Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Botrytis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea mediated by the transgenic expression of the chitinase gene ch5B in strawberry.

Plants of strawberry (cultivar Pájaro) were transformed with three defense related genes: ch5B, gln2 and ap24 using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The ch5B gene encodes for a chitinase from Phaseolus vulgaris, while gln2 and ap24 encode for a glucanase and a thaumatin-like protein, respectively, both from Nicotiana tabacum. Sixteen transgenic lines expressing one or a combination of two defense genes were obtained. Phytopathological tests showed that two transgenic lines expressing only the ch5B gene displayed high levels of resistance to gray mold disease (Botrytis cinerea). The resistance was correlated with the presence of the foreign protein CH5B and the increase of chitinolytic activity in leaves. However, resistance toward Colletotrichum acutatum, the etiological agent of the anthracnose disease, was not enhanced in the transgenic plants. These results suggest that the ch5B gene can be used to introduce transgene-mediated resistance to gray mold in strawberry, due to the lack of natural resistance to this disease in the crop.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed2005

A family 11 xylanase from the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is inhibited by plant endoxylanase inhibitors XIP-I and TAXI-I.

The phytopathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces various glycosidases which are secreted during plant infection. In this study, the XynBc1 cDNA that encodes a xylanase from family 11 glycoside hydrolase from B. cinerea was identified by homology-based analysis, cloned by reverse transcription RT-PCR, fully sequenced, and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33. The purified recombinant protein obtained by chelating-affinity chromatography demonstrated high catalytic activity (180+/-23 U/mg) and efficiently degraded low viscosity xylan [K(m) = 10+/-3 g L(-1), V(max) = 0.50+/-0.04 micromol xylose min(-1), and k(cat) = 136+/-11.5 s(-1) at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C]. XynBc1 was further tested for its ability to interact with wheat XIP and TAXI type xylanase inhibitors which have been implicated in plant defence. The xylanase activity of XynBc1 produced in P. pastoris was strongly inhibited by both XIP-I and TAXI-I in a competitive manner, with a K(i) of 2.1+/-0.1 and 6.0+/-0.2 nM, respectively, whereas no inhibition was detected with TAXI-II. We also showed that XynBc1 mRNAs accumulated during early stages of plant tissue infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Production of Botrytis cinerea for potential introduction into a vineyard.

Botrytis cinerea was produced in solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and on potato dextrose agar. Stored products were evaluated for grape colonization in grape bioassays and in field trials, and for B. cinerea density using colony forming unit analyses and a nucleic-acid-based method. B. cinerea colony forming unit density was significantly correlated to the probability of successful grape colonization in grape bioassays (p-value=0.0002). Solid fermentation products could be stored longer than liquid fermentation and potato dextrose agar products. There was little difference in the rate of grape colonization in laboratory bioassays among solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and plate culture products. Although the initial B. cinerea colonization rate of field grapes was slightly greater on vines treated with solid-phase fermentation and plate culture products compared to vines treated with product from liquid fermentation, there was no significant difference in final colonization between vines treated with solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and plate culture products and untreated vines.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2004

1-Phenyl-3-toluyl-4-[ortho-1'-(N-ethyl-2'-methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, synthesis and evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum.

A novel antifungal pyrazole derivative was synthesized. Designated 1-phenyl-3-toluyl-4-[ortho-1'-(N-ethyl-2'-methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, the compound exerted an antifungal effect toward Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. In fact, our results clearly show that mycelial growth and conidial germination of both fungi were blocked by the compound. Indeed, a 96-well microbioassay procedure was used for fast and easy evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values for B. cinerea and F. oxysporum were 25 and 36 microg/ml, respectively.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2004

A new species of Pythium isolated from burgundian vineyards and its antagonism towards Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of the grey mould disease.

During the course of an investigation on the pythiaceous fungi occurring in burgundian vineyards, three isolates of Pythium were found, all of which were characterised by spherical to lemoniform, proliferating sporangia. Only one out of these three isolates produced sexual characters (S-12) after prolonged incubation, but their asexual structures, temperature growth relationship and molecular characteristics were identical. Saprolegnia-type internal proliferation of the sporangia, and Phytophthora-type lemoniform, papillate sporangia were characteristic of all the three isolates. The type specimen is S-12 which is a medium slow growing saprophyte. The sequence of its ITS region of the rDNA shows a close relationship with the genus Phytophthora. Morphological and molecular characteristics of this isolate justifies its description as a new species: Pythium citrinum. When grown together with Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the grey mould disease of the grapevine, this new species shows a pronounced antagonism and suppresses its growth. This new species is very close to P. montanum, a recently described fungus and constitutes a "border species" linking the genera Pythium and Phytophthora. Morphological features of this new species, its antagonism with B. cinerea, the sequences of the ITS region of its nuclear ribosomal DNA, and its comparison with related species are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Molecular and functional characterization of a fructose specific transporter from the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea.

In the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, spore germination and plant infection are stimulated in the presence of nutrients, in particular sugars. Applied at micromolar concentrations, fructose is a more potent inducer of germination than glucose. To test whether preferred fructose uptake is responsible for this effect, and to study the mechanism of fructose transport in B. cinerea, a gene (frt1) encoding a fructose transporter was cloned. FRT1 is highly similar to recently identified fructose transporters of yeasts, but much less to other fungal hexose transporters characterized so far. By using a hexose uptake deficient yeast strain for expression, FRT1 was found to be a high affinity proton coupled symporter specific for fructose but not for glucose. B. cinerea frt1 disruption mutants were created and showed normal vegetative growth and plant infection, but a delay in fructose-induced germination when compared to wild-type. Sugar uptake experiments with both wild-type and mutant conidia showed a higher affinity for glucose than for fructose. Thus, we propose that the specific effect of fructose on germination is not due to transport but rather to an as yet unknown intracellular sensing.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Biological control of postharvest spoilage caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea in apple by using the bacterium Rahnella aquatilis.

The epiphytic bacterium Rahnella aquatilis, isolated from fruit and leaves of apples, was tested for antagonistic properties against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on Red Delicious apple fruit. In "in vitro" assays, this bacterium inhibited completely the germination of P. expansum and B. cinerea spores, but it needed direct contact with the spores to do it. However the putative mechanism seemed be different for the two pathogens. The bacterium did not produce extracellular antibiotic substances and when the acute toxicity test was performed no mortality, toxicity symptoms or organ alterations of the test animals (Wistar rats) were observed. Assays of biological control of P. expansum and B. cinerea on apple fruit were carried out at different temperatures. At 15 degrees C and 90% RH, the incidence of disease caused by P. expansum on apples stored for 20 days, was reduced by nearly 100% by R. aquatilis (10(6) cells/ml), while in the case of B. cinerea, the reduction of decay severity was nearly 64% but there was no reduction in the incidence of disease. At 4 degrees C and 90% RH the treatment with the bacterium significantly inhibited the development of B. cinerea on apples stored for 40 days and the incidence of disease was reduced by nearly 100%, while the incidence of disease caused by P. expansum at 4 degrees C was 60%. The results obtained show that R. aquatilis would be an interesting microorganism to be used as a biocontrol agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of carvacrol on survival of Botrytis cinerea inoculated in table grapes.

In this paper, the role of carvacrol vapour atmosphere on Botrytis cinerea inoculated in PDA or in grape berries was studied. Four concentrations inside packages were assayed (0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml l(-1)). All concentrations inhibited totally the growth of B. cinerea in PDA, while in berries the reduction of decayed fruits was significantly greater as carvacrol concentration increased. In addition, the fungal growth (area and volume of infection) was also reduced and dependent on carvacrol concentration. Ethylene and respiration rate (berry physiological parameters) increased drastically in control inoculated-grapes, while these increases were lower as higher were the carvacrol applied doses. The data presented in this work suggest that carvacrol could be used as an innovative tool to control fungal decay during table grape storage, as alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides such as SO2.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2006

Predictive modelling of temperature and water activity (solutes) on the in vitro radial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers.

The objective of this work was to develop validated models predicting the 'in vitro' effect of a(w) and temperature on the radial growth of Botrytis cinerea. The growth rate (g, mm d(-1)) of B. cinerea was calculated at three incubation temperatures (25 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 5 degrees C) and six water activities (ranging from 0.995 to 0.890). The water activity was adjusted with glucose, NaCl, glycerol, or sorbitol. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of temperature, solute, a(w), and their two- and three-way interactions on the growth rate. No growth was observed at a(w)=0.93 in the presence of NaCl or at 0.89 in the presence of a non-ionic solute. The maximum colony growth rate decreased when the incubation temperature and water activity was lowered. Secondary models, relating the colony growth rate with a(w) or a(w) and temperature were developed. Optimum a(w) values for growth ranged from 0.981 to 0.987 in glycerol-, sorbitol-, or glucose-modified medium and were close to 1 in NaCl-modified medium. A quadratic polynomial equation was used to describe the combined effects of temperature and a(w) on g (mm d(-1)) in the presence of each solute. The highest and lowest radial growth rates were observed in models based on glucose and NaCl respectively, whatever the incubation temperature. All models prove to be good predictors of the growth rates of B. cinerea within the limits of experiments. The quadratic polynomial equation has bias factors of 0.957, 1.036, 0.950, and 0.860 and accuracy factors of 1.089, 1.070, 1.120 and 1.260 in media supplemented with glucose, NaCl, glycerol and sorbitol respectively. The results from modelling confirm the general finding that a(w) has a greater influence on fungal growth than temperature.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2005

Zn(II) biosorption properties of Botrytis cinerea biomass.

The study was aimed of determining the Zn(II) sorption performance of Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) biomass as a new biosorbent. Heat inactivated biomass was used in the determination of optimum conditions. The rate and extent of accumulation were effected by pH, contact time and initial zinc ion concentrations. The uptake capacity of B. cinerea was increased by chemical and physical pretreatment of the cells when compared with the native biomass. The maximum removal of Zn(II) at pH 5.0-6.0 was found to be 12.98+/-0.9623 mg g-1 at initial Zn(II) ion concentration of 100 mg l-1 by heat inactivated biomass. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to evaluate the data and regression constants were derived. The biosorbent was regenerated using 10 mM HCl solution, with up to 98% recovery and reused five times in biosorption-desorption cycles successively. Competitive biosorption experiments were performed with zinc in the presence of copper, cadmium and nickel ions simultaneously. The nature of the possible cell-metal ions interactions was also evaluated by chemical and instrumental analysis including infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersion analysis.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Expression profiling of Botrytis cinerea genes identifies three patterns of up-regulation in planta and an FKBP12 protein affecting pathogenicity.

The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is a broad-spectrum plant pathogen. Here, we describe the first macroarray transcriptomic study of the fungus in real-time infection conditions. Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by B.cinerea was monitored using macroarrays, containing 3032 genes. Variance analysis revealed that 7% of B.cinerea genes are differentially expressed during infection and allowed us to identify 27 genes significantly up-regulated in planta. Among them, two genes have already been associated with fungal pathogenicity, while eight genes have unidentified functions. The 27 genes were separated into three groups according to their expression profile. The first group showed maximal expression at the early stage following fungal penetration, the second one showed maximal expression at the outset of the colonization of plant leaves and the third group showed maximal expression when the colonization of plant leaves was completed. A gene of the last group (BcPIC5), which is homologous to FKBP12 proteins, was disrupted in order to determine its role in pathogenicity. At seven days post-inoculation, the lesions caused by the DeltaBcPIC5 mutant on bean leaves were reduced by 69% and did not further expand compared to the wild-type. These results confirm that transcriptomic analysis under infection conditions can be very valuable for the identification of fungal genes related to pathogenicity.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies for the prediction of antifungal activity of N-arylbenzenesulfonamides against Botrytis cinerea.

The Botrytis cinerea is one of the most interesting fungal pathogens. It can infect almost every plant and plant part and cause early latent infections which damage the fruit before ripening. The QSAR is an alternative method for the research of new and better fungicides against B. cinerea. This paper describes the results of applying a topological sub-structural molecular design (TOPS-MODE) approach for predicting the antifungal activity of 28 N-arylbenzenesulfonamides. The model described 86.1% of the experimental variance, with a standard deviation of 0.223. Leave-one-out and leave-group-out cross validation was carried out with the aim of evaluating the predictive power of the model. The values of their respective squared correlations coefficients were 0.754 and 0.741. The TOPS-MODE approach was compared with three other predictive models, but none of these could explain more than 72.8% of the variance with the same number of variables. In addition, this approach enabled the assessment of the contribution of different bonds to antifungal activity, thereby making the relationships between structure and biological activity more transparent. It was found that the fungicidal activity of the chemicals analyzed was increased by the presence of a sulfonamide group bonded to two aromatics rings, making this group the most important of the molecule. The majority of the substituents present in the aromatic rings have an electron withdrawing effect and they contribute to a smaller degree than the sulfonamide group to the property under study. The aromatic moiety plays an important role in this activity; its contribution changes with different substituents. Generally, the nitro group has a positive and great contribution to the biological property but when this group is involved in some compounds in ortho effect with the SO2 moiety of the sulfonamide group a lower value of contribution is observed for both groups.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2004

The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid via ionylideneethane in the fungus Botrytis cinerea.

The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid (ABA) from isopentenyl diphosphate in the fungus, Botrytis cinerea, was investigated. Labeling experiments with (18)O2 and H2(18)O indicated that all oxygen atoms at C-1, -1, -1' and -4' of ABA were derived from molecular oxygen, and not from water. This finding was inconsistent not only with the known carotenoid pathway via oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, but also with the classical direct pathway via cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate. The fungus produced new C15-compounds, 2E,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane and 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane, along with 2E,4E,6E-allofarnesene and 2Z,4E,6E-allofarnesene, but did not apparently produce carotenoids except for a trace of phytoene. The C15-compounds labeled with 13C were converted to ABA by the fungus, and the incorporation ratio of 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane was higher than that of 2E,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane. From these results, it was concluded that farnesyl diphosphate was reduced at C-1, desaturated at C-4, and isomerized at C-2 to form 2Z,4E,6E-allofarnesene before being cyclized to 2Z,4E-alpha-ionylideneethane; the ionylideneethane was then oxidized to ABA with molecular oxygen. This direct pathway via ionylideneethane means that the biosynthetic pathway to fungal ABA, not only before but also after isopentenyl diphosphate, differs from that to ABA in plants, since plant ABA is biosynthesized using the non-mevalonate and carotenoid pathways.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in tomato resistance. Nitric oxide modulates hydrogen peroxide level in o-hydroxyethylorutin-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to be required, together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), for activation of disease resistance reactions of plants to infection with a pathogen or elicitor treatment. However, biochemical mechanisms by which ROS and NO participate in these reactions are still under intensive study and controversial debate. We previously demonstrated that o-hydroxyethylorutin when applied on tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. "Perkoz") restricted Botrytis cinerea infection development. In this research we investigated ROS and NO generation in tomato plants treated with o-hydroxyethylorutin, non-treated and infected ones. The NO content was enhanced or decreased in the studied plants by supplying them with NO generator-SNP or scavenger-cPTIO. NO detection was carried out using diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-DA) in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The influence of elevated and decreased levels of NO on B. cinerea infection development and ROS generation was studied. The elevated NO concentration in tomato leaves strongly decreased hydrogen peroxide concentration without affecting other studied ROS (superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical) levels. H2O2 concentrations in NO-supplied leaves were low regardless of further treatment of tomato leaves with o-hydroxyethylorutin or inoculation with B. cinerea. The low H2O2 concentration coincided with quick and severe infection development in NO-supplied leaves. As activities of enzymes generating (SOD EC 1.15.1.1)) and removing (APX EC 1.11.1.11, CAT EC 1.11.1.6) H2O2 were unchanged in the studied plants, the decrease in H2O2 concentration was probably due to a direct NO-H2O2 interaction.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2005

Development of real-time PCR (TaqMan) assays for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea in planta.

Real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan chemistry have been developed for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea, suitable for a wide range of different host plant species. Assays were designed to the beta-tubulin gene, the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and also to a previously published, species-specific sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) marker; the assays were compared to a published method based on SYBR Green I technology. The assays designed to the IGS region and SCAR marker proved to be highly specific for B. cinerea but assays designed to the beta-tubulin gene and the previously published assay designed to the cutinase-A gene both cross-react with B. fabae. The assay designed to the IGS region was the most sensitive and was able to reliably detect and quantify as little as 20 fg of B. cinerea DNA. The method incorporates the detection of a gene from the plant host to compensate for variations in extraction efficiency and size of sample tested. The assays designed were used to follow the progression of infection of B. cinerea in plant material inoculated with spores to the point of symptom induction. They should be ideally suited to investigating infection processes in-planta and could be used to investigate aspects of infection/plant pathogenesis, by B. cinerea and are particularly suited to the detection and quantification of the pathogen prior to the development of symptoms.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Identification of a copper chaperone from tomato fruits infected with Botrytis cinerea by differential display.

Differential display was used to isolate tomato genes responding to fungal infection. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a gene that is down-regulated in tomato fruits infected with the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. The cDNA identified encodes a protein that shares sequence similarity to the amino terminal region of CCH, a copper chaperone from Arabidopsis thaliana, that participates in intracellular copper homeostasis by delivering Cu to the secretory pathway. The fact that this newly characterized tomato gene, referred to as LeCCH (Lycopersicon esculentum copper chaperone), be differentially expressed after fungal infection, suggests an interesting relationship between copper homeostasis and plant defense responses. LeCCH contains the conserved metal-binding domain MXCXGC but interestingly, lacks the C-terminal extension present in previously described plant members of this copper chaperone family, that seems to be involved in metallochaperone intercellular transport. This fact indicates that LeCCH is a novel plant copper chaperone that could act locally at the infection site, affecting the copper homeostasis in this particular stress situation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Expression and action pattern of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase in Pichia pastoris.

The cDNA sequence coding for the complete rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (RGase) of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) was introduced into Pichia pastoris and expressed under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter. The RGase was secreted into the medium of the yeast driven by the alpha-factor secretion peptide and could be purified using the C-terminal His6-tag fusion. RGase activity was measured using a traditional reducing end assay with linseed rhamnogalacturonan (RG) as the substrate, or with an assay using a fluorescent RG oligomer as the substrate and detection and identification of hydrolysis products by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Both methods showed the recombinant enzyme to have a specific activity of about ten units per milligram of protein. Since the CZE method allows identification of the hydrolysis products, it was used to show that the RGase lacks a multiple attack mechanism and needs at least five GalA-Rha repeating disaccharides to be active. This finding is contrary to the action pattern of the native RGase of Aspergillus aculeatus which has the same substrate length requirement, but exhibits multiple attack, leading to products containing only two and three Rha-GalA repeat units without the appearance of intermediate sized fragments. No plant cell wall degrading enzymes were detected in the culture medium of un-transformed P. pastoris, thus the recombinant enzyme, devoid of extraneous activities, can be applied for fine structural studies on cell walls.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2003

Melanin in the extracellular matrix of germlings of Botrytis cinerea.

Previous work on the composition of the extracellular matrix of germlings of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea demonstrated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, and simple lipids; which, together, comprised 50-60% of the dry weight. Here we show that most of the remaining mass of the extracellular matrix consists of a chemically inert dark pigment with the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of a melanin. Scanning electron micrographs of the purified pigment, and transmission electron micrographs of thin sections made using the pigment indicate that it has a filamentous structure. We conclude that melanin is an important component of the extracellular matrix of germlings of B. cinerea. This is the first report of a melanin present in the extracellular matrix of a plant pathogenic fungus.

Botrytis↗