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PubMed1998

Isolation of seven unique biogenic amine receptor clones from the honey bee by library scanning.

The biogenic amine receptor genes constitute an ancient and highly divergent family within the larger superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. These receptors play a central role in modulating nerve cell activity and thus behaviour. Because the honey bee offers numerous advantages for behavioural studies we endeavoured to isolate as many members of this gene family as possible from the bee. We compared numerous approaches to gene isolation and found that PCR amplification from small subfractions of cDNA or genomic DNA libraries enabled us to isolate clones that are otherwise undetectable. In total we isolated seven biogenic amine receptor clones and identified five additional related sequences by low-stringency Southern hybridization. Two clones, AmBAR4 and AmBAR6, are 84% and 72% identical to the Drosophila 5-HT2 and D1b receptors, respectively, and probably represent orthologous genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that AmBAR5 clusters loosely with a variety of tyramine and octopamine receptors with which it shares <66% identity. The other four clones, AmBAR1, AmBAR2, AmBAR3 and AmBAR7, are weakly to moderately related (28-45% identical) to Drosophila dopaminergic or mammalian adrenergic receptors and probably represent receptors of these classes whose orthologues have not previously been isolated from any insect. The honey bee clones expand the size of the known insect biogenic amine receptor gene family to sixteen members. Therefore the size of the biogenic amine receptor gene family of insects approaches that of vertebrates. This is true despite the reduced behavioural and genetic complexity of the insects relative to vertebrate animals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

The effect of biogenic amine production by single bacterial cultures and metabiosis on cold-smoked salmon.

AIM: Biogenic amines are important indicators of spoilage in vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon. It is the aim of this study to identify bacteria responsible for biogenic amine production in cold-smoked salmon. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study identified spoilage microflora from cold-smoked salmon and determined biogenic amine production of single and co-cultures growing in cold-smoked salmon. Photobacterium phosphoreum was the only species that produced histamine when inoculated on sterile cold-smoked salmon. Production of putrescine was enhanced 10-15 times when cultures of Serratia liquefaciens or Hafnia alvei were grown with Carnobacterium divergens or Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus. This phenomenon was explained by interspecies microbial metabolism of arginine, i.e., metabiosis. CONCLUSIONS: The amounts of biogenic amines produced by single and co-cultures corresponded to those observed during spoilage of naturally-contaminated cold-smoked salmon. Photobacterium phosphoreum and Lact. curvatus were identified as the specific spoilage organisms in cold-smoked salmon. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Determination of the specific spoilage organism is needed before a model can be developed for shelf-life predictions of cold-smoked salmon.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of folate, biogenic amines and pterins in Rett syndrome: treatment with folinic acid.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies in Rett syndrome (RS) patients suggested various abnormalities in biogenic amines, pterins, and folate values in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our aim was to analyse these metabolites in CSF of 16 RS patients (age range: 2 - 23 years). Biogenic amines, pterins, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were measured by HPLC with electrochemical and fluorescence detection. RESULTS: CSF values of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were decreased in 8 out of 16 RS patients (average: 53.6 nmol/L; range: 19 - 92) when compared with our reference values (average: 74.6 nmol/L; range: 45 - 127). These eight patients had epilepsy, while 4 out of 16 RS patients who did not have epilepsy showed normal CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations. Values of biogenic amines or pterins were decreased in four of the patients with low values of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. No correlation was observed between CSF values of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and pterins, biogenic amines, or age. Supplementation with folinic acid was applied in six out of the eight patients with CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate deficiency. An improvement was noticed in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: An important percentage of RS patients showed 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations under the reference values. Therefore, analysis of CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate seems advisable in RS, especially in patients with epilepsy and those resistant to antiepileptic drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Biogenic amines in meat and meat products.

It has been recognized for some time that biogenic amines occur in a wide range of foods, among them meat and meat products. Meat is an important component of the diet in developed countries. The presence of these amines in food is of interest for two reasons: firstly, for toxicological reasons, in the sense that high levels of dietary biogenic amines can be toxic for certain consumers, and secondly, for their role as possible quality indicators. Based on these two premises, the present article offers a new analysis on aspects of toxicology and on the use of biogenic amines as a quality control method, as well as on their presence in meat and meat products. The article focuses particularly on factors affecting the production of biogenic amines, with reference to various parameters relating to microorganisms, meat raw materials, and processing conditions. A better understanding of the factors determining their formation (i.e., microorganisms, raw materials used, and technological processes applied) and their effects could lead to ways of controlling their production, limiting their presence in the end product, and hence, rendering them less toxic.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

Dietary folate and biogenic amines in the CNS.

Abnormal biogenic amine biosynthesis has been observed in humans and animals with endogenous and exogenous disturbances in folate metabolism. In an attempt to study this interaction biochemically, rats were depleted or repleted with folate for 10 weeks. Folate levels in depleted animals in serum and CSF correlated with stores in liver and brain, respectively. In depleted or repleted animals, there was no significant effect on biogenic amine metabolism in the CNS, as determined by quantitation of biogenic amines in brain and their respective metabolites in brain and CSF. These results are contrary to studies by other investigators. We suspect, however, that specific genetic defects in folate metabolism do result in impaired biogenic amine metabolism and probably at the level of disturbed biopterin cofactor functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

An in vitro-formed protamine-heparin complex as a model for a two-compartment store for biogenic amines.

The capacity of an in vitro-formed protamine-heparin complex (PHC) to store inorganic cations and biogenic amines was investigated. The PHC behaves like a two-compartment storage system. One compartment corresponds to the terminal free carboxyl groups of the protamine moiety and has the characteristics of a cation exchanger, with the ability to bind inorganic cations and biogenic amines in a reversible and rather unslective manner. The cations and biogenic amines therefore compete for and displace each other from the common ionic binding sites. The binding sites in the other compartment, corresponding mainly to the carboxyl groups of the heparin moiety, are only unmasked at high ionic concentrations and show a specific affinity for biogenic amines. The storage of amines in this compartment of the PHC is reversible but is dependent not only on simple ionic binding but evidently also on other attractive forces, such as dipole and hydrogen bonding.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2002

The effects of peptide and nonpeptide antagonists of angiotensin II receptors on the level of brain biogenic monoamines in rats with angiotensin II-induced increase of water intake.

The effects of peptide and nonpeptide angiotensin II (Ang II)-receptor antagonists (losartan, EXP-3174, saralasin and sarmesin) on the levels of the biogenic monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats with Ang II-induced water intake were investigated. Ang II administered i.c.v. at a dose inducing drinking behavior in rats significantly changed the levels of biogenic monoamines. The latter were also significantly affected by the Ang II-receptor antagonists, as in most cases the drugs antagonized the effect of Ang II. Most pronounced were the effects of Ang II and Ang II-receptor antagonists on the dopamine levels. These levels were reduced to zero after Ang II in all brain structures studied. The drugs tested increased the dopamine levels, restoring their values to the values in vehicle-injected rats. Ang II-receptor antagonists exerted mosaic effects on noradrenaline and 5-HT (serotonin) levels depending on both--the type of biogenic monoamine and the brain structure. There was no relationship between the inhibition of Ang II-induced water intake and the changes in the levels of brain biogenic monoamines under the effect of the Ang II-receptor antagonists. These antagonists may play a role in the modulation of brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Psychotherapeutic drugs and biogenic amines. Current concepts and therapeutic implications.

Over the last 2 decades evidence has continued to accumulate from studies in various model systems that drugs effective in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders alter biogenic amines which function as neurotransmitters. As a result of these findings, various hypotheses have been formulated that there is a fundamental abnormality of one or another of the biogenic amine systems (i.e. the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems) in the affective disorders and schizophrenia. Numerous attempts have been made to assess these biogenic amine hypotheses, primarily through quantitation of the major metabolites of the amines and recently by assessment of receptor sensitivity or density. The combination of basic pharmacological and clinical research has shown that there are biochemical subtypes, especially among those with affective illness, which might show a preferential response to biochemically specific drugs. If verified, such research constitutes a significant therapeutic advance. The status of these investigations is critically assessed in this review. Finally, many new techniques, challenge tests and biochemically distinct drugs are being introduced. Promising approaches that are likely to produce refinements of the biogenic amine hypotheses, as well as suggesting alternative formulations, are reviewed.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2000

Content of biogenic amines in table olives.

Content of biogenic amines in flesh and brines of table olives was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of their benzoyl derivatives. No biogenic amines were found in the flesh of fresh fruits at any stage of ripeness. Contents of biogenic amines in Spanish-style green or stored olives increased throughout the brining period but were always higher in the former. Putrescine was the amine found in the highest concentration. Small quantities of cadaverine were found in the samples taken after 3 months of brining. This compound and histamine, tyramine, and tryptamine were also found in samples taken after 12 months. Gordal cultivar showed the highest contents, followed by Manzanilla and Hojiblanca. No relationship was found between contents of biogenic amines and lactic acid production or table olive spoilages, although zapatera olives had considerably higher amounts than those brines that had undergone a normal process. Concentrations in directly brined olives were markedly lower than contents in Spanish-style olives. With respect to partition between flesh and brine, there was equilibrium between both media in the case of Spanish-style olives, whereas the contents in directly brined olives were higher in flesh than brine.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed2000

Mixed starter cultures to control biogenic amine production in dry fermented sausages.

Several combinations of an amine-negative Lactobacillus sakei strain, along with proteolytic Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus strains, were used to study the influence of mixed starter cultures on biogenic amine production during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. Changes in pH, water content, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were simultaneously examined in a spontaneously fermented batch and in three mixed starter-mediated batches. A double-controlled microbial charge initially inoculated as mixed starter culture of L. sakei and Staphylococcus spp. (all amine-negative strains) drastically reduced tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine accumulation. No production of other aromatic amines such as histamine, phenylethylamine, or tryptamine was observed in any batch. The polyamines, spermine and spermidine, were found in raw materials and their levels decreased slightly in the spontaneously fermented batch. No correlation between proteolysis and biogenic amine production was observed. The use of proper technological conditions favoring starter development and the use of the raw materials with good hygienic quality make it possible to produce fermented sausages nearly free of biogenic amines.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effectiveness of a Lactobacillus sakei starter culture in the reduction of biogenic amine accumulation as a function of the raw material quality.

The effectiveness of an amine-negative starter culture (Lactobacillus sakei CTC494) in the reduction of biogenic amine production during the ripening of fermented sausages was examined. Four batches were manufactured in parallel: spontaneously fermented and starter-mediated sausages were manufactured from two lots of raw materials of different hygienic quality. Besides the biogenic amine contents, changes in the microbial counts, nitrogenous fractions, pH, and water content were measured at several sampling points during the ripening process. In sausages manufactured from good quality meat, the starter strain of L. sakei reduced and even inhibited biogenic amine accumulation during sausage fermentation, the end products showing extremely low biogenic amine contents (tyramine levels less than 15 mg/kg of dry matter and putrescine and cadaverine levels less than 5 mg/kg of dry matter). Nevertheless, starter-mediated sausages made from poorer-quality raw materials showed much higher amine contents (308, 223, and 36 mg/kg of dry matter of cadaverine, tyramine, and putrescine, respectively), which were only slightly lower than those of the spontaneously fermented sausages made from the same raw materials. The relatively high bacterial numbers of raw materials of poorer-hygienic quality diminished the beneficial effect of the starter strain. Therefore, the effectiveness of the starter was strongly dependent on the hygienic quality of the raw materials used.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Biogenic amines in natural ciders.

Biogenic amines play an important physiological role in mammals, and high amounts of some exogenous amines in human diet may contribute to a wide variety of toxic effects. These amines are commonly found in many foodstuffs, particularly in fermented products such as cheese, meat products, beer, wine, and ciders. Here, the level of biogenic amines in some natural ciders was examined. Twenty-four samples of cider purchased from commercial sources were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection after precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Amine levels were variable, ranging from not detected to 23 mg/liter. The average level of total biogenic amines in ciders was 5.94 +/- 8.42 mg/liter. Putrescine, histamine, and tyramine were the prevailing amines being present in 50.0, 37.5, and 33.3% of the ciders studied; very small amounts of ethylamine and phenylethylamine were observed in only one sample. Other cider parameters were analyzed to determine whether they affect the biogenic amine content in ciders, and the results were evaluated by applying cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Ciders that showed lower glycerol contents and higher amounts of 1,3-propanediol had much higher levels of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine, suggesting a high activity of lactic acid bacteria during cider making and thus the need for effective control of lactic acid bacteria.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

Formation of biogenic amines throughout the industrial manufacture of red wine.

Changes in biogenic amines (histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) were monitored during the industrial manufacture of 55 batches of red wine. The origin of these amines in relation to must, alcoholic fermentation, malolactic fermentation, sulfur dioxide addition, and wine aging and the interactions between amines and their corresponding amino acids and pH were statistically evaluated in samples from the same batches throughout the elaboration process. Some amines can be produced in the grape or the musts (e.g., putrescine, cadaverine, and phenylethylamine) or can be formed by yeast during alcoholic fermentation (e.g., ethylamine and phenylethylamine), although quantitatively only very low concentrations are reached in these stages (less than 3 mg/liter). Malolactic fermentation was the main mechanism of biogenic amine formation, especially of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine. During this stage, the increase in these amines was accompanied by a significant decline in their amino acid precursors. Significant correlations between biogenic amine formation and the disappearance of their corresponding amino acids were observed, which clearly supports the hypothesis that malolactic bacteria are responsible for accumulation of these amines in wines. No increase in the concentration of biogenic amines was observed after SO2 addition and during wine aging, indicating that sulfur dioxide prevents amine formation in subsequent stages.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed1999

[Mechanisms for formation and maintenance of synapses mediated by biogenic amines: pathogenesis and therapy of mental retardation and developmental disabilities by genetic and epigenetic factors].

Fibers of the global projection system ramify tremendously and distribute in the diverse region of the brain. Biogenic amines in the global projection system have been shown to facilitate formation and maintenance of synapses in the developing and adult brain. In terms of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was shown to mediate the function of serotonin. We raised specific antibodies against 5-HT2A receptor protein. Virtually all the neurons in the cerebral cortex expressed 5-HT2A receptor. By using the function of biogenic amines to facilitate synapse formation and maintenance a novel approach can be developed in the neuroscience. That is to perturb biogenic amines, to change synaptic density, and to examine changes in the ability of learning and memory. Removing serotonin and acetylcholine for a week, at the maximum 58% of synapses are decreased in the hippocampus. The animals losing synapses spent a longer latency compared to intact animals in Morris water maze. The level of biogenic amines in the developing brain has been known to decrease tremendously by genetic diseases such as phenylketonuria, Down syndrome and autism as well as environmental factors such as nutrition and stress. In those situations synapses in the brain are suggested to be decreased. Synaptic mechanism for mental retardation and developmental disability by the cascade appears to contribute for understanding pathophysiology and a new therapy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Photochemical transformation of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms: UV-sensitivity in the presence of biogenous amines].

It has been all round investigation of UV-irradiation influence in a wide dose range on the structural and functional properties of human blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes. The photoprotective action of biogenous amines on the functional activity of different enzyme isoforms was found. It has been established that the protective action of biogenous amines is caused by the formation of complex LDH--biogenous amine and by the acception of the active oxygen forms by the molecules of lactate dehydrogenase. Under the conditions of exogenous singlet oxygen generation in the presence of methylene blue, the inactivation of immobilized LDH tetramers and subunits was observed, that shows participation of this active intermediate in the processes of UV-modification of the enzyme in soluble and immobilized states. The scheme of processes of LDH molecules phototransformations in the presence of biogenous amines has been suggested.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed2006

[Simultaneous determination methods of biogenic amines in food].

Biogenic amines are organic bases with low molecular weight. They can be expected in all foods that contain proteins or free amino acids. Consumption of food containing high amounts of biogenic amines may cause toxicological effects. The most notorious foodborne intoxications caused by biogenic amines are related to histamine. The article reviewed methods of determination of biogenic amines in foods in recently years and emphasized on the characteristics of HPLC, CE, biosensor and TLC and their applications.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed1976

Effects of biogenic amines on the formation of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in human thyroid slices.

The effects of various concentrations of biogenic amines on the formation of adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and their interactions with other thyroid stimulators were investigated in human thyroid slices from normal and Graves' disease. Most of biogenic amines were found to have the stimulatory effects to some extent. Among the biogenic amines tested, histamine was the most potent thyroid stimulator, norepinephrine and serotonin, the intermediate in terms of cyclic AMP formation. The effect of histamine was almost as potent as TSH in thyroid slices from Graves' disease. This stimulatory effect of histamine was blocked by metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, but not by chlorpheniramine, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist. The effect of norepinephrine was completely inhibitied by propranolol, but not by phentolamine. Polyphloretin phosphate did not inhibit norepinephrine- or histamine-induced cyclic AMP formation, while it significantly depressed cyclic AMP formation induced by prostaglandin E2. The maximal effect of histamine was additive to that of TSH. It is suggested that biogenic amines, histamine and norepinephrine, in particular, have the thyroid receptors different from that of TSH or prostaglandin E2 and could play an important role in thyroid physiology.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed1979

Biogenic amines in neuroendocrine systems: multiple sources, messages, targets and controls.

Biogenic amines are small chemical mediator molecules synthesized from amino acids by the body. Our research has centered on functions and controls of three categories of biogenic amines in neuroendocrine and neural systems of laboratory species of mammals as models of similar processes in the human body. Experimental analyses have been made of possible contributions of particular of these compounds, or their sources, to regulation of reproductive and 24-hour rhythms, and to responses and adaptations to stress. Results from this and related work, by many other investigators as well, have general implications for biomedical research, including: (A) Biogenic amines have multiple sources, messages, targets and possible controls, depending on species (genetics), developmental stage and age, and in relation to tissue regions and responses during both adaptations and disease states. (B) Functions or actions of biogenic amines in either the nervous or the neuroendocrine system go beyond what can be accommodated by the classical paradigms or terms of neurophysiology. Labeling these compounds in their various tissue sites as "neurotransmitters", or "neuromodulators", or "neurohormones" adds little to our understanding of their actions and roles. (C) Future understanding of how these chemical mediators function and are controlled in health and in disease should be enhanced by investigation of the spectrum of adaptive tissue changes in which these compounds and their control mechanisms participate. This suggested approach contrasts with the usual and classic paradigm in which primary, if not unitary, sources, actions and controls are emphasized to the exclusion and ignoring of others that may have vital significance at particular times or in particular circumstances.

Animals↗