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PubMed2000

Control of ticks resistant to immunization with Bm86 in cattle vaccinated with the recombinant antigen Bm95 isolated from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.

The recombinant Bm86-containing vaccine Gavac(TM) against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus has proved its efficacy in a number of experiments, especially when combined with acaricides in an integrated manner. However, tick isolates such as the Argentinean strain A, show low susceptibility to this vaccine. In this paper we report on the isolation of the Bm95 gene from the B. microplus strain A, which was cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris producing a glycosylated and particulated recombinant protein. This new antigen was effective against different tick strains in a pen trial, including the B. microplus strain A, resistant to vaccination with Bm86. A Bm95-based vaccine was used to protect cattle against tick infestations under production conditions, lowering the number of ticks on vaccinated animals and, therefore, reducing the frequency of acaricide treatments. The Bm95 antigen from strain A was able to protect against infestations with Bm86-sensitive and Bm86-resistant tick strains, thus suggesting that Bm95 could be a more universal antigen to protect cattle against infestations by B. microplus strains from different geographical areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in beef cattle, dairy cattle and calves.

The epidemiology of clinical cases of campylobacter in temperate climates shows a striking seasonality. In the search for a seasonal environmental reservoir changes in the carriage rate and population size of campylobacters in bovine hosts with time have been measured. Most probable number (MPN) methodology was used to enumerate thermophilic campylobacters in samples taken from the small intestines of beef cattle at slaughter and the fresh faeces of four dairy herds and new-born calves. Statistical analyses revealed significant evidence for seasonal periodicity in the data from dairy herds (P = 0.044). Not only was there a departure from constancy within a 12-month interval but these data revealed a true seasonality, that is, the same periodicity in numbers from one year to the next. Each herd had two peaks per year, in approximately spring and autumn. Peaks coincided in herds on neighbouring farms but those on farms in the north preceded those on farms in the south by 2 and 1 months, respectively (P = 0.0057). Intestinal carriage by beef cattle at slaughter was 89.4% (n = 360) with an average MPN campylobacters per gram fresh weight (MPN gfw-1) of 6.1 x 10(2). Average MPN gfw-1 in faeces from the dairy herds and calves were 69.9 (S.D. 3) and 3.3 x 10(4) (S.D. 1.7 x 10(2)). There was no evidence of seasonal periodicity in the size of the campylobacter population in beef cattle at slaughter. Calves were campylobacter free at birth but became colonized with a few days.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tick-borne parasitic diseases in cattle: current knowledge and prospective risk analysis related to the ongoing evolution in French cattle farming systems.

Parasitic diseases, like babesiosis and theileriosis are transmitted by ticks: their occurrence is therefore linked to the size of the tick stock and the seasonality of the vectors. Babesia divergens bovine babesiosis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus is widespread and often reported in France. Serological prevalence is high, ranging from 20 to 80% according to the farms. Clinical incidence is low: around 0.4% for the whole cattle population. The endemic situation is unstable and clinical cases occur more frequently with farming system modifications. L. ricinus is a tick essentially found in woodlands and so, for the most part, is found in closed rural areas. The situation of the other bovine babesiosis (Babesia major) and theileriosis (Theileria orientalis) is not well documented in France. However, the epidemiology of parasitic diseases is changing, especially because of changes in the environmental characteristics, i.e. both farm and herd management conditions and also climatic conditions. These modifications can provoke an increase in the tick stocks, an increase in the contact rate between cattle and ticks, and an increase in the contact rate between cattle and the wild fauna, especially deer. This results in likely modifications of the endemic situation, with a higher risk of clinical babesiosis in the medium term.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal study of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle: predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite massive cattle population turnover.

Identification of the sources and methods of transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle may facilitate the development of on-farm control measures for this important food-borne pathogen. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples of commercial feedlot cattle in 20 feedlot pens between April and September 2000 was determined throughout the finishing feeding period prior to slaughter. Using immunomagnetic separation, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 636 of 4,790 (13%) fecal samples in this study, with highest prevalence earliest in the feeding period. No differences were observed in the fecal or water trough sediment prevalence values of E. coli O157:H7 in 10 pens supplied with chlorinated drinking water supplies compared with nonchlorinated water pens. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI-digested bacterial DNA of the 230 isolates obtained from eight of the pens revealed 56 unique restriction endonuclease digestion patterns (REDPs), although nearly 60% of the isolates belonged to a group of four closely related genetic subtypes that were present in each of the pens and throughout the sampling period. The other REDPs were typically transiently detected, often in single pens and on single sample dates, and in many cases were also closely related to the four predominant REDPs. The persistence and predominance of a few REDPs observed over the entire feeding period on this livestock operation highlight the importance of the farm environment, and not necessarily the incoming cattle, as a potential source or reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 on farms.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

[Exensivity of invasion Fasciola hepatica L. in cattle in the period 1957-1998 and valuation of losses caused by staggers disease among cattle in Poland, 1995-1997].

On the background of informations about frequency of appearance Fasciola hepatica L. among cattle in Poland in the time from 1995-1997, as well es in the former period, there is presented in the article an estimative apperiation of economical losses caused by staggers disease among cattle. The highest extensiveness of invasion of F. hepatica L. among cattle was noticed in the fifties and sixties manty in the north-eastern Poland. Losses caused by confiscation of a liver to amounted to 1 197 031 zł in 1995, 1 277 154 zł in 1996 and 1 312 078 zł in 1997.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui 1934) in cattle: epizootiology-Vector studies and experimental transmission of Parafilaria bovicola to cattle.

Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui 1934), a filarial nematode, causes cutaneous bleedings of live cattle and bruise-like lesions in the subcutaneous and IM surfaces of affected carcasses. To determine the vector(s) of this nematode under Swedish conditions, a field survey was conducted during the pasture season, May-September 1980. A total of 9,931 insects were collected from cattle and subsequently examined for infective 3rd stage Parafilaria larvae. From the fly species collected. Musca autumnalis (De Geer), Hydrotaea irritans (Fall), and Haematobia stimulans (Meig) were those most frequently identified. The 3rd-stage larvae were only found in M autumnalis, face fly. Overall infection rate in these flies was 3.5%, with peak prevalence of 30% in June. Most of the nematode larvae were recovered from heads of female flies. In experiments in insect-free stables, 5 calves were experimentally inoculated with infective 3rd-stage P bovicola larvae. Two calves inoculated by the intraconjunctival route (larvae were instilled inside the eyelid) became infected, whereas 3 calves injected subcutaneously did not. Signs of infection were not seen in 4 control calves. The median development period of P bovicola from infective 3rd-stage larvae to the development of bleeding points was 43 weeks (301 days) in 26 cattle with spontaneous parafilariasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hemoglobin Bali (bovine): beta A 18(Bl)Lys leads to His: one of the "missing links" between beta A and beta B of domestic cattle exists in the Bali cattle (Bovinae, Box banteng).

The structure of the beta chain of adult bovine hemoglobin Bali of the Bali cattle was determined and compared to those of beta A, beta B, and other beta-chain variants of domestic cattle reported previously. The lysine residue at beta A18 was substituted by histidine in beta Bali18. This change requires two base substitutions at the codon and is also found in beta B18. The beta B chain differs from the beta A chain at residue Nos. 15, 18, and 119. It was concluded that a common ancestor of the beta B and beta Bali first diverged from the beta A chain through the Lys leads to His substitution. This fact indicates that the high degree of dimorphism of the beta A and beta B chains in Indian humped cattle is a result of its hybrid origin. An evolutionary tree for the bovine hemoglobin beta-chain variants was constructed based on parsimonious evolution and homology with related species.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

Chromosomal evolution in bovids: a comparison of cattle, sheep and goat G- and R-banded chromosomes and cytogenetic divergences among cattle, goat and river buffalo sex chromosomes.

A G- and R-banding comparison of cattle (Bos taurus, 2n = 60), goat (Capra hircus, 2n = 60) and sheep (Ovis aries, 2n = 54) chromosomes at the 450 band level was made. The study revealed a large number of banding homologies among the autosomes of the three species and resolved some ambiguities in arranging some of their small disputed acrocentrics by direct and indirect comparisons with some bovid marker chromosomes. A loss of the subcentromeric G-positive band in sheep chromosome 2g was observed when the G-banding patterns of sheep 2q and homologous cattle and goat chromosome 2 were compared. The chromosomal divergences among cattle, goat and river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) sex chromosomes are shown to have occurred by pericentric and paracentric inversions with a loss (or acquisition of constitutive heterochromatin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Criteria to distinguish between natural situations and illegal use of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione in cattle 1. Metabolite profiles of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione in cattle urine.

Boldenone is an androgenic steroid that improves the growth and food conversion in food producing animals. In most countries worldwide, this anabolic steroid is forbidden for meat production. Until recently, the control of its illegal use was based either on 17beta-boldenone or 17alpha-boldenone (its main metabolite in cattle) identification in edible tissues, hair, faeces or urine. Recent observations and data tend to demonstrate the natural occurrence (but not ubiquitous) in cattle of these steroids, making the analytical strategy of the control more complicated. We investigated the metabolism of boldenone in cattle after intramuscular and oral treatment of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione. The central objective was to elucidate the structures of the main metabolites (phase I and phase II) in urine, with main objective to be further in position to compare boldenone urinary profiles of treated and non-treated animals. Nine metabolites have been identified, only four were present whatever the treatment and the administered boldenone source. Nevertheless, all of them have been detected at least once in non-treated animals which did not permit us to use them as biomarkers of an illegal treatment. At last, but not at least, all metabolites were found mainly glucuro-conjugated, and rarely sulfo-conjugated, with the only exception of 17beta-boldenone. Current investigations are showing the absence of 17beta-boldenone sulfoconjugate in non-treated animals; that would permit to distinguish non-treated from treated animals with boldione, boldenone and boldenone esters.

Androstadienes↗
PubMed2001

Cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis.

This review, illustrated with data on the characteristics of herds infected with Mycobacterium bovis (TB) in Great Britain (GB), attempts to identify the role of cattle-to-cattle transmission (CCT) of TB. CCT plays a part in the entry of infection into herds, through purchased infected animals or contiguous spread, although CCT can have a relatively small role in comparison with an established wildlife source. Experimental studies have shown that it is possible for CCT to occur within herds. In 1999, more than one reactor was found in over two-thirds of confirmed TB incidents in Great Britain. The details of transmission from an infectious animal to a susceptible animal are described: proximate, which depends on factors such as closeness of contact and ventilation, or indirect, which also depends on survival outside the host. Herd size is a risk factor for the incidence of TB, both in herds and in individual cattle. Control of TB is considered in relation to the skin test: failure of the test to remove all infected animals from incidents is possible, but probably of less significance than failure to prevent reinfection from sources external to the herd. It is concluded that CCT may have significance in determining the total number of reactors. Safeguarding herds from other sources of TB is likely to reduce CCT as a side effect.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The vitamin A requirement and the vitamin A status of growing cattle. 2. Studies of fattening cattle].

Three long time individual feeding experiments (greater than 258 days) with 48 beef cattle each (dairy breed and beef breed, 50% each) were carried out in order to measure the influence of various vitamin A supply (0, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg body weight and day) on fattening and slaughtering performance, vitamin A concentration of liver and serum as well as carotene concentration of serum. The bulls consumed corn silage (experiments 1 and 2; 9.4 and 18.3 mg carotene per kg dry matter) or NaOH-treated and pelleted straw (experiment 3; no carotene). The roughages were supplemented with 2 (exp. 1 and 2) and 3 kg (exp. 3) concentrate per day. The vitamin A supply of corn silage diet did not significantly influence the dry matter intake (exp. 1: means: 6.95; 6.91 to 7.05; exp. 2: means: 6.54; 6.53 to 6.54 kg dry matter per animal and day) and the daily weight gain of bulls (exp. 1: means: 1076; 1028 to 1157; exp. 2: means: 1058; 1041 to 1057 g per animal). The bulls consumed 8.87 kg dry matter per day, the daily weight gain amounted to 1030 g per animal and day in experiment 3. The bulls of unsupplemented group reduced feed intake and weight gain after 150 days, an additional vitamin A supply was necessary. At the end of experiments 1 and 2 the liver vitamin A concentration of unsupplemented groups amounted to 38.8 and 65.9 mumol/kg, it increased after vitamin A supply (up to 153.4 mumol/kg). Feeding of pelleted straw effected a liver vitamin A concentration lower than 10 mumol/kg except the group supplemented with 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg body weight and day (35.7 mumol per kg fresh matter of liver). The vitamin A concentration of blood is unsuitable for evaluation of vitamin A status of cattle. The carotene content of feeds and level of vitamin A supply determined the carotene concentration of blood. Recommendations for a suitable vitamin A supply of ration of growing cattle were given depending on body weight and type of diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain. I. Epidemiological processes, demography of cattle and approaches to control by culling.

This paper explores the key epidemiological processes and demographic factors that determined the pattern of transmission of the aetiological agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle herds in Great Britain (GB). The analyses presented utilize data from published and unpublished experimental studies and from the GB central database of confirmed BSE cases. We review the experimental and epidemiological evidence that has both confirmed indirect horizontal transmission via the consumption of infectious material as the major transmission route and provided information on the duration and variability of the dose-dependent incubation period of BSE in cattle. The epidemiological and genetic data pertaining to the possible existence of maternal transmission and/or genetically variable susceptibility to infection is discussed. The demography of British cattle is characterized and the impacts of key demographic features on the observed epidemic profile are discussed. In the main BSE case database, analyses reveal that BSE cases cluster significantly at both the holding and county scale. Furthermore, analysis of longitudinal patterns reveal substantial temporal within-holding correlation. Such clustering of cases suggests a highly heterogeneous infection process. The paper ends with a discussion of how analyses of spatio-temporal clustering inform the design of targeted culling programmes aimed at reducing future disease incidence. We show how the retrospective implementation of culling policies on the BSE case database allows the qualitative evaluation of policy performance, but that model predictions of future trends in case incidence are required to estimate the precise impact of any current or future programme.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Bov-tA short interspersed nucleotide element sequences in circulating nucleic acids from sera of cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and sera of cattle exposed to BSE.

Circulating nucleic acids (CNA) are known to be enriched in repetitive DNA sequences in humans. Here, bovine sera CNA were analyzed to determine if cell stress-related short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINEs) could be detected in sera from cattle associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Nucleic acids were extracted, amplified, cloned, and sequenced from the sera of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res))-positive cattle (n = 2) and sera from BSE-cohort cows (n = 6); 150 out of 163 clones revealed the presence of, on average, an 80-bp sequence from the 3' region of Bov-tA SINE. A PCR protocol was developed that differentially identified SINE-associated CNA in BSE-exposed versus normal cattle. CNA were extracted from a serum vesicular fraction after controlled blood collection and processing procedures. Sera from four confirmed cases of BSE, 137 BSE-exposed cohort animals associated with eight confirmed BSE cases, and 845 healthy, PrP(res)-negative control cows were tested. All four sera from confirmed BSE cases were repeatedly reactive in the assay. BSE-exposed cohorts had a 100-fold higher occurrence of repeatedly reactive individuals per cohort (average = 63%; range = 33% to 91%), compared to healthy controls (average = 0.6%; P < 0.001). This study shows that BSE-confirmed and cohort animals possess a unique profile of SINE-associated serum CNA that can be utilized as a marker that highly correlates to BSE exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Flow cytometric detection of gamma interferon can effectively discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated cattle from M. bovis-infected cattle.

Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that is increasing in incidence in United Kingdom cattle herds. In addition to increasing economic losses, the rise in bovine tuberculosis poses a human health risk. There is an urgent requirement for effective strategies for disease eradication; this will likely involve vaccination in conjunction with current test and slaughter policies. A policy involving vaccination would require an accurate diagnosis of M. bovis-infected animals and the potential to distinguish these animals from vaccinates. Currently used diagnostic tests, the skin test and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) blood test, have a sensitivity of up to 95%. A further complication is that M. bovis BCG-vaccinated animals are also scored positive by these tests. We tested the hypothesis that the quantification of IFN-gamma-producing lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular IFN-gamma expression would provide a more accurate discrimination of M. bovis-infected animals from BCG vaccinates. Significant numbers of IFN-gamma-expressing CD4+ T cells were detected following culture of heparinized blood from M. bovis-infected animals, but not from BCG vaccinates, with purified protein derived from M. bovis (PPD-B) or live mycobacteria. Only 1 of 17 BCG-vaccinated animals had a significant number of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-gamma, compared with 21/22 M. bovis-infected animals. This assay could allow an accurate diagnosis of M. bovis and allow the discrimination of BCG-vaccinated cattle from infected cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). I. Nuclei of the mammillary bodies in cattle].

1. In the present neuroanatomic study the topography and cytoarchitectonic of the nuclei of the mamillary body of cattle are described and quantitative-morphologically investigated in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal and 4 horizontal series, stained by the methods after Nissl, Klüver and Barrera and after Heidenhain). 2. The medial mamillary nucleus of cattle is with an average volume of 47.7 mm3 the largest nucleus of the mamillary body. It contains about 715,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 and can cytoarchitectonically be subdivided into a medial part and a lateral part. 3. The median mamillary nucleus is an unpaired and clearly defined nucleus which accounts with an average volume of 16.9 mm3 for a quarter of the whole volume of the nuclei belonging to the mamillary body, however with 11,000 cells/mm3 it shows a relatively small cell density in comparison with the other mamillary nuclei. 4. The lateral mamillary nuclei of cattle are situated in the rostral third of the mamillary body and account for 5.3 per cent of the whole volume of the nuclei. About 28,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 were found in each nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). 2. Fiber connections of the mammillary bodies in cattle].

1. In the present information the course of fibre pathways which are connected with the mammillary body of the cattle is described in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal, 4 horizontal series, stained by the combined cell-fibre-method after KLUVER and BARRERA and by the method for myelined fibres after HEIDENHAIN). 2. The mammillary body of cattle is connected with four main fibre systems. These are the fornix and the mamillary peduncle as well as the mamillo-thalamic and the mamillo-tegmental tracts. 3. The fornix system first of all represents a rich myelined fibre connection between the hippocampus and the mamillary body. But also fornix fibres entering the poor-myelined regions of the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon have been demonstrated. 4. The mamillary peduncle ascending from the mesencephalon can be traced to the lateral mamillary nucleus. 5. The mamillo-thalamic tract of cattle has its origin in the mamillary body with the mamillotegmental tract associated to a common principal mamillary tract and passes to the complex of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the mamillo-tegmental tract branching off from it curves into the mesencephalon.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Endocrine pancreas function in cattle. I. Age-dependent responses in cattle as well as correlations between the mother animal and the fetus or the newborn].

An account of relevant literature is followed by reference to studies undertaken into age dependence of insulin levels in the blood and into the function of the endocrine pancreas in the peripartum period. The mean plasma insulin concentrations recorded from 251 heads of cattle of different age groups varies between 0.90 ng/ml and 1.90 ng/ml, and they did not exhibit any age-dependent alteration. A positively significant correlation coefficient between insulin and glucose levels in the blood was calculated for calves, aged three days and more. No significant correlations were found to exist between those two parameters in younger animals and in adult cattle. Parturition proper was accompanied by rise in insulin in the blood of mother animals. No difference between blood insulin of mother animals and blood insulin of their own newborn calves was observed up to twelve hours from parturition. Diaplacental insulin passage was established for cattle.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Sewage sludge or cattle slurry as pasture fertilisers: comparative cysticercosis and trichostrongylosis risk for grazing cattle.

Sewage sludge and slurry are used as fertilisers on pastures grazed by ruminants. The former may be a source of Taenia saginata, which causes cysticercosis in cattle and taeniosis in man. The latter is a source of digestive tract-strongyles, a major helminth infection in cattle. The interest of application on pastures of these two biowastes is environmental (optimal recycling of biowastes) and agronomic (fertilisation). The parasitic risk and the fertilisation value of such applications on pastures were evaluated during one grazing season. Liquid sewage sludge did induce higher herbage biomass, which corresponded to higher liveweight gains during the first 2 months of grazing, compared to slurry spread pastures and calves grazing them. The sludge group of calves did not acquire live cysticerci and thus the risk was nil under the conditions of the study (delay of 6 weeks between application and grazing). The slurry group of calves did become lightly infected with digestive-tract strongyles, mostly Ostertagia ostertagi. Under the conditions of this experiment, a 6-week delay between application and grazing strongly reduced the risk of infection: it renders compatible the agronomic use and requirements of public or animal health.

Animal Feed↗