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PubMed2002

The Hook Lake Wood Bison Recovery Project: can a disease-free captive wood bison herd be recovered from a wild population infected with bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis?

The Hook Lake Wood Bison Recovery Project (HLWBRP) is a wildlife conservation project aimed at recovering a captive, disease-free herd of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) from a wild herd infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and brucellosis (Brucella abortus). The disease eradication protocol that we have used involves a combination of techniques, including (1) orphaning of newborn wild-caught calves to minimize exposure to B. abortus and M. bovis, (2) testing calves for maternal antibodies to brucellosis in the field prior to inclusion in the project, (3) isolating calves in pairs to prevent potential spread of disease, (4) prophylactic treatment using antimycobacterial and anti-Brucella drugs, and (5) an intensive whole-herd testing program for both diseases and removal of reactors. From 1996 to 1998, we captured a total of 62 calves; presently, 58 individuals comprise the founder herd. The captive-born cohorts consist of 7 two-year-olds, 21 yearlings, and 22 calves. To date, there have been no cases of bovine tuberculosis or brucellosis in the captive herd.

Alberta↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in European bison (bison bonasus) from Białowieza Primeval Forest.

To estimate the prevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in European bison from Białowieza Primeval Forest, a total of 79 serum samples were collected from April 1989 until December 1994. Specific antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigen were assayed using inhibition ELISA. Borrelia antibodies were possibly present in 16.4% of examined bisons (inhibition between 20 and 30%). However, higher level of antibodies, over 30% of inhibition, was found only in two animals: no. 382 and no. 273 (2.5% from 79). European bison may be a host for B. burgdorferi and this may have implications for epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in the areas were bisons and ixodes ricinus coexist.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pathomorphological studies in European bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) with seropositive reaction to Coxiella burnetii.

Comprehensive serological and histopathological examinations of 47 free living European bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) were performed. Of these animals, 36 were serologically positive due to Coxiella burnetii, which confirmed the presence of Q fever epizootic foci in this population of wild animals in Poland. The presence of multiple foci of mononuclear cells typical for Q fever was a consistent finding in all tissues of the majority of C. burnetii seropositive animals under study. Pathomorphological changes observed in myocardium as the focal coagulation necrosis, and in kidneys, resembled the glomerular lesion observed in humans with Q fever, as well as in the experimental Q-fever infections in laboratory animals. These changes were absent in bison showing a C. burnetii seronegative reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Distribution of the kappa-casein gene alleles in the bison (Bison bonasus) population].

The polymerase chain reaction method, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP), was used to study the alleles of the kappa-casein gene in a sample of European bison (n = 38). On the basis of the distribution of the restriction sites, a new allele kappa-CnG was revealed in the European bison, in addition to the kappa-CnA allele represented in cattle. The nucleotide sequence of an exon 4 fragment of the kappa-CnG allele was obtained. In the population of European bison alleles kappa-CnA and kappa-CnG occurred at frequencies 0.224 and 0.776, respectively.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

Elements of acid-base balance in the European bison, Bison bonasus (L.) in the winter period.

1. In the blood of 65 European bison divided into four groups (Group 1, 0-3-year-old males; Group 2, 0-3-year-old females; Group 3, mature bulls, over 3 years old; Group 4, mature cows, over 3 years old) the values of pH, pCO2, pO2, base excess and bicarbonate level were studied. 2. The studies were carried out in winter months, from mid-December to mid-April. 3. No significant differences in parameters studied were found between young males and females. 4. All indices found in mature bulls and cows showed significant differences between all other groups. 5. Most of parameters examined here in European bison are comparable with those found in other big ruminants.

Acidosis↗
PubMed2005

Chorionic mRNA expression and N-glycodiversity of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAG) of the European bison (Bison bonasus).

Placental PAG mRNA expression and N-glycodiversity of multiple PAG proteins secreted in vitro by trophectoderm (chorion epithelium) of wild pecoran Bovidae taxons was not examined previously. The study on European bison (Eb) aimed: (1) to determine placental PAG mRNA expression by in situ hybridisation; (2) to identify a profile of pecoran PAG protein family secreted in vitro by cotyledonary (CT) explants; (3) to examine N-glycodiversity of the PAG proteins in this wild taxon. In addition, we compared (4) a profile and N-glycodiversity of the PAG protein family secreted in vitro by CT and interCT-trophectoderm (intCT-TRD) explants of domestic ruminants. Cotyledonary sections of the Eb were used for in situ hybridisation (ISH) with (35)S-labelled probes produced with porcine PAG cDNA as templates. Various CT and intCT-TRD explants were long-term cultured in vitro. Chorionic proteins were isolated from media, ultra-filtrated (>10 kDa MWCO) and analysed by PAGE-Western blotting with various polyclonal anti-PAG sera. Protein samples with or without enzymatic deglycosylation were examined after different times of explant cultures. Released chorionic proteins were deglycosylated by N-glycanase F (PNGase F+) and compared to glycosylated forms (PNGase F-). This is the first paper demonstrating the PAG-like mRNA transcript expression (by ISH) and N-glycodiversity of immuno-reactive PAG-like proteins (produced in vitro by chorionic explants) of European bison. Various PAG proteins of Eb (EbPAG) were secreted by CT explants during long-term in vitro studies. Major approximately 78, approximately 67 and approximately 65 kDa EbPAG-like proteins were reduced by enzymatic deglycosylation (at least by 10 kDa). Considerably smaller amounts of approximately 45 kDa EbPAG-like proteins were also observed. In addition, we have found that various PAG proteins (30-73 kDa) were secreted by bovine CT explants, during long-term in vitro cultures. Corresponding amounts of PAG proteins, similar in M(r), were also secreted by intCT-TRD explants, whose tissues were not utilised for PAG protein extraction during other scientists' previous studies. It seems that the M(r)-heterogeneity and N-glycodiversity of the PAG protein family can play very important role during feto-placental interactions in Bovidae species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Arcanobacterium bialowiezense sp. nov. and Arcanobacterium bonasi sp. nov., isolated from the prepuce of European bison bulls (Bison bonasus) suffering from balanoposthitis, and emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1983.

A taxonomic study was performed on 13 bacterial strains isolated from preputial swabs of European bison (Bison bonasus) bulls suffering from balanoposthitis. The isolates were Gram-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, diphtheroid-shaped cells. Based on biochemical profiles and BOX-PCR-generated genomic fingerprints, the isolates were grouped into two clusters represented by four and nine strains, respectively. Strains 1(W3/01)T and 2(W106/04)T, selected as representatives of the two clusters, shared 97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The highest gene sequence similarities found (95.5-96.4 %) were to Arcanobacterium pyogenes DSM 20630T and Arcanobacterium bernardiae DSM 9152T, demonstrating that the novel strains are members of the genus Arcanobacterium, but are not members of a recognized species. The polar lipid profiles of the two novel strains displayed the major characteristics also found in A. pyogenes DSM 20630T and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum DSM 20595T. Detection of a quinone system with MK-10(H4) as the predominant compound confirmed phylogenetic relatedness of the novel strains to A. pyogenes and separated them from the type species of the genus, A. haemolyticum, which contains MK-9(H4) as the predominant quinone. Results from DNA-DNA hybridizations clearly demonstrated that strains 1(W3/01)T and 2(W106/04)T represent separate species. Based on these data, two novel species of the genus Arcanobacterium are described, for which the names Arcanobacterium bialowiezense sp. nov. [type strain 1(W3/01)T = DSM 17162T = NCTC 13354T] and Arcanobacterium bonasi sp. nov. [type strain 2(W106/04)T = DSM 17163T = NCTC 13355T] are proposed.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed2002

Liver histological structure in adult European bison. Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758).

The histological structure of the liver in 12 European bison, 2-8 years old, was presented. The study of the hepatic lobule showed that in Bison bonasus there were no connective septa around the hepatic lobules. On the hepatic lobule territory, solitary bile ducts, respectively solitary arterioles, were sometimes observed. Every one of these vessels was isolated from the hepatic parenchyma by thick coats of collagen. In the adventitia of the hepatic sublobar vessels, capillaries of the vasa vasorum system were found. The thick capsule of Glisson presented an outer part lacking in blood vessels and an inner part vascularised with arterioles and capillaries originating from the subcapsular portal tracts. The ligament insertion in the liver parenchyma was described.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Blood group polymorphism in bison (Bison bonasus)].

Polymorphism of nine blood group systems was studied in three reproductive lines of auroch (European bison Bison bonasus), Belovezhskaya, Caucasian-Belovezhskaya, and Gornaya. All blood group systems analyzed were polymorphic; 50 out of the 57 antigens tested were detected. The number of detected blood group antigens in aurochs is comparable to that in breeds of domestic cattle. However, intrapopulation diversity, estimated with the mu test, is significantly higher in cattle than in aurochs. The lowest mu values were observed in line Belovezhskaya, which was founded by a small number of animals and has a high level of inbreeding. For the FV system, the amount by which heterozygotes exceeded the Hardy-Weinberg proportions was shown; this deviation was significant in all lines except Caucasian-Belovezhskaya. The excess of heterozygotes may be due to population processes that prevent the loss of genetic diversity in populations. The level of differentiation in the auroch lines was low. Similarity coefficients between the lines were higher than those between different stocks within a cattle breed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Polymorphism of biochemical markers in European bison (bison bonasus)].

The data on 16 polymorphic systems (22 loci) of blood biochemical markers were studied in different breeding lines of European bison: Lowland, Lowland-Caucasian, and Mountain lines. Polymorphism was revealed in three loci: Pgm, Idh, and Tf. The average heterozygosity was 3.95%. Statistically significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium towards an excess of heterozygotes was revealed in the Pgm-2 locus. This suggests certain processes that prevent the decrease of population genetical diversity. The estimations obtained of the genetic distances between European bison lines demonstrated the close relationship among them.

Alleles↗
PubMed1977

Blood respiratory properties of Bison bison.

The respiratory properties and basic hematology of blood from seven adult bison and one calf were determined. Average oxygen-carrying capacity was 22.2 ml/100 ml blood from adults and 17.0 in calf blood; hemoglobin averaged 17.1 g/100 ml in adults and 13.6 in the calf. Half saturation of the blood occurred at 32mm Hg Po2 at pH 7.40 and 37 degrees C. The average Bohr effect was -0.40. Erythrocytes numbered 8.6 X 10(6)/mm3 and were 52 micron 3 in mean volume. Adult and calf cells differed in mean cell hemoglobin, adults 19.9 pg/cell vs 15.9 in the calf, and this difference evidently caused differences in Haldane effect, standard bicarbonate, and buffering capacity. Bison are capable of prolonged running. Two features of the blood that promote this capacity are its comparatively great oxygen-carrying capacity and low oxygen affinity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Seasonal cyclicity in carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the European bison, Bison bonasus L.

1. In 197 European bison divided into four groups (Group 1, 0-3-year-old males; Group 2, 0-3-year-old females; Group 3, mature bulls, over 3 years old; Group 4, mature cows, over 3 years old) seasonal changes in the level of lactic and pyruvic acids, glucose and alkaline reserve were studied. 2. Seasonal cyclicity was found only in lactic acid levels in all groups. 3. In the pyruvic acid level cyclicity was found only in males. 4. In the glucose level cyclicity was found only in mature cows. 5. In alkaline reserve cyclicity was found only in mature bison. 6. Six out of 9 acrophases of cyclic indices occurred in the period from the second half of August until mid-December, i.e. before the winter time.

Alkalies↗
PubMed1978

Isozyme characterization of cattle (Bos taurus) and American buffalo (Bison bison) cell cultures.

Four Bovidae cell lines (BEK-1, MDBK, Bu and EBTr) were characterized by means of enzymatic biochemical markers. Out of 15 enzymatic systems, 3--adenosine deaminase (Ada), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and nucleoside phosphorylase (Np)--were found to be polymorphic and quite suitable for biochemical identification of each cell line. The Bu cell line has shown a Np phenotypic pattern which could be distinctive of the Bison bison species.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1995

Serum lysozyme level in the European bison, Bison bonasus (L.).

From 168 European bison divided into four groups (group 1, 0-3-year-old males; group 2, 0-3-year-old females; group 3, mature bulls, over 2 years old; group 4, mature cows, over 3 years old) the serum lysozyme level was studied. The mean lysozyme level varied from 3.91 micrograms/ml in young males (group 1) to 4.02 micrograms/ml in young females (group 2) and mature bulls (group 3); the range was from 2.10 to 6.40 micrograms/ml (only in a few animals). Statistically significant differences between months were found only in young males (group 1).

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Levels of T4, T3 and cortisol in the blood serum of the European bison (Bison bonasus) in the winter period.

1. In the blood of 56 European bison, the levels of T4, T3, and the ratio of T3:T4 and cortisol were studied. 2. Between December and March, the T4 level changed from about 53 to 83 ng/ml of blood serum but in April it increased to 90 ng/ml. 3. The level of T3 in this period was 0.817-1.475 ng/ml and in April it was 2.40-3.40 ng/ml. 4. The ratio of T3:T4 was 0.015-0.024 and in April it increased to 0.027-0.052. 5. The level of cortisol changed from 1.00 to 6.70 ng/ml and in April it was from 1.00 to 14.00 ng/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Seasonal changes in the red blood cell system in the European bison, Bison bonasus L.

1. In 195 European bisons divided into four groups (Group 1, 0-3 year-old males; Group 2, 0-3 year-old females; Group 3, mature bulls, over 3 years old; Group 4, mature cows, over 3 years old) seasonal changes in red blood cell number and diameter, haemoglobin level, haematocrit value, index F, MCH, MCHC and MCV were studied. 2. Seasonal cyclicity was found only in red blood cell diameters in all groups. 3. In young males the cyclicity was found in MCHC and in MCV only. 4. In young females the cyclicity was found in Hb and Hct values, in MCH and in MCV. 5. In mature bulls cyclicity was found only in RBC diameter and in MCV. 6. In mature cows the cyclicity was found in index F, MCH and in MCHC values. 7. Seven out of 14 acrophases of cyclic indices occurred just before autumnal equinox and three before vernal equinox.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Isolation and amino acid sequence of insulins and C-peptides of European bison (Bison bonasus) and fox (Alopex lagopus).

Insulins and C-peptides were extracted and purified from bison and fox pancreatic glands. The insulins were reduced and pyridylethylated, and the derived A- and B-chains separated by HPLC. Amino acid sequence determinations of the pyridylethylated A- and B-chains proved bisontine insulin to be identical to bovine insulin and fox insulin to be identical to dog and porcine insulin. Bisontine C-peptide proved to be identical to bovine C-peptide. The isolated fox C-peptide comprises 23 amino acid residues and probably represents a major tryptic fragment of a larger C-peptide. The fox C-peptide fragment is identical to the dog C-peptide (9-31) except for residue 3 (residue 11 in the dog C-peptide), which is aspartic acid as compared with glutamic acid in the dog C-peptide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗