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PubMed1990

[The methodological problems of the correlation of biochemistry and physiology in current research].

An attempt to treat critically the key methodological positions of modern biochemistry, primarily, the medical biochemistry with reference to the physiologic, pathophysiologic and clinical tasks is made. The author puts forward questions: 1) if it is possible to apply traditional approaches (principles) of biochemical investigation developed on purified systems to the whole organism systems in situ and etc.; 2) if it coincides the methodical approaches of biochemistry on the one hand and physiology (pathophysiology)--on the other one, considering the mechanisms of disease development and correspondingly the assessment and choice of therapeutic methods; 3) if there exists a necessity to create a unite methodology of biochemical and physiologic knowledge as a basis of modern medical science as a whole. Some examples showing the possible ways of new methodic consideration of traditional conceptions of in vitro biochemistry are given.

Biochemistry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition education for medical students: evaluation of the relative contribution of freshman courses in biochemistry and nutrition to performance on a standardized examination in nutrition.

An examination previously developed and used for assessment of nutrition knowledge of medical students in the Southeastern Regional Medical-Nutrition Education Network was used to compare the effectiveness of a basic medical biochemistry course and a 58-hour required nutrition course. The examination was administered to a cohort of freshman students upon entry to medical school, after biochemistry, and then after nutrition. Two other student groups took the examination at the end of the sophomore and senior years, respectively. In the freshman cohort, mean nutrition knowledge scores increased slightly after biochemistry, (52% to 56%), which contained 37 nutrition-related lectures. The mean score of the cohort was 75% after the nutrition course. The sophomores scored 75% and the seniors 73%. These findings suggest 1) basic science courses such as biochemistry cannot be relied upon to add significantly to nutrition knowledge, and 2) a required freshman course can be an effective way to introduce basic and clinical nutrition with good retention of knowledge in subsequent years.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2004

Defining the limits of diving biochemistry in marine mammals.

The field of marine mammal diving biochemistry was essentially untouched when Peter Hochachka turned his attention to it in the mid-1970s. Over the next 30 years, his work followed three main themes in this area: first, most biologists at that time supported the theory that diving mammals utilized enhanced metabolic pathways for hypoxic energy production (glycolysis to lactate) and reduced their metabolic rate while diving. Peter began his work on potential hypoxic adaptations in marine mammals by working out the details of how these pathways would be regulated. By the 1980s, he started to ask how diving mammals balanced the increased demands of exercise with the apparently conflicting demands to reduce aerobic metabolism while exercising underwater. By the 1990s, his work involved complex models of the interplay between the neural, hormonal, behavioral and evolutionary components of diving biochemistry and animal exercise. From a comparative approach, he excelled at bringing themes of hypoxic adaptation from many different types of animals to the field of diving mammal biochemistry. This review traces the history of Peter Hochachka's work on diving biochemistry from the perspective of those of us who spent time with him both inside the laboratory and outside in the field from Antarctica to Iceland.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Identifying Opportunities for Vertical Integration of Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine.

Objectives: Retention of basic science knowledge, as judged by National Board of Medical Examiners' (NBME) data, suffers due to lack of apparent relevance and isolation of instruction from clinical application, especially in biochemistry. However, the literature reveals no systematic process for identifying key biochemical concepts and associated clinical conditions. This study systematically identified difficult biochemical concepts and their common clinical conditions as a critical step towards enhancing relevance and retention of biochemistry.Methods: A multi-step/ multiple stakeholder process was used to: (1) identify important biochemistry concepts; (2) determine students' perceptions of concept difficulty; (3) assess biochemistry faculty, student, and clinical teaching scholars' perceived relevance of identified concepts; and (4) identify associated common clinical conditions for relevant and difficult concepts. Surveys and a modified Delphi process were used to gather data, subsequently analyzed using SPSS for Windows.Results: Sixteen key biochemical concepts were identified. Second year medical students rated 14/16 concepts as extremely difficult while fourth year students rated nine concepts as moderately to extremely difficult. On average, each teaching scholar generated common clinical conditions for 6.2 of the 16 concepts, yielding a set of seven critical concepts and associated clinical conditions.Conclusions: Key stakeholders in the instructional process struggle to identify biochemistry concepts that are critical, difficult to learn and associated with common clinical conditions. However, through a systematic process beginning with identification of concepts and associated clinical conditions, relevance of basic science instruction can be enhanced.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Weekly epirubicin for breast cancer with liver metastases and abnormal liver biochemistry.

Thirty-six consecutive patients with breast cancer and liver metastases with abnormal liver biochemistry were treated with epirubicin 25 mg m-2 i.v. weekly. No dose modification was made for abnormal liver biochemistry, but dose intensity was adjusted by delaying treatment according to myelosuppression. The UICC overall response rate according to UICC criteria was 11/36 (30%) and median response duration was 27 weeks. Liver biochemistry improved in a further seven patients. Treatment was well tolerated. Epirubicin given in this way is effective in patients with breast cancer and liver metastases. An initial deterioration in liver biochemistry may occur before there is a response to epirubicin.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Urinary biochemistry and microscopy in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Biochemistry and microscopy of urine are widely published diagnostic activities in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). However, their scientific basis in patients with septic ARF has not been assessed systematically. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, and PubMed databases and bibliographies of retrieved articles for all studies describing urinary biochemistry, indices, and microscopy in patients with septic ARF. RESULTS: We identified 27 articles (1,432 patients). Because of substantial heterogeneity, no formal quantitative analysis could be performed. Urinary biochemistry or derived indices were reported in 24 articles (89%), and microscopy, in 7 articles (26%). The majority were small single-center reports and had serious limitations. For example, only 52% of patients were septic, only 54% of patients had ARF, many studies failed to include a control group, time from diagnosis of sepsis or ARF to measure of urinary tests was variable, and there were numerous potential confounders. Urinary sodium, fractional excretion of sodium, urinary-plasma creatinine ratio, urinary osmolality, urinary-plasma osmolality ratio, and serum urea-creatinine ratio showed variable and inconsistent results. Low-molecular-weight proteinuria was described in only 22% of articles. A few reports of urinary microscopy described muddy brown/epithelial cell casts and renal tubular cells in patients with septic ARF, whereas others described normal urinary sediment. CONCLUSION: The scientific basis for the use of urinary biochemistry, indices, and microscopy in patients with septic ARF is weak. More research is required to describe their accuracy, pattern, and time course in patients with septic ARF.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1999

Collagen biochemistry of avian bone: comparison of bone type and skeletal site.

1. Skeletal disorders in poultry are of considerable welfare and economic importance. The collagenous matrix in bone is involved in many human skeletal disorders, however little is known about the nature of the collagenous matrix in avian bone. 2. This paper describes an investigation of the collagen and mineral biochemistry together with the biomechanics of bone from different sites (humerus and tibiotarsus) and with differing functions (medullary and cortical bone). In vivo and in vitro studies of immature bone assessed the changes in collagen biochemistry during bone maturation. 3. The material strength of the humerus was greater than the tibiotarsus; this difference in strength was reflected in both the collagen and mineral matrix biochemistry. 4. The bone matrix of the humerus was more mature than that of the tibiotarsus, suggesting a higher level of matrix turnover in the tibiotarsus. The pyrrole collagen cross-link concentrations were positively correlated with breaking stress, in contrast to the pyridinoline cross-link concentrations, neither of which showed any correlation with bone strength. 5. The in vivo and in vitro maturation studies underline the importance of the pyrrole cross-link in avian bone and support the mechanism postulated by Kuypers et al. (1992) for the formation of the pyrrole cross-link from a lysine aldehyde and the immature cross-links HLKNL or LKNL. 6. Medullary bone had no biomechanical influence on the breaking stress of the bone. The biochemistry of the matrix was dramatically different. The high level of collagen lysine hydroxylation affected the cross-link profile and may be responsible for the narrow fibrils and disorganised matrix of this bone. 7. Avian bone matrix varies greatly with skeletal site and reflects the differing functions of bone. Further investigation of the collagenous matrix of both normal and diseased avian bone has the potential to aid our understanding of the aetiology of avian skeletal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Education in clinical biochemistry: the Canadian scene.

The Canadian Health Care System is operated governmentally at the provincial level although the costs and benefits are similar in every province. Most physicians are remunerated on the 'charge per service' basis, but laboratory physicians (including medical biochemists) are among the few who are remunerated by salary. The training of medical biochemists is regulated by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada by means of a residency program of 4 years duration, following graduation from medical school and completion of the required internship. The training of clinical biochemists, whose functions overlap many of those attributable to medical biochemists, is regulated by the recently created Canadian Academy of Clinical Biochemistry through a certification process incorporating written and oral examinations approximately 1 year apart. Recognized and accredited training programs for clinical biochemists exist in several medical schools: these courses are of 2 (occasionally 3) years duration and entry to these programs requires a Ph.D. and, preferably, some post-graduate research experience. Details of both medical and clinical biochemistry training programs reveal a difference in emphasis and duration rather than in course content, with medical trainees required to spend at least 1 of their 4 training years in clinical disciplines relevant to the practise of biochemistry.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1994

Clinical biochemistry training in The Netherlands.

A unique situation for clinical biochemistry exists in the Netherlands, since it is nearly fully practised by science-oriented professionals. They are enlisted in the Register of Recognized Clinical Biochemists supervised by the Netherlands Society of Clinical Chemistry. Training as a clinical biochemist consists of a 4-year period in a hospital laboratory; it is not a specific university education. Strictly specified requirements exist for trainee, tutor, laboratory and hospital to maintain the quality of our profession. The candidate has to become acquainted with the following aspects: general clinical biochemistry (including haematology), fundamental research, clinical orientation and management. Passing the yearly examination and publishing two articles in international journals are an obligation. Continuing education is not yet compulsory, but is well formalized within our society. European unification asks for one regulation of clinical biochemistry on a European level, both for professionals with a medical and a science-oriented background.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1994

The impact of clinical biochemistry on university education in France.

In France, clinical biochemistry, similar to other disciplines of laboratory medicine, is taught in both the regular medical and pharmacy curricula, but medical teaching is oriented more towards the interpretation of laboratory findings than test performance. At present, there is no compulsory program of lifelong continuing education, but it is planned to introduce such an obligation in the near future. The practice of laboratory medicine is regulated strictly by the national Health Administration. Clinical laboratories are multidisciplinary, covering simultaneously clinical biochemistry, microbiology, parasitology, hematology and immunology. The only officially recognized laboratory profession is that of 'Director of a Laboratory for Medical Analysis'. The practice of this profession is only open to physicians and pharmacists, provided they graduated in 'Medical Biology' after 4 years of specialized training through a particular type of residency called the 'internat'. The 'interns' are selected by competitive examination. After completing their curriculum, specialized physicians or pharmacists can without further examination or certification either enter a career in a hospital, a university, or both, or direct or co-direct a private laboratory. In this scheme, clinical biochemistry exists as a separate academic discipline, but barely as a distinct profession.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2006

Animals and environments: resisting schisms in comparative physiology and biochemistry.

The articles in this volume are a product of the enthusiasm shown by delegates to meet in a remote corner of southern Africa and to discuss comparative physiology and biochemistry in their wider interpretation and future course. This collection reflects a small but long-standing commitment to fostering the engagement of biological research with African issues and colleagues. Comparative physiology and biochemistry are evolving, but in this we must guard against fractionation of effort and purpose. Increasingly available molecular methods are seductive in encouraging work on model species and in employing these species in place of more appropriate comparative models. Concomitantly, the comparative approach is reaching out beyond the individual organism and organism-organism interactions to establish underlying principles at ecosystem and landscape levels. The integration of molecular methods into comparative studies will require judicious selection and use of such skills if it is to be achieved without abandoning nonmodel species. The physiological and metabolic bases of ecosystem and evolutionary approaches must be underpinned by relevant data, requiring comparative researchers to accommodate colleagues contributing this specialist knowledge. These articles report distinct symposia, prefaced by a plenary paper. While each paper is itself a review of an entire symposium, they all exhibit a common theme, that comparative physiology and biochemistry are about interactions. It is our hope that the Comparative Physiology and Biology in Africa meetings will continue to facilitate special interactions between the people who make this happen.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A controlled trial of teaching clinical biochemistry by the Keller Plan.

From the third-year class of 196 medical students, 30 were chosen at random to learn clinical biochemistry by the Keller Plan, although one withdrew during the year. Most of the rest of the class acted as controls. All students used a set of printed notes prepared by the Department of Clinical Biochemistry as the basic learning materials. The actual operation of the Keller Plan was satisfactory. On both a practice/review test one month before the end of the year and the final examination in clinical biochemistry, the randomly selected Keller Plan group scored significantly higher than the control group. On final examinations in all other disciplines the groups were indistinguishable. Students and teacher were enthusiastic about the system.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1975

Postgraduate degree course in clinical biochemistry.

A report on the progress of the M.Sc. courses in clinical biochemistry run at the University of Surrey over the past 7 years is given. The previous experience and qualifications of the students and their careers subsequent to taking the course are analysed. A description of the course structure and syllabus is given. It is concluded that the course has been useful in attracting both science graduates and medical graduates of high calibre, in providing them with a sound laboratory-based training in clinical biochemistry, and in stimulating their interest in following a career in clinical biochemistry and chemical pathology.

Biochemistry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Department of lipid biochemistry].

The Department of Lipid Biochemistry was organized at the end of 1980. The head of the Department is Dr. Nadiya M. Gula, the Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dr. N. m Govseeva and Dr. U. M. Klimashevsky work at the Department from the very beginning of its existense. Doctors G. L. Volkov, I. P. Artemenko, D. I. Balkov, O. O. Melnik and O. F. Perederiy worked here at different time. Two young scientists T. N. Goridko and V. M. Margitich recently began to work at the Department of Lipid Biochemistry. At present the main research interests in the Department of Lipid Biochemistry are focused on the functional role of phospholipids and some unusual lipids, on membrane-associated lipid dependent properties of cell (neuroblastoma cell, spermatozoa, some other types of cells), on membrane lipid peroxidation. For the last five years we have been working mainly with the murine neuroblastoma C1300 cell and some other types of cells in order to clarify the role of "unusual" minor cell lipids--N-acylphosphatidylethanol amine (NAPE) and N-acylethanolamine (NAE). NAPE and NAE were found for the first time in mammalian tissues by H. H. Schmid and coworkers. They observed an accumulation of unusual lipids in the infarcted areas of canine myocardium after coronary artery ligation and have suggested that they may be generated as protective agents aimed at minimizing irreversible ischemic injury and infarct size. We have detected unusual minor phospholipid NAPE in the cells of murine neuroblastoma and identified it by sequential chemical degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Department of biochemistry of coenzymes].

One of the leading trends in the fundamental researches which A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine had been performing from the moment of its foundation in 1925 is vitamins biochemistry. This resulted in establishing of one of the guiding experimental centers in the field of fundamental biochemistry within the former USSR.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1998

Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics: the effect of abnormal liver biochemistry tests.

We studied variability in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in 24 patients with abnormal liver biochemistry tests. Blood samples were collected after the first cycle of single-agent doxorubicin given as an i.v. bolus and plasma levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between doxorubicin clearance (dose/AUC) and liver biochemistry tests (AST, bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and indocyanine green clearance) was investigated. Patients with a raised bilirubin level had reduced doxorubicin clearance, but there was no clear relationship between the extent of this elevation and the reduction in doxorubicin clearance. Doxorubicin clearance was lower in patients with an isolated increase in AST than in those with normal liver biochemistry, but this difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, there was a significant correlation between reduced doxorubicin clearance and both raised serum AST levels and low indocyanine green clearance. These pharmacokinetic data suggest that current dose reductions based solely on the extent to which bilirubin is elevated may not be optimal.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Toward a global approach of biochemistry in hospitals.

This article summarizes three different presentations delivered at the CRESGE congress by three members of GREBIO, a reflection group about biochemistry; created in the Paris hospitals, this group was concerned with these problems at a time of great technological change. Physicians, biochemists and administrators have been working in GREBIO for 7 years, with the methodological assistance of management from the School of Mines; they used new approaches, and careful investigations on the field and proposed analyses sometimes upsetting but always enriching the questionings. Starting from these results, briefly described, GREBIO proposed the creation of an observatory for biochemistry, that could take into account both the complexity and diversity in the laboratories. It also proposed that current reform in analytical accountancy allow biochemistry to work its own managing tools separately from accountancy purposes.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Stability of mood states and biochemistry across pregnancy.

Four hundred and thirty pregnant women were recruited during their second trimester of pregnancy (M=20 weeks). They were designated depressed (N=172) or nondepressed (N=258) on the Structured Clinical Interview of Depression (SCID) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D). They were given a second assessment when they were approximately 32 weeks gestational age. At both assessments they were given self-report measures (CES-D, the State Anxiety Inventory, and the State Anger Inventory) and provided urine samples for assays of cortisol, catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) and serotonin. They were also given the VITAS scale for lower back pain and leg pain and a sleep disturbance scale. The stability of mood states and biochemistry across pregnancy (20 and 32 weeks) were assessed inasmuch as mood states, and biochemistry have been noted to predict prematurity and low birthweight. Significant correlations were noted for all variables except serotonin. Relationships between mood states and biochemistry were also noted but only between cortisol and depression, cortisol and anxiety, and epinephrine and anxiety. Significant stability was noted between the 20-week measures and the 32-week measures including depression, anxiety, anger, and cortisol. These were, in turn, correlated with each other and with, low back pain, leg pain, and sleep disturbance. These data suggest the stability of mood states and cortisol across pregnancy.

Affect↗