. When the contact investigation self-evaluation tools are implemented statewide, the findings will be used to target areas in need of improvement and develop strategies to make noteworthy changes.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2004

CDC-defined diseases and opportunistic infections in Jamaican children with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To document the frequency of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined clinical conditions, opportunistic and co-infections among children with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This prospective, observational study reports the findings of 110 HIV-infected children followed in multicentre ambulatory clinics during September 1, 2002, to August 31, 2003, from the 239 children enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, Jamaica. We describe the clinico-pathologic characteristics of these children with HIV/AIDS, using the CDC criteria. RESULTS: The client distribution by clinic site was as follows: the University Hospital of the West Indies, 71 (64.6%), Bustamante Hospital for Children, 23 (20.9%), Comprehensive Health Centre 13 (11.8/%) and Spanish Town Hospital, 3 (2.7%). The median age of the 110 children with HIV/AIDS was 6.0 years (range 0.9-17.5). Mode of transmission was primarily mother-to-child (88.0%) and only 4% maternal/infant pairs received antiretroviralprophylaxis. Grouped by CDC category: 17 (15.4%) were asymptomatic (N), 22 (20.0%) mildly symptomatic (A), 30 (27.3%) moderately symptomatic (B) and 41 (37.3%) severely symptomatic (C). The most common CDC-defining symptoms were lymphadenopathy (12, 42.8%) and asymptomatic (6, 21.4%) in category N; lymphadenopathy (30, 29.7%), dermatitis (20, 19.8%) and persistent or recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (20, 19.8%) in category A; bacterial sepsis (18, 34.6%) and recurrent diarrhoea (11, 21.2%) in category B; and wasting (28, 30.0%), encephalopathy (26, 27.9%), and serious bacterial infections (15, 16.1%) in category C; Pulmonary tuberculosis (7, 7.5%) and Pneumocystis (jiroveci) carinii pneumonia; (5, 5.4%) were the most frequent opportunistic infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae (10, 30.3%) was the most common invasive bacterial pathogen causing sepsis and Escherichia coli (14, 34.2%) was the most common bacterial pathogen causing urinary tract infections, among the cohort. Thirty-three per cent commenced antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). There were 57 hospitalizations and five deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The study is an important step toward documentation of the natural history of paediatric HIV/AIDS in a primarily ARV-naive population from a developing country. It promotes training in paediatric HIV management as we move toward affordable access to antiretroviral agents in the wider Caribbean and the implementation of clinical trials.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of the conservative cholelitholytic therapy using chenodesoxycholic acid (CDC) on cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of patients with gall stones].

In 11 patients with radiolucent gallstones treated for 3-18 months with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured. No significant changes of serum cholesterol and triglycerides could be observed during the course of longterm treatment with CDC. After 3 and 6 months a not significant decrease of serum triglycerides (20.8% and 26.4% respectively) compared to pretreatment values was observed. Since hypercholesterolemia had been suggested to occur as a hazardous side-effect of CDC-treatment the results in accord with cholesterol pool size measurements suggest that long-term treatment with CDC does not result in hypercholesterolemia and an increased cholesterol pool-size.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid↗
PubMed1991

Treatment of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with quinidine gluconate: discontinuation of parenteral quinine from CDC drug service.

CDC has recently reviewed data on the reported incidence in the United States of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and has evaluated information on the effective management of severe life-threatening infections. As a result of this review, CDC has concluded that the drug of choice in the United States for treatment of complicated P. falciparum infections is parenteral quinidine gluconate. Therefore, effective immediately, parenteral quinine dihydrochloride will no longer be available from the CDC Drug Service.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

CDC-funded intervention research aimed at promoting colorectal cancer screening in communities.

BACKGROUND: Although strong scientific evidence has shown that screening for colorectal cancer saves lives, most U.S. adults who are at the recommended age are not being screened. Prior studies suggest that barriers to routine screening vary by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban/rural residence, health insurance status, and factors related to health care providers and the health care environment. Relatively few studies, however, have identified and tested intervention approaches to promote routine colorectal cancer screening among diverse populations. METHODS: The Division of Cancer Prevention and Control at CDC has funded ongoing projects to develop and test interventions to promote routine colorectal cancer screening among medically underserved populations in Appalachia, the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, the High Plains region of Colorado, and other U.S. communities. RESULTS: This article provides an overview of colorectal cancer screening intervention studies currently funded by CDC that focus on a wide range of populations, including medically underserved persons who live in predominately rural areas, Hispanic and non-Hispanic persons, urban African Americans, persons with low health literacy, and persons enrolled in managed care organizations. CONCLUSIONS: These CDC-funded intervention research projects are likely to contribute importantly to evidence about what works to promote colorectal cancer screening in diverse U.S. communities. .

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Carbon and energy uncoupling associated with cell cycle arrest of cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be linked to glucose-induced catabolite repression.

Several cell division cycle (cdc) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cdc28, cdc35, cdc19, cdc21, and cdc17) at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C) in the presence of 1% glucose and defined medium divert most of the carbon (approximately 50%) to ethanol production with low biomass growth yields (Yglc) that correlate with carbon and energy uncoupling and arrest of cell proliferation. The cdc mutants studied are shown to be glucose-repressed, while this was not the case for the wild-type A364A (WT). At 37 degrees C, in the presence of 1% glycerol, derepressed cdc28 mutant cells did not show arrest of cell division and carbon and energy uncoupling since the Yglc levels measured were similar to those of the WT strain. These results suggest that the increased fermentative ability and carbon and energy uncoupling exhibited in the presence of glucose by cdc mutants with respect to those exhibited by the WT may be due to catabolite repression.

Carbon↗